应用型学英语综合教程一 unit

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1、上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Book I应应 用用 型型 大大 学学 英英 语语 系系 列列 教教 程程 Application-oriented college English Course 2上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextLanguage Skills DevelopmentLanguage in UseEnhancement of Language Abilities Unit 6Unit SevenTable of Contents3上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1 contentBackNextStarterText: Chingl

2、ish ban in Beijing Working with words and phrasesDiscussionPractice: interpretingPractice: translationPractice: writingSurfing the InternetHighlightsPart 1 Language Skills DevelopmentTable of Contents4上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1highlightsBackNextHighlightsS: BadEnglishonsignageL:ChinglishR: Chinglishb

3、aninBeijingW: Compound-complexsentences(1)Internet work: Searchingforinformationaboutdinnertoastspeeches Part 1 Language Skills Development5()1.PublicWaterTap( )2.Cashpoint/ATM(AutomaticTellerMachine)( )3.DontLeaveAnythingontheTrain( )4.ToiletfortheDisabled( )5.BeCarefulontheEscalator( )6.MerryChris

4、tmas上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1 starterNext1.StarterA.CanyouidentifythemistakesintheEnglishexpressionsoneachsign?Matchthemtothecorrectexpressions1to6.a bd f ec fcbedaBack6上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1starterBackNext Mind Maperadicate/vt. 根除persist/vi. 持续thrive/vi. 繁荣auxiliary/a. 辅助的facilitate/vt. 促进equiva

5、lent/n.相等物1.StarterB. Listen to the talk on Chinglish and then take notes, putting down the key words for each aspect of the talk. 71.Topicofthetalk:_2.Beijingsattempt: _3.SomepeoplesviewofChinglish:_4.ThewritersviewofBeijingsattempt:_ _5.Englishtranslationof“精神文明办公室”: _上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1star

6、terBackNexttoimproveitsEnglishlanguageenvironment persist,eventhriveimpossibletoeradicateChinglish;helpforeignersinBeijing;helpEnglishlearnersCivicEnhancementOffice1.StarterChinglish 8上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1starterTapescript1.StarterChinglishisacommonlyusedtermforChineseEnglish.Examplesareforthemo

7、stpartmistranslatedsignsandproducts.TherehasbeenmuchpublicityaboutBeijingsefforttoimproveitsEnglishlanguageenvironmentlately.TheefforthasbeendescribedbytheGlobalLanguageMonitorasan attempt to eradicate Chinglish before the 2008 Games. Some,however,predictthatChinglishwillpersistandeventhrivefarafter

8、theGameshaveended.Probablythisisright.IhavenointentiontochallengethepredictionandIpersonally knowsome working onthiscorrection project. Dothey want to eradicate Chinglish? No, that will be an impossiblemission.TheydothejobbecausetheywanttheChineselanguagenottobemisunderstood.Theywanttohelpforeigners

9、tomaketheirlife in Beijing somewhat easier and their understanding of Beijingsomewhatbetter.BackNext9上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1starterTapescript1.StarterBy doing so, they also want to help some 250 million Chinese who arecurrentlystudyingEnglishasasecond,auxiliaryorbusinesslanguage.China Daily has be

10、en asked to help in this effort, too. For example,organizationsnamesneedtobetranslatedcorrectlytofacilitateexchangeswith the world. So we were asked by the Foreign Affairs Office of BeijingMunicipalPeoplesGovernmenttohelp.We obliged and helped. Since often we could not find exact Englishequivalents,

11、 we had to make up expressions such as “Civic EnhancementOffice”fortheChinese“jingshenwenmingbangongshi”.Chinglishornot,itistruewearecontributingnewwordstobeaddedtothisgloballanguagewhichwillhititsmillionthwordonApril29,2009.BackNext10BackNextFocus1 Text lead inText Lead inWarmUp:Correctthefollowing

12、Chinglishonthepublicsigns. cabstand/cabrank 11BackNextFocus1 Text lead inGentlemen Text Lead in12BackNextFocus1 Text lead inSpecialChristmasoffersfrommanufacturers.Text Lead in13BackNextFocus1 Text lead inCallbrandonly.Text Lead in14BackNextFocus1 Text lead inCaution:lowoverhang.Watchyourhead.Text L

13、ead in15BackNextFocus1 Text lead inText OrganizationChinaattemptstowipeoutChinglishExamplesofChinglishonpublicsigns,restaurantmenusorproductlabelsTheChinesegovernmentsmeasuresonChinglishText Lead in16上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing Chinglish Ban in Beijing 1 Ch

14、ina has launched afreshdrivetoclampdownonbadEnglishafterbeingawardedthe2008Olympicsbackin2001.PreviousattemptstowipeoutChinglishthemistranslatedphrasesoftenseenonChinese street signs andproduct labelshave metwithlittlesuccess.Translation中式英语命休北京中式英语命休北京 1 1 中中国国在在20012001年年成成功功申申办办20082008年年奥奥运运会会之之

15、后后，进进一一步步加加大大了了治治理理不不规规范范英英语语的的力力度度。在在此此之之前前，政政府府也也曾曾着着手手取取缔缔中中式式英英语语，即即那那些些常常见见于于街街头头指指示示牌牌和和产产品品标标签签上上误误译译的的词词句，但是收效甚微。句，但是收效甚微。 ban: n.禁令e.g.Thegovernmentimposedatotalbanoncigaretteadvertising.Themilitaryleadershipliftedthebanonhomosexualsinthemilitary.Abanondrugtraffickinghasbeenissuedrecently.v

16、t.禁止，取缔e.g.Thenewregulationsbansmokingfromallworksites.HewasbannedfromboastingabouthiscriminalactivitiesontheInternetafterpostingvideosofhimself. clamp:vt./vi.夹住，固定e.g.Sheclampedherhandsoverherears.clamp down on: 对进行治理；禁止，取缔e.g.Thepoliceareclampingdownondrunkdrivers. Meaning: China has started anew

17、campaign to ban ill-formedEnglish after it succeeded inbidding for the 2008 Olympicsbackin2001. previous:a.以前的，先前的e.g.Nopreviousexperienceisnecessaryforthisjob. label: n.1)标签，签条，标记e.g.BarcodelabelsareterrificforusingasproductlabelsforproductssuchasDVDs,CDs,VHStapesandotherelectronicmedia.2)称谓，绰号e.g.

18、Ihatethelabel“househusband”.vt.1)给贴标签e.g.Shelabeledtheparcelsneatly,writingtheaddressesincapitalletters.2)把分类，将列为e.g.Thenewspapershadunjustlylabeledhimatroublemaker. Questions about Para. 1 wipe out: 彻底消灭e.g. Landownersfeartheplantointroduceseaeaglesintotheareacouldwipeoutotherrarebirds.Thegovernmen

19、tistryingtowipeoutilliteracy. Drivee.g. arecruitmentdrivefornewmembersaneconomydrive(=efforttoreducespending) e.g. anationwidedrivetocrackdownoncrime label: n.1)标签，签条，标记e.g.BarcodelabelsareterrificforusingasproductlabelsforproductssuchasDVDs,CDs,VHStapesandotherelectronicmedia.2)称谓，绰号e.g.Ihatethelab

20、el“househusband”.vt.1)给贴标签e.g.Shelabeledtheparcelsneatly,writingtheaddressesincapitalletters.2)把分类，将列为e.g.Thenewspapershadunjustlylabeledhimatroublemaker. 171.WhyhasChinastartedanewcampaigntobanChinglish?BecausethewidespreaduseofChinglishcausestroubleorinconveniencetoforeignvisitorstoChina,especiall

21、yintheyear2008whentheOlympicGameswouldbehostedinBeijing. BackNext上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 18上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext2 Emergency exits atBeijingairportread“Noentryonpeacetime”andtheEthnicMinoritiesParkisnamed“RacistPark”. Translation 2 2 在北京机场，紧急出口（Emergency e

22、xits）处写有“No entry on peacetime（和平时期禁止入内）”的字样；而“中华民族园（the Ethnic Minorities Park）”则变成了“Racist Park（种族主义者公园）”。 emergency:n.U突发事件；紧急情况；非常时期e.g. The ambulance broughthim to the emergency roomwithnotimetospare.救护车立即把他送到了急救室。 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 19上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text3 A road sign o

23、n BeijingsAvenueofEternalPeacewarnsofa dangerous pavement with thewords: “To Take Notice of Safe;The Slippery are Very Crafty”.Menus frequently list items suchas“Corrugatedironbeef”,“Governmentabusechicken”,“Chopthestrangefish”,“Husbandand Wifes Lung Slices”, and“Tofu Made By A Pock-MarkedWoman”. Th

