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1、新编英汉翻译教程A New Coursebook on English-Chinese Translation 1 1 严复：信 达 雅Faithfulness, fidelity, truthfulness Smoothness， expressiveness Elegancy2 2 德国译学教授德国译学教授 Wolfram Wilss Wolfram Wilss 在在 The Science of The Science of TranslationTranslation：Problems & MethodsProblems & Methods一书中说：一书中说：Translation i
2、s not simply a matter of seeking other words Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always saying things in another l
3、anguage. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target of form from the source language to the target language.language. 3 3 翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方
4、式。翻译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。 4 4 翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构到另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然后将其串接成句的过程。在英汉翻译中，如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西，结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换，徒具其形，原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。5 5 这说明了翻译是语义的翻译，不是语言形式的翻译，是运用另一种语言的适当方式来表达一种语言所表达的内容，而不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中含义相似的某些词语或结构。翻译必须跳出原文语言层面的束缚，必须
5、着眼于传达原文的内容和意义。6 6 换句话说，翻译的基本单位应该是语篇，而换句话说，翻译的基本单位应该是语篇，而不是词语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点，不是词语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点，语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的言语单位，而语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的言语单位，而不是词语结构这样的语法单位。实际使用的语篇不是词语结构这样的语法单位。实际使用的语篇有可能是一个句子、一个句段、一个句群，也有有可能是一个句子、一个句段、一个句群，也有可能是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式，可能是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式，其实质是用一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种语言其实质是用一种语言的语
6、篇材料代替另一种语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻译是运用一种语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。重新表达出来的语言活动。7 7 Examples 8 8 I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion. 9 9 译文1:我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲家，他们中每一个人以某种不同的方
7、式创作音乐。译文2: 我发现音乐史上有三类作曲家，他们各自的音乐创作方式有所不同。1010 The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern. 1111 译文1: 传统主义型作曲家始于某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的创作行
8、为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理的主题概念。 译文2: 传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主题的构思，而是对固定形式的个性化处理。1212 Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come - with the people who respect you for who you are.发现自我，如实地表现自我，你自然会为人们所喜欢为那些尊重你的真正个性的人们所喜欢。 1313 Where do you expect Shanghai to be in five years?你预计今后五年上海的发展目标如
9、何？1414 Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm.译文1:公共舆论在政治领域起着生命力的、健康的作用。译文2: 舆论在政治领域起着极其重要的、有益的作用。1515 什么是好的译文？ What is good translation?1616 翻译的两类问题：一类是译文语义基本符合原文，但汉语表达有欠正确；另一类是汉语表达尚有可读性，但译文语义不符原文。 目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实 (Faithfulness) 和流畅 (Smoothne
10、ss)。1717 Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.1818 译文1:职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足，而我们大多数人并不意识到这一点。 译文2:职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大的作用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足。 1919 For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign - to leave his country and never return proved too much; he commi
11、tted suicide in New York. 2020 译文1：纳特 . 纳卡萨不得不发誓离开祖国，不管情况如何永不返家，并自杀于纽约。译文2： 对纳特 . 纳卡萨来说，要他签字保证离开祖国永不返回是难以接受的：他在纽约自杀了。2121 In the wake of his mothers death some thirty-six years later, Hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it. 2222 译文1：在他母亲去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次历险奇遇，并试图写一
12、部小说。译文2： 大约36年过后，在他母亲去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的险情，并试图就此写一部小说。2323 外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。 2424 The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket. 译文1：他对气候的唯一让步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。译文2： 气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼
13、服。2525 If certain animal psychologists are right, a dog adopts his family in a most literal way - taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to. 2626 译文1：假如某些动物心理学家的分析正确，狗在很大程度上代表着它的家人理所当然这一家也就属于狗帮了。译文2：假如有些动物心理学家的分析正确，狗对于他所在家庭的认同是非常实际的它理所当然地认为这一家人就是它所归属的一群狗。2727 现代西方著名翻译理论
