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1、 Gender Differences & Sexism 印睿印睿 HBUTYinR-References1Fasold,R.The Sociolinguistics of Language M. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 2Hudson,R.A. SociolinguisticsM. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.3李经纬.语言性别差异及其原因解释J.山东外语教学，1998（3）:12-15.4刘建达.语言中的性
2、别歧视与解放J.山东外语教学，1998（1）:8-10.5潘世松，王艳. 汉语词语的性别歧视论略J. 江西社会科学, 2002（6）:68-70.6潘建. 英汉语言性别歧视的比较研究J. 外语与外语教学 2001（3）:14-16.7吴彬彬. 社会语言学的性别模式分析D.上海：上海师范大学，2006.8 西蒙娜德波伏娃. 第二性M. 陶铁柱译. 北京: 中国书籍出版社, 1998. 9于国栋，吴亚欣. 语言和性别：差异与共性并重 J.外语教学，2002（2）：24-28.10张宁娇. 浅析言语行为的性别差异和性别歧视J.首都师范大学学报，2008(6): 84-87.-ContentsIntr
3、oductionGenderDifferencesSexismAComparativeStudybetweenChineseandEnglishinGenderDifferencesandSexismSummary -Introduction丹麦著名丹麦著名语言学家言学家JespersenJespersen在他的著作在他的著作语言、本言、本质、发展及起源展及起源（19221922）中介）中介绍了女性了女性语言言诸种表种表现及特点。他率先从及特点。他率先从语言学角言学角度研究度研究“性性别语言言”。在。在谈到男女交到男女交际时，语言学家言学家Deborah Deborah TannenTanne
4、n就指出就指出“不同的不同的话语，不同的世界，不同的世界”。当代有关男女。当代有关男女语言差言差别的的论著著专门阐述了性述了性别差异在差异在语言里的种种表言里的种种表现，美国人，美国人类学家学家曾提出建立新的曾提出建立新的语言学科言学科- -性性别语言学，引起了广泛关注。著名言学，引起了广泛关注。著名语言言学家学家LakoffLakoff（19751975），），TrudgillTrudgill（19941994）和）和RomaineRomaine（19941994）等都在此）等都在此领域有广泛深入的研究。我国域有广泛深入的研究。我国语言学界言学界对性性别语言的关注始于言的关注始于2020世世
5、纪6060年代。在社会年代。在社会语言学、社会心理言学、社会心理语言学等言学等领域有域有陈原的社会原的社会语言学言学(1983)(1983)，陈松岑的社会松岑的社会语言学教程言学教程(1985)(1985)，刘宁的，刘宁的语言学概言学概论(1987)(1987)王德春的社会心理王德春的社会心理语言学言学(1995)(1995)白解白解红性性别语言文化与言文化与语用研究（用研究（20002000）都不同程度地提出了性）都不同程度地提出了性别语言研究言研究问题。-国内外性国内外性别研究的三个方面研究的三个方面 The sexual discrimination of language to wom
6、en and its innovation scheme 语言言对女性的歧女性的歧视The gender differences of language,which is the differences of language use between males and females 语言的性言的性别差异差异The study of the factors that lead to sexual discrimination and broader differences in language use 语言性言性别歧歧视和差异的成因研究和差异的成因研究-GendervsSexRonaldW
7、ardhaughoncesaid:“Sexisbiologicaldeterminedwhereasgenderisasocialconstruct(butoneheavilygroundedinsex)involvingthewholegamutofpsychological,social,andculturaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.Inthisview,genderrolesratherthansexrolesshouldbeourconcernindiscussion”.Gender社会性社会性别具有后天性和可更改性。通过社会化渠道传承，表现
8、在制度、观念等领域，社会对两性及两性关系的规范、要求和评价。可以通过社会机制的运作不断改变或构建。社会性别一旦形成就具有相对稳定性。Sex生理性生理性别具有先天性是由生物遗传因素决定的。它关乎基因、生殖腺以及荷尔蒙。性别一旦形成一般不会改变，除非技术介入。 Gender Differences- Gender Differences- Gender Differencesthesocialregulations- Gender Differencesthesocialregulations 坚强勇敢勇敢 温柔温柔纤弱弱果断干脆果断干脆 优柔寡断柔寡断男才男才 女貌女貌 男性特点男性特点 女性特
9、点女性特点 -Qualitativetypeofgenderdifferences 绝对性性别差异差异静静态*Quantitativetypeofgenderdifferences 相相对性性别差异差异动态 Gender Differencesthelanguageforms- Gender DifferencesgenderpatternThe description Auniversalphenomenonshownupinmostsocialinguisticstudies,canbeputinthisway:inanysocietywheremalesandfemaleshaveequ
10、alaccesstothestandardform,femalesusestandardvariantsofanystablevariablewhichissociallystratifiedforbothsexesmoreoftenthanmalesdo.-The conceptsUniversalprestigeandlocalprestigeOvertandCovertprestigeGender Differencesgenderpattern-The explanationThestatus-consciousexplanationThesocial-networkexplanati
11、onTheverbalsuperiorityexplanationThesymbolicvalueofvariantsexplanationGender Differencesgenderpattern-Lakoffs6categoriesoflanguageusethataresharplydifferentiatedbythesexofthespeaker:LexicaldistinctionssuchascolortermsStrongversusweakexpletivesWomensversusneutraladjectivesTagquestionsQuestionintonati
12、onwithstatementsyntaxStrengthofdirectivespeechactsGender Differences-InEnglish:womenusemoreingpronunciationsandfewerin/in/pronunciationsthanmeninwordslikeswimmingandtyping.m:ome/h/homef:homeIntonation patterns Womenusingcertainpatternsassociatedwithsurpriseandpolitenessmoreoftenthanmen.Womenmayanswe
