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1、高考英语写作专题指导兵团二中 江涛2010.2 要做好书面表达，除加强语言基本功训练，提高交际能力、表达能力之外，还应注意以下应试策略； v1. 考试时间有限，必须合理安排，认真审清题目，围绕情景展开， v 2.写作务必切题，慎勿遗漏要点，切忌无限发挥，以免言多必失， v3.传达信息准确，避免母语干扰，全篇统筹安排，力求通顺连贯， v4.语言地道规范，复杂结构增色，高级词汇添彩，志在获得高分一，选词原则一，选词原则v 1词义要确切。词义要确切。 应该透彻地掌握词语的确切含义，才能准确无误地表达思想。每应该透彻地掌握词语的确切含义，才能准确无误地表达思想。每个词都有一定的含义，如果混淆词义，很容
2、易造成用词不当。个词都有一定的含义，如果混淆词义，很容易造成用词不当。 2选词要贴切。选词要贴切。 写作时选词要注意语境和文章的文体，使每个词在上下文中用得写作时选词要注意语境和文章的文体，使每个词在上下文中用得恰当、自然、和谐。英语中有许多同义词，平时要多注意同义词在不恰当、自然、和谐。英语中有许多同义词，平时要多注意同义词在不同上下文中的用法，因为即使是同义词或近义词在意义或色彩上甚至同上下文中的用法，因为即使是同义词或近义词在意义或色彩上甚至用法上也不是完全一样的。用法上也不是完全一样的。 3用词要通俗易懂。用词要通俗易懂。 用词要规范，尽量使用书面语言，少用俚语、生僻词或陈词滥调，用词
3、要规范，尽量使用书面语言，少用俚语、生僻词或陈词滥调，以免影响表达效果。以免影响表达效果。v 4用词要简洁有力。用词要简洁有力。 简洁是为了清晰，文章中多余的词不但不能增强语言的表现力，简洁是为了清晰，文章中多余的词不但不能增强语言的表现力，反而使语言显得累赘。因此写作时要避免用词重复嗦。反而使语言显得累赘。因此写作时要避免用词重复嗦。v 5选词要多样化。选词要多样化。 用词单一会使语言枯燥无味、苍白无力；而选词多样化可以增强用词单一会使语言枯燥无味、苍白无力；而选词多样化可以增强语言的表现力，使文章的表达更丰富。语言的表现力，使文章的表达更丰富。v(1)He didnt come to th
4、e meeting yesterday because he was ill His illness accounted for his absence from the meeting yestreday. v(2)When he was a child，he wanted to learn everything(一般) When he was a child，he had a strong appetite for knowledge. v(3)Ill thank you if you think about my application(一般)v Ill appreciate it if
5、 you can take my application into consideration . v(4)Many people are worried about the problem of air pollutionv The problem of air pollution has caused wide public concern. v 5)We all think that air pollution is a very serious problem(一般)vThere is no denying that air pollution is an extremely seri
6、ous problem(高级) 练一练：v1这件事情挺难的vThat is a difficult(demandingchallenging)job v2听完讲座后，你们得用英语写一篇日记。vAfter the lecture，you should(are supposed to) write a diary in Englishv3感谢你不辞劳苦地帮助我vI should thank (am awfully grateful to) you for taking so much trouble to help me.v4. 在老师的帮助下我的英语有了很大的进步vWith the help o
7、f my teacher, I have made great (major) progress in English.二、造句原则 高考英语写作要求考生尽可能采用比较高级的表达方式以增加文章的表达效果，提高文章的表达档次。要实现这一目标，在句式运用上，考生就不能一味地使用简单句、陈述句，而应根据实际情况充分运用所学的各种句式，提升文章的品位。当然，考生不需要挖空心思，一味追求新、奇、难的语法，而只需掌握一些表达效果好、使用场合广、简便易行的较高级语法即可。我们可以采用以下几种方式：一、合并单句，使语言由松散变凝练v例1: I was walking along Park Road towar
8、ds the east. At that time, an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.v修改：I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.v例2：I can follow my own interests. I can read books, visit museums and take compu
9、ter lessons.v修改：I can follow my own interests, such as reading books, visiting museums and taking computer lessons.v分析：运用并列连词，将意义相关的几个句子连接起来，或通过紧缩，去掉一些多余的成分，可以避免句子冗长累赘松散无力。上面两例通过一定的连接方式，使得句子结构紧凑、浑然一体。二 用复合句替换简单句，增强语言的逻辑感v例1: I heard that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games. I was very exc
10、ited.v修改：I was very excited when I heard that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.v例2：The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.v修改：The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.v分析：英语句子注重“形合”，所以句子的各个
11、部分往往由各种关系词、连词连接在一起，使得句与句之间衔接自然，层次分明，逻辑感强。上面两例通过使用主从复合句代替向单句，也使行文更富文采。三，改变句子的开头方式，增强书面表达的表现力v例1：We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.v 修改： Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.v 例2： When you are crossing the street, you cannot be too
12、 careful.v修改： When crossing the street, you cannot be too careful.v 例3：The volleyball players practiced very hard to win the match.v 修改：To win the match, the volleyball players practiced very hard.v 例4：The girl was hardworking and careful, and she passed the test.v 修改：Hardworking and careful, the gi
13、rl passed the test.v分析：句子的语序不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最后再加一个状语。适当地把一些成分提前置于句首，使句子有所变化，增强了文章的表现力。上述各例通过变换句子的开头，同样也增加了句子的节奏感和音律美。四。运用固定句式，增强语言表达的思想性v例1: Our brave Ah Fu had saved my little sister.v 修改 It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister.v 例2：We were glad to see the crops and vegetables gr
