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1、Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distrib
2、ute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology独立原则、包容原则、最大实体原则区别独立原则、包容原则、最大实体原则区别Materials including information and pictures presented in this doc
3、ument are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including inf
4、ormation and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology独立原则独立原则独立原则独立原则：被测要素在图样上给出的尺寸公差与形位公差各自独立，没有关联，各自满足要求的公差原则称为独立原则。解释：解释：图样上给出的每一个尺寸要求和几何（形状、方向或位置）要求均是独立的，应各自满足要求。实际要素的尺寸由尺寸公差控制，与形位公差无关；形位公差由形位公差控制，与尺寸公差无关。检测时各自满足要求即可。
5、适用范围：适用范围：独立原则主要用于非配合用途的零件。独立原则没有符号，图纸如果未标其他原则要求，则默认为独立原则。应用场合：对形位精度要求严格，而单独加以控制而不允许受尺寸影响的要素；形位精度要求较高，尺寸精度要求低的要素；尺寸精度要求较高，形位精度要求低的要素；形位与尺寸本身无必然联系的要素；形位与尺寸均要求较低的非配合要素；未注形位公差与注出尺寸公差的要素。Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the
6、person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentatio
7、n are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology独立原则独立原则如下图，不管实际尺寸为多少，直线度均一样。Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged
8、 and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithte
9、chnology独立原则独立原则Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should n
10、ot copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology最大实体和最小实体原则最大实体和最小实体原则最大实体要求：最大实体要求：指实体占有材料最多。在最大实体状态时的尺寸；对外表面（轴、凸台等）最大实体尺寸等于最大极限尺寸，对内
11、表面（孔、槽等）最大实体尺寸等于最小极限尺寸。在公差值后面追加符号M。最小实体要求：最小实体要求：指实体占有材料最少。在最小实体状态时的尺寸；对外表面（轴、凸台等）最小实体尺寸等于最小极限尺寸，对内表面（孔、槽等）最小实体尺寸等于最大极限尺寸。在公差值后面追加符号L。举例：轴径为10h8（0/-0.022），它的最大实体尺寸为10，最小实体尺寸为9.978；孔径为10H8（+0.022/0）,它的最大实体尺寸为10，最小实体尺寸为10.022。 举例：轴径为10h8（0/-0.022），它的最大实体尺寸为10，最小实体尺寸为9.978；孔径为10H8（+0.022/0）,它的最大实体尺寸为10
12、，最小实体尺寸为10.022。Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should no
13、t copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology最大实体和最小实体原则最大实体和最小实体原则最大实体尺寸最大实体尺寸MMC：两点测量得到的尺寸。最大实体实效尺寸最大实体实效尺寸VC：最高点与最低点的尺寸，也即等于最大实体尺
14、寸+形位公差。这里还有一个合成状态尺寸合成状态尺寸RC，关系如下表。举例：轴径为10h8（0/-0.022），它的最大实体尺寸为10，最小实体尺寸为9.978；孔径为10H8（+0.022/0）,它的最大实体尺寸为10，最小实体尺寸为10.022。 Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may con
15、tain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connect
16、ingpeoplewithtechnology最大实体和最小实体原则最大实体和最小实体原则举例：轴径为10h8（0/-0.022），它的最大实体尺寸为10，最小实体尺寸为9.978；孔径为10H8（+0.022/0）,它的最大实体尺寸为10，最小实体尺寸为10.022。 最大实体要求（最小实体基本反之，就不在赘述）：最大实体要求（最小实体基本反之，就不在赘述）：A、当被测要素的实际尺寸偏离最大实体尺寸时，形位公差可以获得补偿值的一种公差原则。即：图纸上标注的形位公差值是被测要素在最大实体状态下给定的。当被测要素直径偏离最大实体直径时，形位公差值可得到一个补偿值。该补偿值是最大实体直径和实际直径
17、之差的绝对值B、以轴举例：一直径20、尺寸公差0至-0.02、直线度公差0.01，并遵守最大实体原则的轴颈，该轴最大实体尺寸为20,若被测要素实测值为19.99,则直线度公差可以得到一个补偿值即20-19.99=0.01,也就是说轴线可以在0.02直线度公差带内变动。C、轴线直线度公差采用最大实体要求：若轴的实际尺寸为dm=20，则直线度公差为0.1，轴的最大实体实效尺寸为20.1；若轴的实际尺寸为dm=19.9，则直线度公差为0.2，轴的最大实体实效尺寸为20.1；若轴的实际尺寸为dm=19.7，则直线度公差为0.4，轴的最大实体实效尺寸为20.1。Materials including i
18、nformation and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any actio
19、n in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology包容原则包容原则包容原则：包容原则：是指尺寸公差与形位公差相互有关的一种相关要求它只适用于单一尺寸要素（圆柱面，两反向的平行平面）的尺寸公差与形位公差之间的关系（即要求所有点须在公差范围内）在公差值后面追加符号E。应用：应用：包容要求主要是用于要