24、is last dish differsslightlyfrom“theTofuCommonlyHome-Made”,thoughbothcomplement“TheTempleExplodesTheChickenCube”and“YoungChickenWithoutSex”. Translation3 3 北京长安大街上有一块路牌，提醒行人注意人行道上的危险，上面写着：“To Take Notice of Safe; The Slippery are Very Crafty（要注意保险箱；那些滑的是非常狡猾的）。” 菜单上菜名的误译更是比比皆是，如，“铁板牛肉”被译为“瓦楞铁皮牛肉（Cor

25、rugated Iron Beef）”，“宫保鸡丁”被译成“政府虐待鸡（Government abuse chicken）”，而“生鱼片”成了“砍那陌生的鱼（Chop the strange fish）”，“夫妻肺片”被译为“丈夫和妻子的肺片（Husband and Wifes Lung slices）”，“麻婆豆腐”则被译为“脸上长有麻点的女子做的豆腐（Tofu Made By A Pock-Marked Woman）”。虽然最后这道菜的做法与“家常豆腐（the Tofu Commonly Home-Made）”略有不同，但是二者的翻译与“The Temple Explodes The Ch

26、icken Cube（庙宇爆炸鸡丁）”和“Young Chicken Without Sex（没有性的雏鸡）”如出一辙。 avenue:n.1)美（城市中心）大街，林阴路；道路；e.g.PennsylvaniaAvenueisamongtheworldsmostfamousstreets.ItisknowntheworldoverastheheartoftheNationsCapital.2)手段，途径e.g.Thepresidentwantsto exploreeveryavenuetowardspeaceintheregion. eternal: a.永恒的，持久的，永远的e.g.Thec

27、ompanyisengagedintheeternalsearchforaproductthatwillleadthemarket. pavement: n.人行道e.g.Themulticoloredpavementpaintcontainshighlevelsoflead,posingariskofpoisoningtoyoungchildren.slippery: a.滑溜的，光滑的e.g.Inthesnowtheslipperyroadtendstocausemoretrafficaccidents. crafty: a.狡猾的e.g.Donottrusthim,heisascraft

28、yasafox. abuse:vt.1)虐待sexually/physically/emotionallyabusede.g.Shewasphysicallyandemotionallyabusedasachild.2)滥用e.g.WilliamsabusedhispositionasMayortogivejobstohisfriends.3)辱骂e.g. Journalistscoveringthecasehavebeenthreatenedandabused.n. 1) 虐待e.g.Manychildrensufferracialabuseatschool.2)滥用e.g. governm

29、entofficialsabuseofpower complement: vt.补充，加强e.g.Sheusedphotographstocomplementthetextofthenewsstory.Theproposalscomplementtheincentivesalreadyavailable.n.补充物e.g.Itisaresourcefortheteachersandtheirclasses,andacomplementtothetraditionaleducationsystem. chop: vt. 剁碎，砍，切e.g.Hewentoutsidetochopsomemorew

30、oodforthefire.Addtwofinelychoppedonionsandacloveofgarlic.DFF厚肉片，排 cube:n.1)立方体e.g.Cutthemeatintosmallcubes.2)(算术)立方e.g.Thecubeof3is27. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing crafty: a.狡猾的e.g.Donottrusthim,heisascraftyasafox. BackNext20上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext4 The mistranslationsarisebecause

31、manyChinese words expressconcepts obliquely andcanbeinterpretedinmultipleways,makingtranslationaminefieldfornon-Englishspeakers.Whatarethemorememorable examples ofChinglish that you haveseen?Translation 4.之所以产生误译是因为许多汉字表意时不直截了当，并有多种释义，这些都是非英语母语使用者在翻译中的“雷区”。记忆中还有哪些中式英语让人过目“难忘”呢？ arise:vi.1)出现，发生e.g.A

32、newcrisishasarisen.2)起床e.g.Shearisesat9:00a.m. interpret:vt./vi.1)翻译e.g.Wouldyoupleaseinterpretforme?2)理解e.g.Hisrefusaltoworklatewasinterpretedasalackofcommitmenttothecompany.3)解释e.g.Freudattemptedtointerpretthemeaningofdreams. multiple:a.多样的，多重的e.g.Heisthepersonwithmultipleinjuries.Playersarenotall

33、owedtohavemultipleaccounts.n.倍数e.g.4,6,and12aremultiplesof2. minefield: n.1)危险区，危机四伏的局面e.g.Thelegalsystemisaminefieldfortheordinarypeople.2)雷区e.g.Theyrealizedtheyhadwanderedintoaminefield. memorable:a. 值得纪念的2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 21上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext5 Found commonly onp

34、roducts and signage inChina it is an attempt atEnglish marred by poortranslation and misspelling. The sign above features aclassic mistakenot onlythebizarrewordsubstitution(unlesstheyreallyaresellingbishops)butalsothemoreunusualuseoflanguage. Where on earthdidtheyfind“nosh”?Translation5 在中国，产品和标示牌上充

35、斥着误译和误拼的英文，这是对英语语言的糟蹋。上图中所示的英语招牌就是一种典型的错误，不仅词的选用离奇古怪（除非店家真的出售主教），而且语言的使用更是匪夷所思。“nosh”一词究竟从何而来？ Meaning:TheEnglishwordsorphrasesonproducts,signsandpostersinChinaareoftenincorrectlyinterpretedandmisspelled.Inthissentence,itisafunctionwordandthelogicalsubjectisan attempt;thuswhatisreallymeantshouldbe:a

36、nattemptisfoundcommonlyonproductsandsignageinChina.ThepastparticiplemarredmodifiesEnglish,functioningasanattribute. Questions about Paras. 4-5 nosh: n.小吃，点心 mar:vt.损毁，损伤，糟蹋e.g. Agecannotmarherbeauty.Thenoisemarredthepeaceofthenight. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 22上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBa

37、ckNext 2.Whathascausedthemistakesfrequentlyfoundinthenamesofthedishesonamenu?People do word for word translations ignoring thedietarycultureinthewest. 3.TowhichdegreedoyouagreethatChinesewordsexpressconceptsobliquelyandcanbeinterpretedinmultipleways?Many Chinese words each have more than twomeanings

38、andthereforecanbeinterpreteddifferentlydependingonthecontexts.2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 23上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext6 How much couragewouldberequiredofthepotential user of theautobank if he or shesees the sign below:“HelpOneselfTerminatingMachine”!Translation66 如果在自助银行上看到“帮助你结束自己的

39、机器”的字样，谁还有勇气再往前踏入一步？ terminate:vt./vi.结束，终止e.g.Theyhaveterminatedthecontract.Thesignbelowfrequentlypops intoyoureyeasyoutakeastrollinthepark:公园里散步时，下面这个标牌常常会跳入你的眼帘: 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 24上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext7.Thesignbelowfrequentlypops into your eye as youtakeastrollin

40、thepark：8 It may take you a fewminutes before you canpuzzle out the meaning of“Dothebirdsfriend”!Translation7 7 公园里散步时，下面这个标牌常常会跳入你的眼帘:8 8 费一番思考之后，你才能琢 磨 出 何 谓 “Do the birds friend”！ puzzle: vt.t使困惑，为难e.g.Earthquakepredictionisaquestionthatcontinuestopuzzlescientists.n. 1)测验智力的问题（玩具）e.g.acrosswordpu

41、zzle填词游戏 2)难题，迷惑puzzle out:苦思冥想才弄清楚（或解决）e.g.Helaylookingattheceiling,tryingtopuzzlethingsout. Questions about Paras. 7-82. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing pop into: 突然进入e.g.Shepoppedintothekitchentocheckthestove.她快速走进厨房去检查炉子。 Anideapoppedintohismindlikeaflash.他脑海里突然闪过一个念头。25上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1t

42、extBackNext 4.Whatisthesign “Let usdothebirds friend”reallysaying?Apossiblecorrectionwouldbe“Treatbridsasourfriends.”or“Birdsareourfriends.”or“Makefriendswithbirds.” 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 26上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext9 Also, when someonetakesawalkinthepark,heor she is likely to

43、 comeuponanoticeerectedbyameadowthatreads:“ILikeYourSmile,ButUnlikeYouPut Your Shoes On MyFace.”10 “My God!”the walkerwould think, jumping backtoward the asphalt. “Thegrasswrotethatsign!Thegrasshasaface!” Translation 9 在公园散步的行人，多半还会见到这样一块告示牌，立在草地旁，上面写着：“我喜欢你的微笑。但是不希望你把你的鞋子放在我的脸上。” 10 “我的天啊!”行人抽回脚步，连