14、owing well.v 修改：How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well!v分析：一些特殊语句，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句、结果状语从句等带有强烈的情感色彩。例1使用了强调句型，突出表达了主人公对爱犬英勇救人的欣赏和赞扬。例2为感叹句，生动而形象地表达了看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人后的喜悦之情。五。运用短语结构，使句子表达精练地道v 例1: Its a small fiat. Its 25 square meters. It has a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen.v 修改： It
15、s a small fiat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen.v 例2： My brother was riding the bike and I sat on the seat behind him.v 修改： My brother was tiding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind.v分析：适当地使用介词短语、名词短语、非谓语动词、独立主格结构、同位语等结构，可以使句子显得更精练更地道、更有文采。上述两例分别使用了介词短语替代分句和“with
16、+代词+复合宾语”结构，不仅句子言同意赅、简洁流畅，而且地道得多，v1. It is nice to hear from you again. How nice to hear from you again! v2.The sun gives off heat and light. This makes it possible for the plants on the earth to grow. The sun gives off heat and light, which makes it possible for the plants on the earth to grow. v3.
17、 We had to stand there to catch the offender. What we had to do was to stand there to catch the offender. v4. You enter the park by the main gate. You walk straight on. You come to a stream. You enter the park, walk straight on and then come to a stream v5. He was deep in thought. He forgot his lunc
18、h. Deep in thought, he forgot his lunch. v6. He didnt know me at all. I was very surprised. To my great surprise, he didnt know me at all.三、行文策略 高分作文有个共性就是有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使得全文结构紧凑。文章的连贯性和紧凑感是非常重要的。句子作为最小的表达意思的语言单位如果只是被随意地整合，则无法达到有效表达的目的。层次清楚、文理通顺是作文的基本要求，学会使用关联词，是提升书面表达质量的重要策略之一。下面表格中是写作经常用到的一些连接词： 逻
19、辑角度 合适的过渡性词汇 时间顺序first，second，then，finallyat last，immediately，suddenly，soon 空间顺序here，there，On one side，On the other side，in front of，at the back of，next to 对称关系For one thing，for another，On the one hand，On the other hand 转折关系but，however，while，though，otherwise 因果关系because，since，as，thanks to，as a resul
20、t (of) 条件关系As long as，so long as，On condition that，if, unless 让步关系though，as，even ifthough，whether, who(what，when，where)-ever 递进关系whats more，besides，to make matters worse，whats worse过渡性插入语I think，Im afraid，you know，as we all knowv (1) We cant go. To begin with, its too cold. Besides, we lack money. (
21、顺序)v (2) In conclusion, we should take into account the problem. (结论)v(3) He was absent from the meeting owning to his poor health. (原因) v(4) Due to high tuition fee, many poor children lost their chances of education. (原因)v (5) In contrast to the city life, time seems to pass slowly in the countrys
22、ide. (对比)v(6) In addition to the beautiful scenery, tourists can enjoy a variety of activities. （递进）v(7) Despite the hardships, he never lost heart. （转折）v(8) In spite of the fame he had gained, he never stopped his efforts in his research. (转折)v(9) Wealthy as he is, he lives a simple life. （转折）v (10
23、) Im against smoking for the following reasons. First, its harmful to ones health. Second, its a waste of money to buy cigarettes. Last but not least, it causes air pollution. （顺序）v1）first, second, third, last（俗（俗 ） v2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（俗）（俗） v3）the first, the second, the third, th
24、e last（俗）（俗） v4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly (俗俗) v5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）（强烈推荐） v6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）（强烈推荐） v7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）（强烈推荐） v8）most important of all, moreover