13、raquestionwithastatementthatemploystherisingintonationpatternusuallyassociatedwithaquestionratherthanthefallingintonationpatternassociatedwithmakingafirmstatement. Gender Differencesphonologicallevel- Gender DifferenceslexicallevelA.InEnglish,womenusecolor wordslikemauve,lavenderandmagenta.B. Adject
14、ivessuchasadorable,charming,divine,lovelyandsweetarealsocommonlyusedbywomen.C.Womenarealsosaidtohavetheir own vocabularyforemphasizingcertaineffectsonthem,wordsandexpressionssuchassogood,suchfun,exquisiteandfantastic.-Gender Differences syntacticallevelA. Theuseofinterrogativesentences.Womenoftenadd
15、tagquestionstostatement. B. Theuseofpluralform.C. Thevalidityofgrammar- Gender Differencesintention&attentionMaleFemaleIntention competition intimacyaggressionconnectionteasinginclusivesolvingproblemsrelationshiprapportcommunityproblemnovicelisteningAttentionbusiness, legalmattersfeelings,dailylife,
16、economy,politics family,fashionsports-Itissuggestedthatwomenaremorenurturing,supportiveandcooperativethanmen.Thecharacteristicsofwomenstalkarecollaboration,cooperation,balancingofspeakingrights,symmetryandmutualsupport.Itisarguedthatmenandwomencomefromdifferentsociolinguisticsubcultures.Gender Diffe
17、rencessummary- Biological factors Social factors Gender Differences thefactorsMenandwomenhavedifferent conversational norms asaresultofinteractinginsingle-sexpeergroupsaschildren.Differentsocializationpatternscauseboystobeconcernedwithstatusandself-assertion,whilegirlsaremoregearedtoinvolvementandun
18、derstanding.- SexismFrailty,thynameiswoman!-WilliamShakespeare-Theassumptionthatonesexissuperiortotheotherandtheresultantdiscriminationpracticedagainstmembersofthesupposedinferiorsex,especially:bymenagainstwomen;alsoinconformitywiththetraditionalstereotypingofsocialrolesonthebasisofsex.-OxfordEnglis
19、hDictionary Sexismthedefinition- SexismthetypesMale privilege:Theideathatmenbenefitfromcertainrightsandprivilegesnotavailabletowomen.StereotypesLegalstatusDomesticViolenceEducationProfessionsMarginalization- The Princess -Alfred Tennyson Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword a
20、nd for the needle she.Man with the head and woman with the heart：Man to command and woman to obey. Sexism男人耕作女持家；男人耕作女持家；男男上上战场战场女女纺纱纺纱。男人冷静女犹柔；男人冷静女犹柔；男施命令女听男施命令女听话话。-Sexism sexistlanguage*Maletermsprecedefemaleterms*Maletermsusedtorefertopeopleingeneral*Femininewordsformedfrommasculinewords*Negtiv
21、emeaninginfemininewords-To sum up, Lakoff argues that a female speaker faces a double bind. If she doesnt learn to speak like a lady, she will be criticized or scolded. If, on the other hand, she doesnt learn to speak like a lady,she will be systematically denied access to power on the ground that s
22、he is not capable of holding it, with her linguistic behavior as partial evidence for that claim. Sexismsummary-英英汉语性性别歧歧视现象比象比较研究研究ThesisAnalysis-Feminismisamajorsourceoffemaleexperienceandmotivationforsocialtheoryandpoliticalmovement.女性主义/女权运动/女权主义是指一个主要由女性经验为来源与动机的社会理论与政治运动。Thereisariseintheuseof
23、gender-neutrallanguageinwesternworldtheavoidanceofgender-specificjobtitles,non-parallelusage,andotherusagethatisfeltbysometobesexist.Sexismfeminism-Sexism avoidanceUsingpluralformstoinsteadofsingleformsUsingwe/us/ourrewritetheoriginalsentenceRewritingwiththesecondpersonpronounRewritingwithpassivevoiceCompletelyomittingthepronounInsteadwitharticle,usingsome,one,theone,nooneandotherstoreplacethethirdpersonpronouns- 不同的女不同的女人要人要这样夸夸 妖的叫美女，刁的叫才女， 木的叫淑女，蔫的叫温柔， 凶的叫直爽，傻的叫阳光， 狠的叫冷艳，土的叫端庄， 洋的叫气质，怪的叫个性， 匪的叫干练，嫩的叫青春靓丽， 老的叫丰韵犹存，浪的叫众星捧月， 牛的叫傲雪凌风，闲的叫追求自我，弱的叫小鸟依人。 Summaryrespct for women-谢谢观赏-