44、忙跳回到柏油马路上，心中纳闷，“告示牌是小草写的！小草还长着一张脸孔呢！” erect:vt.竖立e.g.Thiscityhaserectedamonumenttothepastmayor.Severalwoodencrosseswereerectedatthefootofthemountain. Questions about Paras. 9-10 asphalt:n.U沥青；柏油e.g.Asphaltisusedformakingroadsurfaces. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 27上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textB

45、ackNext 5.Howwouldyouinterpret“不喜欢你把鞋子踩在我的脸上”? A possible interpretation is: Please Keep Off theGrass. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 28上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext11 This is the beauty ofChinglish: It makes youlaugh and think at thesametime.12Itcrackleswithpuzzlingadvice,like“DontPress

46、The Glass To GetHurt!” and, “If You AreStolen, Call The Police AtOnce!” Translation11 这便是中式英语的妙处：它带来笑声，同时也激发想象。 12 还有下列令人费解的忠告：“为了受伤不要挤压玻璃！”，以及“如果你被偷走了，请立即报警！” Questions about Paras. 11-12 e.g. The beauty of theplanconsistsinitssimplicity. crackle:vi.发出噼啪声e.g.Thefiresuddenlycrackledandspatsparks.e.g

47、.Attractionandoppositionwerecracklingbetweenthem. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 29上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext 6.WhatisthebeautyofChinglishaccordingtothewriter?Chinglish sometimes is entertaining, and simultaneously,thoughtprovoking. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 30上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版

48、社 focus1text13 In North America,parentssaunterthroughmallswithkids,rarelythinking about the hiddendangers of escalators orstaircases.Theywouldafterstumblinguponcrypticmessages such as: WhenOld Mans Child Go UpHandLadderTemporaryNeedTheFamilyToAccompany.NextBackTranslation 13 在北美洲，父母带着孩子逛购物中心，很少会想到自动

49、扶梯或楼梯潜伏着危险。然而，在他们巧遇了晦涩的提示语“老人的小孩上扶梯时暂时须有家人陪同”之后, 恐怕就会想一想了。 saunter:vi.闲逛，漫步e.g. Hesaunteredalongthestreetlookingintheshopwindows.他在街上闲逛，眼睛扫视着商店橱窗。 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 31上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text14Theywouldalsofeelverysuspiciouswhentheyseesuchcommon signs put up at asupermarket as “

50、Should youloseyourbalance,SlipAndFallDownCarefully”,“DontForgetToCarryYourThing!”15Youmaydecideagainstanimpulsepedicureafterlearningone of the services offered atthe salon was, Trim the Foot.And disabled travelers wouldhave seen no humour in the“DeformedManToilet!”placardhangingoutsiderestrooms.Next

51、BackTranslation suspicious:a.1)怀疑的e.g. He gave her asuspiciouslook.2)怀疑有罪的e.g. His reluctance toanswerthequestions madethepolicesuspicious. balance:n.平衡e.g.Thegirllostherbalanceandfelloffthebalancebeam.Withagoodsenseofbalance,shelearnedtoskiquickly.vt.1)保持平衡e.g.Canyoubalanceyourselfonskates?2)权衡，比较b

52、alance something against something: 比较（两个相对的事物）；权衡重要性e.g.Measuresaretakentobalancestable,fasteconomicgrowthagainstinflationcontrol. impulse:1)冲动e.g a sudden impulse tolaughMargesfirstimpulsewastorun.2)（电）脉冲e.g.nerveimpulses神经脉冲 trim:vt.1)修剪e.g.Trimaway/offanyexcessgluewithaknife.2)降低，减少e.g.Thecompan

53、ytrimmed46,000eurosfromitsadvertisingbudget.3)装饰e.g.Shewearsabeautifuldresstrimmedwithlace.a.neatandwellcaredfor整洁的e.g.Heworeatrimsuitandlookedsmart. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing impulse:1)冲动e.g a sudden impulse tolaughMargesfirstimpulsewastorun.2)（电）脉冲e.g.nerveimpulses神经脉冲 14 另外，当他们在超市里看到诸如“如果

54、失去平衡，请小心地滑倒”和“别忘了拿你的东西”等司空见惯的标示语时，人们也难免会疑惑丛生。 15 当你一时心血来潮，想做一做足疗，来到美容院看到其中的一项服务是“剪脚”，也许你会立即打消修脚的念头。当残疾游客看到“畸形人厕所”的标示牌悬于厕所门口时，想必也不会觉得有什么幽默。32上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text16AstheuseofEnglishaslanguageofglobalcommunication is on therise,anincreasingnumberofconversationsinEnglishhappen between non-nativ

55、espeakers.17 English is the secondmostspokenlanguageintheworld, and it is estimatedthatby2020nativespeakerswill make up only 15% ofthose using or learning thelanguage.NextBackTranslation 16 作为一种全球沟通语言的英语使用得越来越多。非英语母语使用者之间用英语交谈的次数越来越多。 17 英语是世界上使用者人数位居第二的语言。据估测，到2020年，英语母语使用者人数将只占使用或学习这门语言人数的15%。 2.

56、Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 33authority:n.1)当局e.g.BritishpolicearecooperatingwiththeMalaysianauthority.2)权威e.g. people in (positions of)authorityCould I speak to someone inauthority (=who has a position ofpower)please?e.g.Imnotanauthorityoncivilrights.e.g.Theauthoritiesaremostlikelyto permit us t

57、o import yourproducts. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text18Butdontworry;theChinesegovernment is on it. TheEnglishlanguagepressinChinaroutinelycallsforpeopletosendin examples of Chinglish in anattempttoclearupbadEnglish.Beijingcityauthoritieshaveissued new translation guidesand the booklets have beenhande

58、douttohotelsandshoppingmalls,onpublictransportandattouristattractions.(tobecontinued)NextBackTranslation Meaning: GovernmentorganizationsinBeijingchangedover 6,500 posters that hadlaughable errors in the Englishtranslationversions.Meaning:Butthereisnoneedtoworryabouttheinconveniences caused by badEn

59、glish.TheChinesegovernment is making attemptsto deal with the problem ofChinglish. clear up: 清理e.g.TheWhiteHousehopestheseproblemscanbeclearedupsoon.There are a couple of points weneedtoclearupbeforethemeetingbegins. 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing Meaning:Somescholarsbelievethatsuch ill-formed Ch

60、inese English willsoondisappear/beeradicated.Chinglishs days are soon to be goneanditwillnotbelongbeforeChinglishisclearedup.e.g.Iknewmydayswerenumberedatthatfirm. 18 不过，无须忧虑，中国政府已经行动起来了。中国的英语出版界经常鼓励人们举报中式英语，以期根除不规范英语。北京市政府已经发布了新的翻译规则手册，同时在饭店和购物中心，公共交通站点和景点发放小册子。34上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textAuthor

61、itieshavereplacedmore than 6,500 signs inBeijingthatwereoncegloriously lost in translation. Restaurantsarenowworkingfromastandardizedlist,renamingmenuitemssuchasHusband and Wifes LungSlices to Pork Lungs in ChiliSauce.SomescholarsbelievethatChinglishsdaysarenumbered.NextBackTranslation18. . 有关部门已经撤换

62、了北京市内6500块译文荒诞可笑的指示牌。餐馆正着手对照标准，重新命名菜单上的菜名，如把“丈夫和妻子的肺片”修改为“辣味猪肺片”。一些学者认为根除中式英语指日可待。 Meaning: GovernmentorganizationsinBeijingchangedover 6,500 posters that hadlaughable errors in the Englishtranslationversions.Meaning:Butthereisnoneedtoworryabouttheinconveniences caused by badEnglish.TheChinesegovern

63、ment is making attemptsto deal with the problem ofChinglish.Meaning:Somescholarsbelievethatsuch ill-formed Chinese English willsoondisappear/beeradicated.Chinglishs days are soon to be goneanditwillnotbelongbeforeChinglishisclearedup.e.g.Iknewmydayswerenumberedatthatfirm. Questions about Paras. 16-1

64、8 2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing standardize:vt.使规范e.g.AttemptstostandardizeEnglishspellinghaveneverbeensuccessful. gloriously:ad.1)令人愉快地，令人赞羡地e.g.Itwasagloriouslybeautifulmorning. The rain fell softly andquietly.2)光荣地，值得称道地e.g. They are the truly happypeople who are making this lifegloriouslywor

65、thliving. sauce:n.酱汁，调料e.g. For dessert, we hadvanillaicecreamwithchocolatesauce. 35上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1textBackNext 7.HowcanthebanningofbadEnglishbenefitus?Inbusiness,beingaccurateintheuseoftheEnglishlanguageisvitaltotheimageofthecompanyandsmoothcommunication.ProperuseofEnglishcanmaketheliveso