25、, finally （强烈推荐）（强烈推荐）v9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）（适用于两点的情况） v10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）（适用于两点的情况） v总之，要提升文章的档次，就要使用较高级词汇、复杂句子结构以及恰当的总之，要提升文章的档次，就要使用较高级词汇、复杂句子结构以及恰当的 连接词这样才能给人一种美的享受，才能在考试的评分中得到较高的档次。连接词这样才能给人一种美的享受，才能在考试的评分中得到较高的档次。NMET模拟写作示范：在日常生活中，因特网起着越来越重要作
26、用。请根据下面表格中所给提示为某英文报社写一篇题为on the internet 的征文稿件。 信息看国内外新闻，获取其他信息 通信 发emal，打电话 学习 上网学习，阅读各种书籍，自学外语 娱乐 欣赏音乐，观看体育比赛，玩电子游戏 生活 网上购物v1、认真审题列出要点（句型、短语）v1) play an important part in v2) read news at home and abroad, get other imformationv3) send e-mails, make telephone callsv4) study on the net, read books,
27、teach oneself foreign languagesv5) enjoy music, watch ballgames, play computer games, do shopping without leaving homesv2、选择适当的连词串句成文 v As well as, whats more, asas, and even, or, also范文展示v As is known to all, the internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. On the internet,
28、 we can read news both at home and broad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mail or make telephone calls to our friends as well as to our families. Whats more, we can study on it, reading a lot of books and even teaching ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch bal
29、l matches on the net and play computer games. We can do shopping even without leaving our homes.英语写作的基本套句英语写作的基本套句v1.用于文章主题句用于文章主题句（1） 不用说不用说It goes without saying that （从句）（从句）=It is needless to say (that) （从句）（从句）=It is obvious that（从句）（从句）例如：不用说，早睡早起是值得的。例如：不用说，早睡早起是值得的。It goes without saying tha
30、t it pays to keep early hours.v(2) 是不可能的，无法是不可能的，无法There is no V.-ing.=There is no way of V.-ing.=There is no possibility of V.-ing.=It is impossible to V.=It is out of the question to V.=No one can V. =We can not V.v例如：不可否认，成功的关键在于健康的身心。例如：不可否认，成功的关键在于健康的身心。There is no denying that successful busin
31、ess lies in a healthy body and mind.v(3)我深信我深信I am greatly convinced (that)（从句）（从句）=I am greatly assured (that) (从句从句)例如：我深信预防胜于治疗。例如：我深信预防胜于治疗。I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.(4) 在各种在各种之中之中,Among various kinds =Of all the 例如：在各种运动中，我尤其喜欢慢跑。例如：在各种运动中，我尤其喜欢慢跑。Among various
32、kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.(5)是很容易证明的。是很容易证明的。It can be easily proved (that)（从句）（从句）例如：时间最宝贵是很容易证明的。例如：时间最宝贵是很容易证明的。It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.(6) 无论怎样强调都不为过。无论怎样强调都不为过。cannot be overemphasized例如：交通安全的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。例如：交通安全的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。The imp
33、ortance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.v(7) 就我的看法；就我的看法；我认为我认为In my opinion=As far as I am concerned, 例如：就我的看法，打电游既花费也有害健康。例如：就我的看法，打电游既花费也有害健康。In my opinion, playing video games not only takes up much time but also is harmful to our health. （8）（）（A）每个人都知道）每个人都知道Everyone knows (that) （从句
34、）（从句）(B) 就我所知，就我所知，As far as my knowledge is concerned例如：就我所知，下列方法对我帮助很大。例如：就我所知，下列方法对我帮助很大。As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.（9）根据我个人经验，）根据我个人经验，According to my personal experience,= Based on my personal experience, 例如：根据我个人经验，例如：根据我个人经验，According to my
35、 personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.v(10) 在我认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比在我认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比更值得我尊敬。更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, Perhaps none deserves my respect more than例如：在我认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比我的英语张老师例如：在我认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比我的英语张老师更值得我尊敬。更值得我尊敬。Of all the people I know, perhaps none deserves my respe
36、ct more than Miss Zhang, my English teacher.(11) 在我的求学过程中，我忘不了在我的求学过程中，我忘不了In the course of my schooling, I will never forget 例如：在我求学的过程中，我忘不了学习英语的巨大困难。例如：在我求学的过程中，我忘不了学习英语的巨大困难。In the course of my schooling, I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.(12) (A) 随着人口的增加