20、保证孔，轴的配合性质，特别是配合公差要求严格的精密配合。它用最大实体边界尺寸控制孔、轴配合所需要的最小间隙或者最大过盈。例如，车床尾座孔60H6与顶尖套筒60h5的配合，同轴度精度要求很高，间隙的变动范围要小，最小间隙可以为零。它们必须采用包容要求，通过孔和轴各自遵守的最大实体边界来保证配合性质，不会因孔和轴的形状误差的影响而产生过盈。若60H6孔和60h5轴采用独立原则的话，由于形状误差的影响，它们的配合就可能产生过盈。再如，与滚动轴承内圈配合的轴，齿轮的内孔及与其配合的轴等，它们都有较高的配合精度要求，故都应采用包容原则。按包容原则给出单一要素孔、轴的尺寸公差后，若对该孔、轴的形状公差有更
21、高的要求时，还可以进一步提出形状公差的要求，但形状公差值必须小于给出的尺寸公差值。Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience o
22、r recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology1)包容要求即实际要素处处位于以最大实体尺寸形成的，具有理想形状的包容面内的一种公差要求，也就是以零件的最大实体尺寸形成的
23、最大实体边界来控制被测要素的实际尺寸和形位误差。被测要素不得超过最大实体边界，其实际尺寸不能超过最小实体尺寸。包容要求对于单一要素，适用于圆柱面和两平行平面，对于关联要素，适用于轴线和中心平面，因此包容要求所允许的形位公差值是随机的，随着实际尺寸变化而变化2)单一要素采用包容要求时，必须在其尺寸及公差带代号或数值后面加注符号。关联要素采用包容要求时，应在公差框格的数值格中注出0。此时，与采用最大实体要求时给出位置公差值为0时的含义是一样的，控制效果也相同。只是前者是从尺寸控制位置的角度解释，而后者从尺寸补偿给位置这一角度解释3)包容要求的应用场合：单一要素的包容要求主要用于保证零件的配合性质和
24、公差带配置要求。用最大实体边界对尺寸和形位的控制来保证所需要的最小间隙或最大过盈。对于较精密配合的孔轴系统和严格要求过盈量的配合部位应采用包容要求1)包容要求即实际要素处处位于以最大实体尺寸形成的，具有理想形状的包容面内的一种公差要求，也就是以零件的最大实体尺寸形成的最大实体边界来控制被测要素的实际尺寸和形位误差。被测要素不得超过最大实体边界，其实际尺寸不能超过最小实体尺寸。包容要求对于单一要素，适用于圆柱面和两平行平面，对于关联要素，适用于轴线和中心平面，因此包容要求所允许的形位公差值是随机的，随着实际尺寸变化而变化2)单一要素采用包容要求时，必须在其尺寸及公差带代号或数值后面加注符号 。关
25、联要素采用包容要求时，应在公差框格的数值格中注出0 。此时，与采用最大实体要求时给出位置公差值为0时的含义是一样的，控制效果也相同。只是前者是从尺寸控制位置的角度解释，而后者从尺寸补偿给位置这一角度解释3)包容要求的应用场合：单一要素的包容要求主要用于保证零件的配合性质和公差带配置要求。用最大实体边界对尺寸和形位的控制来保证所需要的最小间隙或最大过盈。对于较精密配合的孔轴系统和严格要求过盈量的配合部位应采用包容要求包容原则包容原则Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confide
26、ntial and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pict
27、ures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology包容原则包容原则包容要求即实际外形应遵守其最大实体边界，其局部尺寸不得超出最小实体尺寸的要求。圆柱表面必须受其最大实体边界的控制，最大实体边界为150+0=150，其局部实际尺寸不得小于其最小实体尺寸即150-0.04=149.96如果不标符号E，采用独立原则，则实际轴的外形是每个正截面可保证尺寸公差，但上下偏差会很大。Materials including info
28、rmation and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action i
29、n reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology包容原则包容原则下图为提取的圆柱表面的纵截面可能呈现的四种情况:任意形、毅形、弯曲形和最大实体尺寸时的理想形状。Materials including information and pictures presented in this documen
30、t are confidential and intended solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including informa
31、tion and pictures presented in this presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology包容原则包容原则用于需要保证配合性质的孔、轴单一要素的中心轴线的直线度，应用包容要求后，轴孔不需要单独标直线度，除非直线度公差大于尺寸公差。Materials including information and pictures presented in this document are confidential and intended
32、solely for the person or organization to whom it is presented. It may contain privileged and confidential information. If you are not the intended audience or recipient, you should not copy, distribute or take any action in reliance on it.All rights, including information and pictures presented in t
33、his presentation are sole properties of Amphenol-SAA www.amphenol-Connectingpeoplewithtechnology包容原则包容原则该轴的实际轮廓不得超过最大实体边界的边界尺寸。即轴的体外作用尺寸应不大于最大实体尺寸(dfedm=30mm)。当轴的实际尺寸等于最大实体尺寸时，不允许轴线有直线度误差。图(b)所示。当轴的实际尺寸偏离最大实体尺寸时，才允许轴线有直线度误差。当轴的实际尺寸为29.979mm时，轴线直线度误差最大允许值为0.021mm(30-29.979)(尺寸公差)，如图6(c)所示。如果需要标注轴线的直线度公差，这个值是不容许超过0.021mm。轴的实际尺寸应不小于最小实体尺寸(dmdl=29.979)。图6(d)表示轴线直线度误差允许值t随轴实际尺寸变化规律的动态公差图。单一要素的孔、轴采用包容要求时，应用光滑极限量规检验。这量规的通规用来检验孔、轴的实际轮廓是否在最大实体边界范围内，即体外作用尺寸是否超出最大实体尺寸；止规来判断孔、轴的实际尺寸是否超出最小实体尺寸。