66、fnativeEnglishspeakersinChinamoreconvenient. 8.WhathavebeendonebytheChinesegovernmenttocurbthespreadofChinglish?ChinaismakingeffortstoimproveitsEnglishlanguageenvironment lately through the correction project.People are encouraged to send in examples of badEnglishandguidebooksarehandedouttothepublic

67、tohelpcorrectthosemistranslatedexpressions.2. Text: Chinglish Ban in Beijing 36( )1.launcha.acottageontheedgeofthewoods( )2.clampdownonb.astrollinthepark( )3.popintoc.onesbalance( )4.taked.acampaign( )eupone.themystery( )6.losef.oneseye( )7.ong.therise( )8.clearuph.smokinginpublic上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社

68、Focus1words&phrasesBackNext4.Working with words and phrases A.Findappropriatewords(18)inthetextwhichfittheitems(ah).dhhabcge37上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1words&phrasesBackNextB. Complete the following sentences with appropriate words in the text. 1.Acrisishasa intheForeignOffice.2.Theexhibitionwasc byd

69、isplayingpopularcamerasfromdifferenteras.3.Itsoundedthatshewastryingtot orstoptheconversation.4.S testsaretestsonwhichallstudentsanswerthesamequestions,usuallyinmultiple-choiceformat,andeachquestionhasonlyoneanswer.5.Ifyouhavebeena anundergraduatescholarship,thereisnocashpaymentasthescholarshipcover

70、syourtuitionfees. risenomplementederminatetandardizedwarded4.Working with words and phrases 38上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1discussionBackNext5. Discussion Discuss the following questions with a partner or in a small group of 4 to 6 students. Mind MapPidgin洋泾浜语communicateeffectively有效交际mothertongueinterf

71、erence母语干扰thinkinEnglish用英语思考39上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1discussionBackNext1.WhatinformationshouldbeincludedinthedishwhenyouaretryingtotranslatetheChinesedishonthemenuintoEnglish?Thelanguageofthedishesonamenuincludesatleastsuchinformationas:howthefoodiscut,whatthefoodiscalled,howitiscookedandinwhatst

72、yle,whereitcomesfrom,whatisthekeyingredient, and how it is served. The words used to describeitems on the menu should be chosen carefully to add to theappeal of the dish. Menu language should aim to excite thesenses.Wordslikecrispandfresharegoodchoices.However,some words like excellent, special or c

73、lassic are notrecommendedbecausetheyaretoogeneral.Howthefoodiscut,cooked,inwhatstyle,whatthefoodiscalled,wherefrom,whatkeyingredientused,andhowserved.Shouldaddtotheappealofthedish,aimtoexcitethesenses.Notoogeneraltermsapplied.5. Discussion Hints40上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1discussionBack2.WhydoesChing

74、lishoccuraccordingtothetext?HowcanweavoidChinglish?Chinesespeakerswithinadequate English,interferencefromthespeakersmothertongue,easiertousewordforwordtranslationincommunication.Follow the English rules, get rid of Chinglish, a goodcommandofEnglishesp.alargevocabulary,andthinkinEnglishwhencommunicat

75、inginEnglish.5. Discussion HintsChinglish is a kind of Pidgin English that originates fromcommunication between Chinese speakers with inadequate English.Chinglishfeatureswordforwordtranslationsuchaspeoplemountainpeoplesea,eggcake,hairbuspoint,powdersilk,horsehorsetigertiger, good good study, mind yo

76、ur head, carefully fall down, etc. Tocommunicateeffectively,wehavetogetridofsuchChinglish.Good translation is a well-structured transformation of both thesource language and the target language. It is not a simple job ofduplication.Chinesehasitsowncharacter. WhenitistranslatedintoEnglish,itisnecessa

77、rytofollowtheEnglishrules.TheNo.OneculpritofChinglishisinterferencefromthespeakersmother tongue. To get rid of Chinglish, the speakers should have alarge vocabulary of English and a good command of English. Mostimportantofall,however,thespeakersshouldthinkinEnglishwhencommunicatinginEnglish.Next41El

78、la and Janie are international students learning Chinese atShanghai Institute of Tourism. They are talking about the uses ofEnglish they have experienced in China. Interpret the followingconversationintoEnglishwithyourpartner.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1interpreting6. Practice: interpreting BackNextMin

79、d MapChinglishbilingualsignagewipeoutmultiplesendinmistranslationstandardizedgloriouslylostintranslationauthorities42埃拉：埃拉：珍妮，我看到中国很多城市的公共场所都有中英文双语指示标牌。珍妮：珍妮：但是错误英文随处可见，游客站在标示牌前都不知所措。埃拉埃拉: : 中国政府曾经多次试图改变这种状况；不过，这种努力迄今似乎成效 不大。珍妮：珍妮：一个中文汉字在英文中可能有多种解释，难免菜单上会出现“政府虐 待鸡”这样的菜名。埃拉：埃拉：实际上，据我了解，北京旅游局自2002年起，就

80、已经开设了允许游客 和居民举报错误英文翻译的热线。珍妮：珍妮：不过成效并不显著。埃拉：埃拉：这次，北京市政府决定推出统一的翻译规则手册。珍妮：珍妮：希望政府能够换掉那些令人捧腹的中式英文指示牌。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1interpretingBackNextForReferenceAnswerClick Here6. Practice: interpreting 43上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1interpretingElla: Janie,IseeinmanyChinesecities,Chinese-Englishbilingualsigna

81、gecanbefoundinmostpublicplaces.Janie: Yes,butmistranslatedphrasesareoftenseenonthosesigns.Suchmistranslationalwaysmakesthetouristsataloss.Ella:TheChinesegovernmenthasmadeseveralattemptstowipeoutthebadEnglishonpublicsigns,buthasmetwithlittlesuccess.Janie: AChinesewordcanbeinterpretedinmultipleways,ma

82、kingitpossibletolistonthemenusuchitemsas“GovernmentAbuseChicken”.Ella: Infact,asfarasIknow,BeijingTourismBureauhashadahotlinetoencouragetouristsandresidentstosendinexamplesofChinglish.Janie: Buttheattempthasmetwithlittlesuccess.Ella:ThelocalauthoritiesofBeijinghaveissuednewstandardizedtranslationgui

83、des.Janie: IhopetheauthoritieswillreplaceallthoseChinglishsignsthatwereoncegloriouslylostintranslation.6. Practice: interpreting BackNext44上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1translationBackNext7. Practice: translation A. Put the following sentences from the text into Chinese. Pay special attention to the ital

84、icized expressions. 1.Chinahaslaunchedafreshdrivetoclamp down onbadEnglish after being awarded the 2008 Olympics back in2001.2.ThisisthebeautyofChinglish:Itmakesyoulaughandthinkatthesametime.中国在2001年成功申办2008年奥运会之后，进一步加大了治理不规范英语的力度。这便是中式英语的妙处：它带来笑声，同时也激发想象。45上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1translationBackNe

85、xt7. Practice: translation 3.Butdontworry,theChinesegovernmentis on it.TheEnglishlanguagepressinChinaroutinelycallsforpeopletosendinexamplesofChinglishin an attempt toclearupbadEnglish.4.Authoritieshavereplacedmorethan6,500signsinBeijingthatwere once gloriously lost intranslation.不过，无须忧虑，中国政府已经行动起来了

86、。中国的英语出版界经常鼓励人们举报中式英语，以期根除不规范英语。有关部门已经撤换了北京市内6500块译文荒诞可笑的指示牌。5.SomescholarsbelievethatChinglishsdays are numbered.一些学者认为根除中式英语指日可待。46上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1translationBackNextB. Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 1.PresidentBarackObama (警示经济阵痛的到来)

87、 by saying that the United States economy islikelytoworsenbeforeitimproves.2.Iamoften (对我的男友疑神疑鬼)andcheckhisphoneandemailallthetime!Itspathetic,Iknow,butIcanthelpit!warnsofeconomicpainsuspiciousaboutmyboyfriend7. Practice: translation 47上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1translationBackNext3.Howmuchcouragewou

88、ld (女性需要)ifshehadtowalkhomealonefromwork.4.Itwasseveralminutes_ (之后我们才意识到正在发生的一切).5. (试图降低犯罪率),thegovernorisgettingtoughoncriminalsandmakingprisonconditionsharsher.berequiredofawomanbeforewerealizedwhatwashappeningInanattempttoreducethecrimerate7. Practice: translation 48上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1wri

89、tingBackNext8.Practice: writing A. Write a summary of the text (max. 150 words), referring to the outline below. Summaryoutline:1.ThepurposeofclampingdownonChinglish;2.ThespreadofChinglishinChina;3.ThereasonsformistranslationofChineseterms;4.ThemeasurestakentoclearupbadEnglish.ForReferenceAnswerClic