14、家现代西方著名翻译理论家 Eugene A. Nida Eugene A. Nida 在其理论著述中经常谈到读者反应的问题。他认在其理论著述中经常谈到读者反应的问题。他认为：翻译的服务对象是读者，要评判译文质量的为：翻译的服务对象是读者，要评判译文质量的优劣，必须看读者对译文的反应如何，同时必须优劣，必须看读者对译文的反应如何，同时必须把这种反应与原作读者对原文可能产生的反应进把这种反应与原作读者对原文可能产生的反应进行对比，看两种反应是否基本一致。行对比，看两种反应是否基本一致。 除了忠实和流畅这两项基本标准之外，好的除了忠实和流畅这两项基本标准之外，好的译文还必须保持原文的风格，包括民族风
15、格、时译文还必须保持原文的风格，包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。文代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。文艺作品的翻译尤其要求这样做。译者不能破坏或艺作品的翻译尤其要求这样做。译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。风格。2828 不要把不要把假大空假大空语言翻译成英文语言翻译成英文 2929 建筑工人们表示：一定要树雄心、立壮志，大干、苦干300天，力争在今年年底，完成高速公路的建设任务。 The building workers said that they must work diligently
16、and painstakingly, with great ambition and lofty aspiration, for 300 days, in order to complete the construction task of the expressway within this year.3030 The builders vowed that they will do their best to complete the expressway within this year. 建设者们发誓，一定要竭尽全力，在年内建成这条高速公路。3131 直译Literal Transla
17、tionWord for word translation 3232 意译Free Translation 3333 Armed to teeth. Tooth for tooth Eye for eye3434 Passive Voice被动语态的翻译3535 Americans prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others.3636 The police court is presided by a magistrate, who tried the cases without a jury.373
18、7 More than 50,000 computers at websites were infected by a computer virus that is spreading rapidly around the world.3838 The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults.3939 The USA is reputed to be a classless society.4040 It is believed that nuclear power is among the greatest innovations of
19、 our time. But it is also feared it will bring the end of the world.4141 The trend toward informal dress was strongly influenced by the boom in e-business, which was also an attempt to compensate for the rising stress of working life.4242 Present-day concern with music is shown by the existence of o
20、ver 100 summer schools in music in England which cater for all grades of musicians from the mere beginner to the skilled performer.4343 A stream of new residents, highly-skilled and well-qualified, are attracted by new and sophisticated industries growing in and around Los Angeles, who have moved in
21、to their new homes and gardens scattered over a vast area of suburbs.4444 The telephone was invented in 1876 by a Scottish immigrant, Alexander Graham Bell, who was fascinated by “sound”.4545 The bandages were covered with blood. 4646 Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more
22、efficiency.4747 The four men were all involved in organizing and carrying out the murders.4848 This exercise is designed to develop the shoulders and back muscles.4949 定语从句的翻译5050 The sun warms the earth， which makes it possible for plants to grow.太阳温暖了大地，这才使植物有可能生长。5151 She was very patient towards
23、 the children， which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。5252 Lanterns, which date back thousands of years, can be seen all over the world wherever Chinese exist.5353 The times of opening of pubs are regulated by law, where betting is forbidden and children are not allowed on the premises. 5454
24、 The move to download digital music via the Internet may be opposed by the music industry, which fears piracy of their label.5555 Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational, which feature crime, sex, and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news
25、and the analysis of world events.5656 E-commerce is a challenging and dynamic area where change, growth and innovation are the norm.5757 词性转译5858 名词转译为动词名词转译为动词5959 New York City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants.6060 Iraqi war is a drain on American resources. 6161 One thing that ofte
26、n leads people to move in affluent times, is the desire for better climate, more attractive scenery, more agreeable living. 6262 比较级的翻译6363 California on the whole has a climate mildest all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States.6464 Music whose meaning is slig
27、htly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.6565 It would perhaps be more natural, as well as in better conformity with the will of God, if there were more celibates and if those who were married had larger families. 6666 There are more cars per persons in the USA than i
28、n any other country in the world, and more in Los Angeles than any other city in the USA.6767 American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crisis. 6868 Hitlers mistake gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at Waterloo it was less Well