37、，随着人口的增加，With the increase / growth of the population,(B) 随着科技的进步，随着科技的进步，With the advance of science and technology,例如例如：随着我国经济的快速发展，许多社会问题产生了。：随着我国经济的快速发展，许多社会问题产生了。With the rapid development of our economy, a lot of social problems have surfaced.2. 用于文章承转句。用于文章承转句。v（13）那就是说）那就是说;亦即亦即That is to sa
38、y,=That is ,=Namely,例如：我们生活需要有规律。也就是说，早睡早起，戒除例如：我们生活需要有规律。也就是说，早睡早起，戒除烟酒。烟酒。We need to live a regular life. That is (to say), we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking in the daily activities.v（14）我们有理由相信）我们有理由相信We have reasons to believe (that)例如：我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。例如：我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。We have rea
39、sons to believe (that) corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.v（15）事实上，）事实上，As a matter of fact,=in fact例如；事实上，健康才是最重要的。例如；事实上，健康才是最重要的。As a matter of fact，it is health that count.（16）（）（A）例如，）例如，For example,=For instance(B) 以以为例为例Takefor example例如：例如，我们盲目地提高生活水准，却降低生活质量。例如：例如，我们盲目地提高生活水准
40、，却降低生活质量。For example, elevate the living standard blindly, but lower the quality of life.（17）此外，我们不应忽视）此外，我们不应忽视Besides(in addition), we should not neglect例如：此外，我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的例如：此外，我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。社会。In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.v(
41、18) 相反的，相反的，On the contrary, =By contrast, 例如：相反的，少数学生似乎还在虚度光阴。例如：相反的，少数学生似乎还在虚度光阴。On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.(19) 另一方面，另一方面，On the other hand, 例如：政府应严格执法，另一方面，大众也应该培养减少例如：政府应严格执法，另一方面，大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。污染的好习惯。The government should enforce laws strictly. On the
42、 other hand, the public should also develop the good habit of reducing pollution.(20) 换言之，换言之，In other words, = To put it differently例如：换言之，我会尽最大的努力达到我的目标。例如：换言之，我会尽最大的努力达到我的目标。In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain; live up to) my goal.3. 用于文章结论句用于文章结论句v（21）如果能实践这三点，）如果能实践这三点，If one can
43、 really put the three points into action (practice), 例如：如果能实践这三点，他肯定能过上幸福的生活。例如：如果能实践这三点，他肯定能过上幸福的生活。If one can really put the three points into action (practice), he will surely be able to live a happy life. v(22) 如此，我相信如此，我相信In this way, I believe (that) (从句从句)例如：如此，我相信大家或许能够像我一样，享受乘坐公例如：如此，我相信大家或
44、许能够像我一样，享受乘坐公共汽车的乐趣。共汽车的乐趣。In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.v(23) 最后，但很重要，最后，但很重要，Last but not least, 例如例如: 最后，但很重要，教育上的失误是助长青少年犯罪的原最后，但很重要，教育上的失误是助长青少年犯罪的原因。因。Last but not least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile d
45、elinquency.(24) 基于这些理由，我基于这些理由，我For these reasons, I 例如：基于这些理由，我认为在中国接受大学教育是明智的。例如：基于这些理由，我认为在中国接受大学教育是明智的。For these reason, I think that receiving college education In China is wise.(25) 总而言之，总而言之，In conclusion, =To sum up, 例如：总而言之，好公民应该遵守交通规则。例如：总而言之，好公民应该遵守交通规则。In conclusion, a good citizen shoul
46、d observe traffic regulations.4. 书信写作常用的惯用语书信写作常用的惯用语v(26) 在信的开头常用以下客套话：在信的开头常用以下客套话：How are you?How are you getting on recently?How are you getting on/ along with ?当给别人复信时，可以用：当给别人复信时，可以用：Many thanks for your last kind letter.I must apologize for not replying to your last letter at once.v(27) 在信的结尾
47、时可以用以下语言。在信的结尾时可以用以下语言。Best wishes /regards to you!Good luck to yov议论类议论类:The whole debate is heated!整个讨论很整个讨论很激烈激烈The cons think.and the pros view is.反对反对者的观点是者的观点是.,而支持者们认为而支持者们认为.书信类书信类:I am looking forward to hearing from you !我很期盼你的回信我很期盼你的回信.I write to tell you that.我写信给你是为了我写信给你是为了.介绍类介绍类:Sending electronic card is faster and eazier.送电子贺卡将更方便快捷送电子贺卡将更方便快捷.I want to introduce you that.我想给你介绍我想给你介绍.约定见面的约定见面的:I will be excepting you at 3oclock at the school gate.我会三点准时在校我会三点准时在校门等你门等你.其实这样的句子很多的其实这样的句子很多的,平时可以多练多总结平时可以多练多总结,毕毕竟在完整的文章中看那些句子效果会更好竟在完整的文章中看那些句子效果会更好