90、k Here49上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNextReference answer:TherehasbeenmuchpublicityaboutBeijingsefforttoclearupChinglishbeforethe2008OlympicGamesinspiteofthefactthatitspreviousattemptshavemetwithlittlesuccess.Chinglish refers to words and expressions mistranslated from Chinese.Theyarewordforw

91、ordtranslations.Suchmisinterpretationspopintopeopleseyewhostrollinthepark,whointendtogotothepedicuresalon,andwhogoupanddowntheescalators.PeoplemightfindtheseChinglishtermsamusingandentertaining,butinthemeanwhiletheyaremisleading.As English is the language of global communication, the Chinesegovernme

92、ntisawareoftheconsequencesofwidespreaduseofChinglish.PeopleareencouragedtosendinexamplesofbadEnglishandguidebooksarehandedouttothepublictohelpcorrectthosemistranslatedexpressions.SomeexpertsbelievethatChinglishsdaysarenumbered.8.Practice: writing 50上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNextB. Basic se

93、ntence writing techniques: understand and write compound-complex sentences (1). 1.WhenIfirstcalledthistoyourattention,youaskedmetokeepyouinformed,andIdidsobywritingyouinMarch.When I first called this to your attention, , and .2.Sheexpressedherfeelingsstronglywhenshesawtheoutcome;however,herreactionw

94、asnotwellreceived. when she saw the outcome; however, .youaskedmetokeepyouinformedIdidsobywritingyouinMarchSheexpressedherfeelingsstronglyherreactionwasnotwellreceived8.Practice: writing 51上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNext3.Hefirstsuggestedthatwecontinuewithouroriginalplans;thenhedecidedthatw

95、eshoulddeviseanewsetofplans. that we continue with our original plans; then that we should devise a new set of plans.Hefirstsuggestedhedecided8.Practice: writing 52上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNext4.Mr.Jones,whohasbeenwiththecompanymanyyears,hasearnedhimselfafavorablereputationinthepersonneld

96、epartment;itishopedthathewillcontinueenthusiasticallyinhisnewposition. , who has been with the company many years, ; that he will continue enthusiastically in his new position.5.Mr.Adammentionedthatthecompanyhadjustboughtseveralnewtrainingfilms,andarrangementshadbeenmadetowatchthembetween9a.m.and4p.

97、m. that the company has just bought several new training films, and arrangements had been made to watch them between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.Mr.JonesMr.Adammentionedhasearnedhimselfafavorablereputationinthepersonneldepartment8.Practice: writing itishoped53上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1internetBackNext9.Surfing

98、the Internet Gotohttp:/orhttp:/www.public-speaking- Here54上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1internetHereareafewsuitabletoastsfor50thanniversaryoccasions:Congratulationsonthefirstfiftyyears.Youcertainlyseemtohavegotthehangofitnow.Wewishyouallthebestforthefuture.Withfiftyyearsbetweenyouandyourwell-keptweddingv

99、ow.TheGoldenAge,oldfriendsofmine,isnotafablenow.ItseemsbutyesterdaywemetAsweetmemoryIholdAndnowwevemadeit50yearsLetscelebrateingold9.Surfing the Internet BackNext55上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 contentBackNext Dinner toasting speeches Pair work: delivering dinner toasts Text: Dinner party etiquette Work

100、ing with words Research project Listening-based writing HighlightsTable of ContentsPart 2 Language in Use56上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2highlightsBackNext HighlightsR&L:DinnertoastingspeechesS:DeliveringdinnertoastsLanguagefortoastingR:DinnerpartyetiquetteResearch project: Planning a function & arrangin

101、g aroomforayear-enddinnerpartyL&W:AfarewellspeechLanguageforafarewellspeechPart 2 Language in Use57A.WangLin,directoroftheExhibitionAssociation,ishostingareceptiondinnertheeveningbeforethetradefairopens.Aftertheguestshavebeenseated,Wang proposes a toast to the attendees. Listen to the toast and fill

102、 in theblanks.Thenreaditaloud.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2dialogueBackNext1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches Toast at the Chinese Dinner PartyLadiesandGentlemen,itsagreat(1)_tohaveyouallherethisevening.(2)_theExhibitionAssociation,Idliketoextendawarmwelcometoyouall.WelcometoShanghai!Welcometothetrad

103、efair!Ialsowantto(3)_toexpressmythanksforthe(4)_andkindsupportourfriends(5) _ overtheyears.Now,Idlikeyouto(6)_:Tothesuccessofthefair!Toourfriendshipandcooperation!Tothehealthofeveryone!Cheers! pleasureOnbehalfoftakethisopportunityhavegivenusjoinmeinatoastclosecooperation58上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2di

104、alogueBack NextB. The US President once visited Mexico. President of Mexico held a dinner party in his honor. In a dinner toast, the US President made these remarks. Listen to the toast and fill in the blanks. Then read it aloud. 1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches 59上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2dialo

105、gueBack Next Remarks by the US President in a Dinner ToastMr.President,(1)_,LauraandIthankyouforthisdinner.AndthankyouforinvitingustoMonterrey,acitythatembodiesMexicosprosperousfuture.PresidentFox,(2)_.AndthepeopleoftheUnitedStatesaregratefulforyourvisittoGroundZeroinNewYorktohonorthevictims.Itellth

106、epeopleofmycountrythat(3)_.I am confident we will build on the success of the North American Free TradeAgreement,toexpandthebenefitsoftradeandmarketstoallofourpeople.PresidentFox,theUnitedStatesknowswhoourfriendsare.Today,wehavearelationshipofunprecedentedclosenessandcooperation.Bycontinuingtoworkto

107、gether,(4)_.Mr.President,Iofferatoasttoyou,yourgraciouswife,andthegreatfriendshipbetweenourtwocountries.distinguishedguestsIdeeplyappreciateyourfriendship,especiallysinceSeptemberthe11thastrongandprosperousMexicoisgoodfortheUnitedStates1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches wecanimprovethelivesofthep

108、eopleinourtwonations,inourhemisphereandinourworld601. Toast at the Chinese Dinner Party 中式宴会上的祝酒词上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue Notes to dinner toasting speeches BackNext1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches toast:n.1)C祝酒词；祝酒，干杯；受祝酒的人（或事物）e.g.Idliketoproposeatoast(=ask peopletodrinka toast)tothe

109、brideandgroom.2)U烤面包片；吐司面包e.g.Ihadapieceoftoastforbreakfast. 61Apartywilltypicallyfeatureeatinganddrinking,andoftenmusicanddancingaswell.Somepartiesareheldinhonorofaspecificperson,day,orevent(e.g.St.PatricksDay).Partiesofthiskindareoftencalledcelebrations.Thefollowingaresometypesofpartiesinthewest:B

110、irthdayparty生日派对Surpriseparty惊喜派对Bachelorparty(Stagparty,Stagnight,Stagdo)单身汉派对（主角即将走入婚姻）Bacheloretteparty(Henparty,Hennight,Hendo)单身女郎派对（主角即将走入婚姻）Divorceparty离婚派对Weddingreception婚宴Potluckdinnerparty自带菜肴的聚会Fund-raisingparty募捐会上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue 1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches B

111、ackNext622.On behalf of the Exhibition Association,Idliketoextendawarmwelcometoyouall.WelcometoShanghai!Welcometothetradefair!我谨代表上海展览协会，向诸位表示热烈欢迎。欢迎来到上海参加贸易展销会！on behalf of:代表，代替；为了e.g.Sheaskedthedoctortospeaktoherparentsonherbehalf.association: n. 1)C协会，社团e.g.Haveyoujoinedtheteachersassociation?2)

112、C,U联系，联合e.g.HehasacloseassociationwiththeGreenParty.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue BackNext1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches 633.Now,Idlikeyoutojoinmeinatoast:Tothesuccessofthefair!Toourfriendshipandcooperation!Tothehealthofeveryone!Cheers! 现在我提议：为展会的成功，为我们的友谊和合作，为诸位的健康，干杯！fair: n.C商品展览会，展销会

113、，商品交易会e.g.aworldtradefair世界交易会4. Remarks bytheUSPresidentinaDinnerToast美国总统晚宴祝酒词 remark: n.1)Cpl.讲话introductory/opening/concluding remarks介绍性/开场/结束话语e.g.Whatexactlydidyoumeanbythatlastremark?2)C备注，评论，注意e.g.TheSenatordenied makingtheremark.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue 1. Dialogue: Dinner toasti