29、ington who won than Napoleon who lost. 6969 Charles is more cautious than decisive.7070 If you ask my opinion, Id say he is a man who is more brave than wise.7171 After all those years of working together, he is more than a friend to me. 7272 He felt more than shrilled to come across such a gorgeous
30、 beauty.7373 I was busy and less than delighted to have company that day.7474 The plan is nothing more than a castle in the air.7575 He is more handsome than wise.7676 It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge. 7777 It may be that when his life at last comes to an e
31、nd he will leave no more trace of his sojourn on earth than a stone thrown into a river leaves on the water. 7878 动词转译名词动词转译名词7979 The world will be a dull place indeed when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.8080 Anti-war demonstrations, black civil rights protests, womens rights
32、activities, and rebellion by young people against traditional authority characterized the 1960s.8181 Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.8282 In the twentieth century, radio and later television supplemented the print media.8383 形容词、副词容词、副词和名词的互相转译和名词的互相
33、转译8484 After the World War II, the United States enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. 8585 Americans are far more race-conscious than class-conscious.8686 Variety is a key characteristic of the United States, both geographically and culturally. 8787 介词词(词组)转译为动词译为动词8888 The most effective safeguard of
34、democracy is The most effective safeguard of democracy is the Supreme Court, for one of its objects is to the Supreme Court, for one of its objects is to protect the individual protect the individual againstagainst the government. the government. Any individual who has a grievance Any individual who
35、 has a grievance against against the the government can apply to it for help.government can apply to it for help.8989 Many people are Many people are under the illusion under the illusion that the that the main issue of the Civil War was the abolition of main issue of the Civil War was the abolition
36、 of slavery, but a more basic reason is the slavery, but a more basic reason is the agricultural Southern States suspected agricultural Southern States suspected the the treattreat to their rights from industrial Northern to their rights from industrial Northern States, one of which was the right to
37、 own the States, one of which was the right to own the slaves working on their plantation.slaves working on their plantation. 9090 同义反译法义反译法9191 Leave me alone! Go away9292 We must live up to the Partys expectation.9393 You have aroused my curiosity. And now you must gratify it. 9494 Appearances are
38、 often deceptive.不能以貌取人。9595 She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get a pay rise.9696 He denied her nothing.9797 He denied himself nothing.9898 Shallow and conceited, he is the last person our company wants.9999 It escapes your notice that she has changed so much. 100100 Her name esc
39、apes me. 101101 Nothing escapes your attention.102102 The computer is beyond repair. You might as well buy a new one.103103 While she liked his works, she pointed areas where improvement was possible.104104 I cant agree with you more.105105 We could not make any more mistakes.我们大错特错了。106106 You cann
40、ot be too careful in proofreading. 107107 Anybody less like a dictator they would not find.108108 拆句拆句109109 Rising crime rates, drug abuse, and the increase in illegitimate births raised fears of social breakdown. 110110 There is lethal combination of high costs and high-ticket prices at work in Br
41、oadway and fundamentally, a review in a newspaper can shut down a show.111111 省略成分的重要补齐译法省略成分的重要补齐译法 英语的句子间、句子成分间存在紧密的语英语的句子间、句子成分间存在紧密的语法关系，省略现象多。因为往往可以通过上下法关系，省略现象多。因为往往可以通过上下文清楚地表明省略部分的含义；而汉语中独立文清楚地表明省略部分的含义；而汉语中独立小分句多，重复的意思常常通过重复的词语在小分句多，重复的意思常常通过重复的词语在另一句中加以阐述，即重复现象多，所以英译另一句中加以阐述，即重复现象多，所以英译中时，
42、经常需要把英语中省略的部分重复补齐中时，经常需要把英语中省略的部分重复补齐译出。译出。112112 Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources.113113 Some theatres concentrate on the classics and serious dramas, some on light comedy, some on musicals.114114 代词的翻译代词的翻译 115115 Race in USA is no longer just an issue of color, but also one of ethnicity.116116
