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1、Morpheme and Word-formation词素和构词法词素和构词法1Introduction We know words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在构词法中，语素被分为词根、词干、词词根、词干、词基和词缀基和词缀。2RootStemMorphemeBaseAffix3Aff
2、ix Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemesbound morphemess some morphemes cannot normally stand alone,but function only as parts of words,e,g.-s,-er and-ed 词缀都是粘着语素粘着语素，依附于词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义.According to the functions
3、 of affixesAffix can be divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.41. Inflectional affixes（Inflectional morphemes）are not used to produce new words,but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word(-s,-s,-ed,-ing,-er,-est).屈折词缀屈折词缀:表示词的语法意义。2. Derivational affixes(Der
4、ivational morphemes) are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem(-er,-ness,-ly,-ful,-less,un-,dis-,re-,im-,pre-).派生词缀派生词缀是加在词干上构成新词的词缀。5.According to their distribution in the formation of wordsAffixes can be divided i
5、nto prefixes and suffixes.1. Prefixes are affixes before the root. Eg, unjust, rewrite,impossible. As a rule,most prefixes modify the meaning of roots,but not their parts of speech.2. Suffixes are affixes after the root. By the addtion of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of spee
6、ch into another, e.g. liberation. modernize.6Root. A“root”is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.In other words, a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.(词根是所有屈折词缀和派生屈折词缀和派生词缀词
7、缀被去掉后剩余的部分)For example, “Internationalism”is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morpheme “nation”as its root when “inter-”,“-al”and”-ism”are taken away. Roots may be Free:those that can stand by themselves. eg ：black+board;nation+nal Bound:those that cannot stand by themselves. eg：-ceiv
8、e in receive,perceive,conceive. Some words(pounds )have more than one root, eg：mailman, girlfriend,armchair.7Stem.A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. In other words, a “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix
9、 can be added.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后剩余的部分。.A stem may be the same as,and in other cases,different from,a root.For example,in the word “friends”.“friend”is both the root and the stem,but in the word “friendship”, “friendship” is its stem,“friend” is its root.8Base.A base refers to a form to which affixes of a
10、ny kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added.It can be a root or a stem.词基是任何一种词缀都可以加在上面的形式。 In the case of internationalists,nation is a base, national is a base,so are international and internationalist. Nation ( root stem base) National ( stem base ) International ( stem base ) Inter
11、nationalist (stem base )9区分：词根、词干、词基1.词根（root）是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后剩余的部分。2.词干（stem）是所有屈折词缀屈折词缀被去掉后剩余的部分。3.词基（base）是任何一种词缀都可以加在上面的形式。 词基与词根的区别：词基词基与词根的区别：词基是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但词根词根则不容许做进一步分析。 词基与词干的区别：词基与词干的区别：派生词缀和屈折词缀都可加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可加在词干上。10ExerciseAnalyze the word in terms of root,ste
12、m and base.( root /base ) ( derivational suffix) Desire(n.) -able ( derivational prefix ) ( base ) un- desirable(adj.)( stem/base ) ( inflectional suffix ) undesirable(n.) -s( root/stem/base) ( inflectional suffix) desire(v.) -ed 11Explanation1.desire(v.):是词根（不可再分解），是词干（可以加曲折词缀，如-ed），是词基。2.desirable(adj.): 不是词根（可再分解），不是词干（不可以加曲折词缀），是词基（既可以加词缀，又能再分解下去）。3.undesirable（n.): 不是词根（可再分解），是词干（可以加曲折词缀，如名词复数-s），也是词基。121314