114、ng speeches BackNext645.Mr.President,distinguishedguests,LauraandIthankyouforthisdinner.AndthankyouforinvitingustoMonterrey,acitythatembodiesMexicosprosperousfuture.总统阁下，各位嘉宾：我和我的妻子劳拉感谢你们邀请我们参加此次晚宴，感谢你们邀请我们来到蒙特雷这个象征墨西哥繁荣未来的城市。distinguished:a.尊敬的，卓越的e.g.Thescientistisdistinguishedinmanyspheresofknowl

115、edge.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue BackNext1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches 65prosperous:a.繁荣的，兴旺的e.g.Nocountrywillremainprosperousforever.Note that prosperous is synonymouswithrich,well-off,wealthy,andaffluent,but they differ in some aspects ofmeaning.Richisaverydirectwayofsayingthatsomeo

116、ne has a lot of money andpossessions.e.g.Well-offmeans“fairlyrich(富裕)”.People are more likely to describethemselvesaswell-offthanrich.Wealthyisaslightlymoreformalwordmeaning“rich”,especiallyoveralongperiodoftime.Affluent and prosperous are fairlyformal words, often used to describesocietieswherethee

117、conomyissuccessfulandthestandardoflivingishigh. 6.Itellthepeopleofmycountrythata strongand prosperousMexicoisgoodfortheUnitedStates.Iamconfidentwewillbuild on the success of theNorth American Free TradeAgreement, to expand thebenefitsoftrade andmarketstoallofourpeople.我告诉我国人民一个强大而繁荣的墨西哥有利于美国。我深信，在北美

118、自由贸易协定成功实施的基础上，我们会让双方人民享受到更多贸易和市场所带来的利益。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue Next1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches Note the use of the indefinitearticleabeforethepropernounMexico as in “a strong andprosperous Mexico”. A propernouncanbenecessitatedwhenitismodifiedbyadjectiveswhichaddotherinformatio

119、naboutthequality,feeling,etc.Back667.PresidentFox,theUnitedStatesknowswhoourfriendsare.Today,wehavearelationshipofunprecedented closenessandcooperation.Bycontinuingtoworktogether,wecanimprovethelivesofthepeopleinourtwonations,inourhemisphereandinourworld.福克斯总统阁下，我们深知谁是我们的朋友。今天，我们有着前所未有的密切合作关系。我们将继续通

120、力合作，为提高我们两国、我们所处的半球，乃至全世界人民的生活而奋斗。 unprecedented:a.前所未有的 e.g.Crimehasincreasedonanunprecedentedscale.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue 1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches BackNext678.Mr.President,Iofferatoasttoyou,your gracious wife,andthegreatfriendshipbetweenourtwocountries.总统阁下，我提议：为您及您高贵的妻子，为

121、我们两国之间的伟大友谊，干杯！gracious:a.1)高贵的，优美的e.g.agraciousmanorhouse2)表示恩惠的，大度的e.g.Shewasaverygracious,helpful,andgenerousperson.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue 1. Dialogue: Dinner toasting speeches BackNext68上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 pairwork 2. Pair work: delivering dinner toasts BackNextCreate a dinner

122、toast according to the prompts on the card. Theuniversityisgoingtoholdagraduationdinnerpartyforthosewhohavejustgraduated.Youareajuniorinvitedtothepartyandareaskedtodeliveratoasttothegraduatesatthedinneronbehalfofallyourfellowstudents.Preparethetoastandrehearseitbeforeyourpartner.Learning69上海交通大上海交通大

123、学学出版社出版社 Focus2 pairwork 2. Pair work: delivering dinner toasts ForReferenceAnswerClick HereBackNextLanguage for toasts MayIproposeatoasttoIwouldliketoinviteyoutojoinmeinatoasttoTothehealth/cooperation/success/prosperityofToallofyouwhohavejustgraduated.Mayyoualwaysprosper.Maywewishyouthebestoffortun

124、e.Herestoyourfuture. Learning70上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 pairworkBackNextToallofyouwhohavejustgraduated:Mayyounowgoontobecomeeducated.Mayyoualwayschooseapathofhappinessandhealthaswellasprosperity.Mayyougoontoevenbetterthingsbutneverlosetouchwithus.Wewishyouthebestoffortuneasyoumoveontoyournextchalle

125、ngeintheUniversityofLife.Herestoyourfuture.Werealldependingonyou. 2. Pair work: delivering dinner toasts 71上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext Translation1Haveyoueverwantedtothrowa formal dinner party, but wereunsure of what to do? Have youeverbeenafraidtoattendsuchaneventbecauseyouwerentuponthe

126、proper etiquette? Go ahead.What follows are just a fewexamplesoftheetiquetterequiredwhen throwing or attending adinnerparty. 3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette throw a party:举办晚会e.g.Theywillthrowapartytocelebratetheir50thweddinganniversary.Grammatically,whenthrowingorattendingadinnerpartyisadanglingstr

127、ucture.Butsuchusageispermissibleininformalwriting. be up on:对熟知的e.g.Heiswelluponthecomputerprogram. throw a party:举办晚会e.g.Theywillthrowapartytocelebratetheir50thweddinganniversary.Grammatically, whenthrowingorattendingadinner party is a danglingstructure. But such usage ispermissibleininformalwritin

128、g. 宴会礼仪1 您是否想过要举办一次正式晚宴，却茫然不知所措？您是否因为缺少一定的礼节知识而害怕赴宴？不用害怕，下面简举数例，介绍举办或参加晚宴的必备知识。722 When selecting guests foryourevent,youllwanttochooseaninterestingmixofcharacters,but make sure they will all getalong. It wouldnt do to invitepeople who are known to clashwith other dinner guests orcause heated debate

129、s. No onewantstensionatadinnerparty.Your party should be a lively,stress-free event. Invite guestswhoaregoodconversationalists,especiallythosewhoareknownto bring along their sense ofhumor.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext 2 邀请宴会嘉宾时，您需要选择不同性格嘉宾的交叉组合，但又不能相互冲突。有些人倾向冲撞其他客人并引起激烈争吵，邀请他们是不明智的。没有人会希望晚宴

130、上出现紧张气氛。您的派对应该是轻松活跃的。建议您邀请一些健谈的客人，尤其是那些幽默风趣的客人。 clash:vi.1)争论，争执e.g.DemocratsclashedwithRepublicansinaheateddebate.2)冲突，兵戎相见e.g.Policehaveclashedwithdemonstratorsagaintoday.n.1)C武装冲突2)C信仰或观点冲突 debate: n.U,C争论e.g.Afiercedebateraged overwhichartistsworkshouldbechosenfortheprize.vi./vt.辩论e.g.Theissuewi

131、llbedebatedonTuesday. tension: n.U紧张e.g.Thetensionwasbecomingunbearable,andIwantedtoscream. stress: n.1)U,C压力e.g.Yourheadachesareduetostress.2)U,C强调，重要性e.g.Petelaidparticularstressontheneedfordiscipline. bring along:带来e.g. Youre welcome tobringalongafriend. It wont do(=itisnotacceptable)tosaythatthe

132、situationcouldnthavebeenavoided.3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette Translation73seating chart:座次表以下是一些席位类型：圆桌型，小酒馆型：bistrostyle长桌型，董事会会议室型：boardroomstyle坐椅圆圈（没有桌子）：circleofchairs教室型：classroom/schoolroomstyle鸡尾酒会型：cocktailstyle人字型：herringbonestyle正方桌型（实心或中空）：(solidorhollow)square剧场型（没有桌子）：theatrestyleT型

133、：T-shapeU型，马蹄型：U-shape/horseshoestyle上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext3Whenwritingupyourseatingchart,rememberthatitsimportant to make your guestsascomfortableaspossible.Youll not want to seat twodoctors together, as they wouldspendthewholemealdiscussingdoctorbusinessandnooneelsewouldbeincludedi

134、ntheconversation.Likewise,youdontwanttoseattogethertwopeopleof opposing political views iftheyre prone to debate. Dinnerconversation should be livelyand upbeat, and the seatingchartshouldreflectthis. Translation write up:写（下）e.g. The teacher repeated theword,andthenwroteitupontheblackboard. likewise

135、:ad.同样地e.g.Nancyputonashawlandtoldthegirlsto dolikewise.Note thatlikewiseinthetextisasentenceadverb,usedtointroduce a point similar orrelated to one just made. Forexample:Theclamsweredelicious.Likewise,theeggplantwasexcellent. opposing:a.1)相反的，极不同的e.g.Theyhaveopposingviewsongambling.2)对抗的，对立的e.g. Th

136、e Socialist Party hassplitintotwoopposingcamps. prone: a.容易的e.g.Someplantsareverypronetodisease.Note thatpronecanbeusedwithotherwordstoformcompounds.Forexample,accident-prone/injury-prone(易出事故的/易受损伤的等),etc.e.g.Hesalwaysbeenaccident-prone. upbeat:a.乐观的，快乐的，积极向上的e.g.Wegotsomeupbeatnewsyesterday. refle

137、ct:vt. 反映e.g. The statisticsreflect a change inpeoplesspendinghabits.统计数字表明人们的消费习惯发生了变化。True-false Statements about Paras. 2-33. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 3 准备座次表时，记住必须尽量让客人感到舒适。不要让两位医生坐在一起，因为他们会在整个席间旁若无人地讨论医务。同样，政治观点相左且爱争好斗的人也不可坐在一起。座次安排要有助于使席间交谈轻松愉快。74上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext ()1.

138、Peoplewithasenseofhumoraremostwelcomeatadinnerparty.()2.Twodoctorsattendingthesamedinnerpartycanbeseatednexttoeachother. TF 3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 75上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext4 It may be consideredfashionable to arrive late inHollywood,butatadinnerpartythisisconsideredbadetiquet

139、te.The last thing you want is toholdupthemealwhileeveryonewaitsonyourarrival.If you must show up late, doyourbesttoarrivenomorethanthirtyminutespastthanthetimeindicatedonyourinvitation.Itsverygoodmannerstocallyourhostessandmakeherawareofyoursituation. Translation 4 在好莱坞，赴约迟到是时髦之举。但是晚宴迟到却是一种失礼的行为。切忌让

140、大家为了等您而延迟开席。若不得已迟到，则应尽量在请柬规定的时间之后半小时内赶到。礼貌的做法是打电话告诉女主人情况。 The last thing you want:最不愿意做的事情e.g.Gohome?ThatsthelastthingIwanttodo! hold up:阻挡e.g. Sorry Im lateI washeldupatwork. be aware of: 知道，意识到e.g. The children are notawareofthedangeroftakingdrugs.well/fully/acutely awaree.g. They were well awaret

141、hatthecompanywaslosingmoney. True-false Statement about Paras. 43. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 76上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext ( )3.Itsbadetiquettetoarrivelateatadinnerparty;itsalsothecaseeveninHollywood.F3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 77上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext5Itspropertob

142、ringasmallhostess gift, one that thehostessisnotobligedtousethatveryevening.Giftssuchas flowers or dessert, whilethoughtful,dontmakeaverygoodhostessgift,asshewillfeel she must put it outimmediately.Asmalltrinketora bottle of wine makes anexcellenthostessgift. Translation5 给女主人带上一个小礼物属礼貌之举，但绝不是那种女主人当

143、晚就非用不可的礼物。送鲜花或者甜点，虽然也要费点心思，却不是给女主人的好礼物，因为她将不得不立即设法安置一下。给女主人送上一件小饰品或一瓶酒，倒不失为上策。 dessert:n.C,U甜点e.g.Whatarewehavingfordessert? True-false Statement about Para. 53. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 78上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext ( )4.Buyingaverygoodhostessgiftisrecommended. 3. Text: Dinner Party

144、Etiquette F79上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext6 As host or hostess, youmustmakesurethatsomeonewillbeatthedoortogreettheguests. Graciously accept anyhostessgiftandtakeallpersonal items such as coatsand umbrellas. Have a placeclosebyforpersonalitemssoyourenotfarfromthedoor. Translation 6 如果您是主人，则

145、须安排有人在门口迎接嘉宾。接受礼物或为客人拿大衣和雨伞等个人物品时要毕恭毕敬。在门口找一个放置客人物品的地方，这样您不必远离大门。 3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 80hors doeuvre:n.C,U开胃小吃，开胃冷盘It is a French loan word. Horsdoeuvresandappetizersarefooditemsservedbeforethemaincoursesofameal.Hors doeuvres may be served at thetable,asapartofthesit-downmeal,ortheymaybe

146、servedbeforesittingatthetable.Hors doeuvres might include:Canaps（加有乳酪、肉、鱼等的）小片面包（配饮料食用）Coldcuts(slicedassortedcoldmeats)Crudits(rawvegetablesfordipping)SnackfoodsCheesesSausages 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext7 Once inside your home,guests should be offered adrinkandsomehorsdoeuvrestotidethem

147、overuntilitstimetoeat.Encourageeveryonetomingleandmakeanynecessary introductions. Seetoitthatnooneisstandingorsitting alone and that theconversationisflowingfreely.As your guests are chattingandeatingtheirhorsdoeuvres,youcangoaheadandputthefirstcourseonthetable. Translation7 客人进屋后，递上一杯饮料和一些冷食，帮他们打发时

148、间，等候开席。对客人作一些必要的介绍，让大家交流起来。确保没有人孤零零地站着或坐着，确保客人进行自由交流。在客人吃着开胃菜聊天时，您就可以安排上第一道菜了。 the first course: 第一道主菜第一道主菜Note that a more substantialstarterorthefirstcourseservedatthetablemightbereferredtoas an entre (outside the U.S.andEnglishCanada).True-false Statements about Para. 73. Text: Dinner Party Etiqu

149、ette 81上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext ( )5.Aformaldinnerpartybeginswitheatinghorsdoeuvres.T3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 82上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext8 Guests should do their best tomingle and make light conversation.Try not to form cliques; instead,socialize as a group. If some

150、one issittingalone,doyourbesttodrawhimorherintotheconversationandmakehim/herfeelatease.9Whendinnerisready,followthedirections of your hostess who willhave assigned seats. Once seated,place your napkin in your lap andleaveitthereforthedurationofthemeal.Ifyoumustbeexcused,gentlyplace your napkin upon

151、your chair,placing it back into your lap uponreturningtothetable. Translation 8 8 客人应相互交流，轻松交谈。不要形成“小团体”，而应该打成一片。如有人独坐一隅，应主动与其搭讪，使之不再感到拘束。 9 9 开席之前，应按女主人分配的座位入席。然后将餐巾铺开放在双膝之上，直到晚宴结束。若临时离席，须将餐巾轻放在椅子上，回席后再将它放回膝上。 light conversation:轻松的谈话e.g. The guests are makinglight conversation with eachother.客人之间正

152、相互轻松交谈着。 socialize:vi.参与社交e.g. People dont socializewith their neighbors as muchastheyusedto. True-false Statements about Para. 9 napkin: n.C餐巾Conventionally, the napkin isfoldedandplacedtotheleftofthe place setting, outside theoutermostfork.Inanambitiousrestaurant setting or a caterershall,itmaybef

153、oldedintomoreor less elaborate shapes anddisplayedontheemptyplate. 3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 83上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext ( )6.Thenapkinisplacedinthelapthroughoutthedinnerparty. T3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 84上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext10 Dont eat until everyonehasbe

154、enserved,andevenso,waituntilyourhostessbegins.11 After each course, yourhostess, or someone hired forthis purpose, will clear thetable. A good hostess willnever let her guests stare atdirty dishes while waiting forthenextcoursetoarrive. Translation 10 10 必须等到所有客人的菜肴都已上桌、且女主人率先动叉之后，方可开始享用您的美餐。 11 11

155、每道菜之后，由女主人或帮工清理餐桌。体贴的女主人绝不会在上下一道菜之前让客人盯着脏盘子发呆。 3. Text: Dinner Party Etiquette 85上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 textBackNext12 Three days to one weekafter the event, call or sendyour hostess a note thankingherforthelovelyevening.13 Knowing what to expect,andhowtoactinadvancecanmake everyone around you al

156、ittle more comfortable. Justbringalongyourmannersandyoulldofine.Remember,improper etiquette can meanthedifferencebetweenanuncomfortable meal and anenjoyableaffair. Translation12 12 晚宴结束后3天至一周内，您须打电话给女主人，或给女主人寄一封短信，感谢她带给您的愉快的晚会。 13 13 事先了解随时可能发生的情况及应对措施，这将使您身边所有的人感到更加愉悦。凡事只要举止得体，便无失礼之虞。须知，失当的举止会把愉快的聚

157、会变成扫兴的饭局。 do fine: 干得很好e.g. Ill do fine, Mother, youcanrestassured. improper: a. 1)不合适的，不得体的itisimproper(ofsomeone)todosomethinge.g. Itwouldbeimproperofme to comment before theelectionoutcomeisknown.2)不诚实的，错误的e.g. Herealizedthatitwasimproperforapoliceofficertoacceptgifts.3. Text: Dinner Party Etique

158、tte 86上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 working with wordsBackNext4. Working with words A. Explain these expressions from the text in your own words. 1.stress-freeevent2.hostessgift3.improperetiquetteAstress-freeeventisarelaxingeventwhereyouhavenothingtoworryabout.Ahostessgiftisagiftyoubringtothehostesswhen

159、attendingadinnerparty.Theimproperetiquetteisdefinedasbeingnotsuitableorappropriatefortheoccasion.87上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 working with wordsBackNext4. Working with words 4.seatingchart5.lightconversation6.goodconversationalistAseatingchartisdefinedasadiagramindicatinghowtheseatsfortheguestsarearr

160、anged.Alightconversationreferstoakindofdialoguethatmakespeoplefeelateaseandrelaxed.Agoodconversationalistreferstoapersonwhoiswillingtotalkandgoodatcommunication88上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 working with wordsBackNextB.Lookatthefollowingpictures.Choosethecorrectlabelforeachitem.1.napkin_ 2.boardroomflo

161、orplan:onelongtable_ 3.banquetfloorplan:headtableandtwolongtables_4.lecternandmicrophone_5.candlecenterpiece_ 6.classicwhitetablecloth_7.floralcenterpiece_ 8.placecard_ dbhfegc4. Working with words a89上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 research projectBackNext 5.Research project ForReferenceAnswerClick HereI

162、ssue/Event/Context:AddieBrownisthefunctionmanageratSoftieHotelinShanghai.Heisdiscussing preparations for a function with Erica Events. Ms. EricaEventsisthepresidentofahistoricalsocietyinChina.Sheisplanningayear-endeventfor40attendees.Shedlikeaplateddinnerwithtableserviceandwishestheretobegoodspacefo

163、racomfortableworkingsession,aswellasfoodandbeverage.ResearchMethod&Route:First,readthematerialseitherthroughtheCDorviatheInternettogettoknowaboutthetypesoffloorplanandtabledecoration.Second,selectthefloorplanandtabledecorationfitforthecustomersgoalandtheme.Last,actoutatalkbetweenthemanagerandthecust

164、omer.90上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 research projectBackNext 5.Research project 91上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&WBackNext 6. Listening-based writing Listen to a farewell speech twice and write a summary according to what you have heard. You may refer to the following situation and hints.Situation:Thespee

165、chwasgivenbyClinton,theformerUSpresident,whowasleavingtheOvalOffice.Hints:1.WhowasClintonaddressing?2.Whydidhemakesuchaspeech?92上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&WBackNext 6. Listening-based writing LearningMind MapOvalOffice美国总统办公室，椭圆形办公室Cabinetsecretaries内阁部长们socialfabric社会结构covenant/n.契约；盟约93上海交通大上海交通大

166、学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&WBackNext 6. Listening-based writing Language for a farewell speechIamprofoundlygratefultoyouforAndmayhappinessfillyourhearteachdayyourwholelifethrough.DontforgetThankyou.Godblessyou.ForReferenceAnswerClick HereLearning94上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&WBackNextReference answer: The fo

167、rmer US president was addressing the citizens of thewholenationofAmerica.Heconcludedthepastyearsasatimeoftransformation,newchallenge,strongersocialfabric,healthierandsaferfamilies,moreprosperouspeople.Hegavethisspeechbecausehehadtoturnovertheleadershiptoanewpresident.Hefeltgratefulforthepeopleofthen

168、ation.Asthefinalthoughtorconclusion,hehopedhewouldcontinuetoofferdaysofserviceintheyearsahead. 6. Listening-based writing 95上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing Tapescript Myfellowcitizens,tonightismylastopportunitytospeaktoyoufromtheOvalOfficeasyourpresident.Iamprofoundlygratefu

169、ltoyoufortwicegivingmethehonortoserve,toworkforyou.AndImgratefultoVicePresidentGore,tomyCabinetsecretaries,andtoallthosewhohaveservedwithmeforthelasteightyears.Thishasbeenatimeoftransformation,andyouhaverisentoeverynewchallenge.Youhavemadeoursocialfabricstronger,ourfamilieshealthierandsafer,ourpeopl

170、emoreprosperous.You,theAmericanpeople,havemadeourpassageintotheglobalinformationage.BackNext96上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing InalltheworkIhavedoneaspresident,everydecisionIhavemade,IvetriedtogiveallAmericansthetoolsandconditionstobuildthefutureofourdreams,inagoodsociety,wit

171、hastrongeconomy,acleanerenvironment,andafreer,safer,moreprosperousworld.Imverygratefultobeabletoturnovertheleadershiptoanewpresident.My days in this office are nearly through, but my days ofservice, I hope, are not. In the years ahead, I will never hold apositionhigheroracovenantmoresacredthanthatof

172、presidentoftheUnitedStates.ButthereisnotitleIwillwearmoreproudlythanthatofcitizen.Thankyou.Godblessyou,andGodblessAmerica.BackNext97上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3contentBackNext Get your pronunciation right Reading skills Table of ContentsPart 3 Enhancement of Language Abilities981.A. Listen and practise

173、, paying attention to the assimilation (音的音的 2. 同化同化) in the following sentences. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 pronunciationBackNext1. Get your pronunciation right /1.Didyoustayuplateyesterdayevening?/2.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee?/3.Couldyourfathercomeheretoseeyou?/4.Dontyouseethatfilm?/5.Illmeetyouatthe

174、WorldFairthisyear.99上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 pronunciationBackNext1. Get your pronunciation right /6.Hasyourfriendarrived?/7.Hesmadegreatprogresstheseyears./8.Hewasamusicloverinhisyoungerdays./9.Isthisyourroofgarden?/10.Stevensuniversityisintheoutskirtsofthecity.100+=/1.WouldyoumindifIturnontheRadi

175、o?/2.Didyouunderstandmyexplanation?+=/3.Wontyougowithus?/4.Shethoughtyouwouldcomeearly.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 pronunciationBackNext1. Get your pronunciation right B. Read the following sentences and pay attention to the change of sounds. 101+=/5.Isyourmotherretired?/6.DoesyourbrotherworkinBrazil?

176、+=()/7.Yourteachersmissyouall./8.Johnsusuallyinthelibrary.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 pronunciationBackNext1. Get your pronunciation right 102Answer the following questions according to the passage. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skills 2.Reading skills BackNext1.WhycouldntLarrybecomeapilot?2.Whydi

177、dLarrytakeaBBgunwithhimwhenheflewwiththeweatherballoons?3.Isitashort-termflightorlong-termflightLarryplannedtohave?Givethereasonforyouranswer.Becausehiseyesightispoor.Becausehethoughthecouldpopafewofthoseballoonswhenhewantedtoreturntoearth.Along-timeflight.Becausehetooksandwichesanddrinkswithhim.103

178、上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skills 2.Reading skills BackNext4.Beforeheflew,whatdidLarrythinkabouthisreturningtoearth?5.HowdidLarryreturntoearth?Hethoughthecouldlazilyfloatbackdowntoearth.Ahelicopterhauledhimbacktoearthwitharescueline.104 Hypothetical Statements and Subjunctive Mood以假为实论虚拟语气一般分

179、为陈述语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用于对事实的描述，而虚拟语气用于假定某种情况存在或某事为真的场合。英语的虚拟语气分为一般虚拟和特殊虚拟两大类。一般虚拟的构成采用的是时态错位的手法，即对现在的虚拟用过去时，对过去的虚拟用过去完成时，对将来的虚拟用过去将来时。在阅读中常常造成理解困难的是特殊虚拟形式。英语的特殊虚拟语气主要有以下几种形式：1.表示建议、命令、要求、坚持的动词，后接that引导的宾语从句时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。虚拟的办法是用should+动词原形，should可以省掉。这类动词有suggest, advise, demand, ask, order, require, insi

180、st, desire, direct, agree, decide, prefer,propose等。2在“Itis+pp./adj.+thatclause”结构中，过去分词为suggested,advised,demanded,asked,ordered,required,insisted,desired,directed,agreed,decided,preferred,proposed，形容词为necessary,urgent,important,fundamental,critical等时，that从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，虚拟的办法是“should+动词原形”，should可以省掉

181、。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skills 2.Reading skills BackNext105上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skills 2.Reading skills 3表示建议、命令、要求、坚持等动词的相应名词形式后接that引导的同位语时，从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，虚拟的办法是“should+动词原形”，should可以省掉。4在表示“以免、以防”的“incase/forfear/lest+that从句”结构中，从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气，虚拟的办法是“should+动词原形”，should可以省掉。5表示“早该”含义的“Itis(high)time+thatclause”结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去时态表示虚拟。6“must + have + pp.”表示对过去所发生事情的肯定的猜测；“should+have+pp.”的含义为“应该”，表示强烈责备、埋怨；“could+have+pp.”表示本来可以做到的事情却没有做到，具有遗憾的含义。 BackNextThank you!应应 用用 型型 大大 学学 英英 语语 系系 列列 教教 程程