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1、International International Phonetic SymbolsPhonetic Symbols国际音标国际音标aieiiiuauui:iu:u:elrhwjmndzts trdrbpdtgkvfzs20元音元音32320辅音音国国际音音标教学法教学法图示示Practice I /i:/ e ea ee ei i ie eo ey a eat key grief breeze feature immediate convenienta team leader the Chinese people a real secret a piece of lean meatJea
2、n is as busy as a bee? A friend in need is a friend indeed.Seeing is believing.Practice I/i/ i y e a u ey ay ie ai it, pig, sink pretty delay remain begin coffee explain Sundaya big clinic a bit chilly sixty womenA little learning is a dangerous thing.His six-year old sister is as fit as a fiddle.Wh
3、y is Sister Lily sitting there knitting in silence?Practice I /Z/Z/ /e/ a e ea eo ei ie debt friend heaven metal section attend connect wet with sweat the next sentence terrible weather press the bell fresh and energeticAll is well that ends well. East or west, home is the best.Good, better, best, /
4、 Never let it rest; / Till good is better, / And better best.Practice I and bag catch happen thank fancy absent anxious avenue salary practicalA happy family hand in hand caps and hatsWhat daddy said made me sad.A rat is running along a narrow track.Dont let the cat out of the bag.Practice II /a:/ a
5、 ar au al ear erfast glance market demand remark heart clerka large parcel a basket of bananas master of arts after the bathFarmer Barnes is a hard man for a bargain, but he isnt hard-hearted.Far from eye, far from heart.Practice II o a ou ow watch block honour college knowledge swallow occupy polic
6、y cough wash quality and quantity cotton socks borrow a clock a pocket watchThe coffee is top quality.When the shop was robbed, everbody was shocked. Lost time is never found again.PracticeII /:/ /r/ ar oar oor ore our al au aw oa ou ough all awe always oar author board force daughter portrait forwa
7、rd quarterAll in all more and more a short storyPauls four and can walk and talk.The storm is drawing near lets go indoors Pride goes before a fall. PracticeII /u/ / o oo ou (oo常在t,d,k前读/u/ ） classroom look good food woman wood could pudding understood should full butcher bullet woolen Push and pull
8、 good books by hook or by crookSo I took a broom and left the room. How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? Hed chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck wood.PracticeII /u:/ o oo ou u ue oe ui ew youth fruit pupil blue flew shoe do too grew chew bamboo canoe glue
9、tomb improve A blue balloon, an afternoon in JuneDont lose the opportunity. The news is too good to be true.The rule is useful once in a blue moon.Practice III/Q/ u o oo ou up under young rough enough flood stomach does tough cousin just for fun lucky in love much honey a funny couple blood for bloo
10、dWell begun is half donePractice III: ear er ir or ur earn early earth earnest urban earning earthly work hurt bird world person dirty purse term her sir stir refer prefer incur occur fur were church the German expert a nervous nurse perfect service First come, first served.Its the early bird that c
11、atches the worm. Practice III a o u e ea io er or ar abroad approve attack advance soldier labour together distance ocean seldom doctor sugar Bread and butter salt and pepper again and againThe teacher will get together tomorrow.Do you prefer the cinema or the theater?Attention!发以上12个单元音时要注意以下几点：(a)
12、发音之前要按照发音方法和位置的要求先将口型和发音器官的位置摆好，然后再发音，不可边发音、边摆口型；(b)发音过程中, 口型及各发音器官的位置一定不要改变；(c) 发 / i: /, / i /, / e /, / / 4个前元音时, 唇的扁平度依次缩小, 牙床的开合度依次加大；发 / i: / 音时前舌抬得最高, 发/ / 音时, 前舌最低；(d) 发 / /, / :/, / u /, / u:/ 4 个圆唇音时, 唇形依次缩小；(e) 带“:”与不带“:”的同一符号的音素之间绝不单纯是音的长短不同的关系，而是两个不同的音素。双元音是作为一个音节、用一次呼气发出来的两个元音的连缀。这个连缀是
13、以滑流音的形式读出来的，即舌从第一个元音的位置向第二个元音方向以最直接的途径滑过去而成为一个音。双元音既然是滑流音，自然与一般元音连缀不同，如：( a-i ) “阿姨”；( a-u ) “阿五”。双元音的两个成分中只有第一个读得比较重、长和清晰，第二个则要读得比较轻、短和含糊。DiphthongsPracticeIV/ei/ a a+e ai ay ea ei age ate aim eighty ail ache aid April weight main break steak great save say today gray weigh pay day make way May Day
14、 great changesNo pains, no gains. Haste makes waste. The great Greek grape growers grow great Greek grapesPractice IV /u/ o o+e ow oa uo oe oughold own open over ocean odor wrote quote loaf moan polar float phone bold motion moment hotel toe row flow echo sow dough bow tomato window goldto hold ones
15、 breath a cold drink No smoking! The old man lives alone but he doesnt feel lonely.A rolling stone gathers no moss(滚石不生苔）Practice IV /ai/ i i+e y ei igh ie uy idle wine icon ice mighty island spy tie buy try high dry cry iron tire highlight describe sky supply Out of sight, out of mind. Strike while
16、 the iron is hot. Great minds think alike.Time and tide wait for no man.PracticeIV /au/ ou ow doubt amount account tower crown downtown cow around mouselook outside read aloud how about go to the south fall on the ground Open your mouth and round your lipsShe found out how to pronounce the sound.Pra
17、ctice IV i oi oy soil boil coin join toilet poison voyage choice Joyce spoil loyal royal joy toy enjoy annoy coy employ A noise annoys an oyster, but a noisy noise annoys an oyster more Spare the rod, spoil the child. b. 集中双元音集中双元音 ( Rising diphthongs ) / i /，/ / /，/ u / 集中双元音的特点是：发音时口集中双元音的特点是：发音时口
18、也是从开到合（也是从开到合（ 但发但发/ i / 时时, 口从口从合到开合到开) )。与合口双元音最大的不同。与合口双元音最大的不同点是：虽然也是从开到合点是：虽然也是从开到合, 但最后不但最后不能滑动成为一个音能滑动成为一个音, 而只是从前面的而只是从前面的元音向后面的元音集中。元音向后面的元音集中。Practice V / i / ea eir ear eer ere eu io iouear earring realize weird curious experience museum idiot clearly here hear mere pier beer clear appear
19、 carrier Cheerful tears from ear to ear a mysterious idea. I fear I cant hear him clearlyYou are serious but sincere, my dear.PracticeV /a air ar ae are ear ere air aeroplane area fair wary rarely parent chairman careful vary care fare where share compare pair chair square prepare rare beartear a ho
20、le wear a new dress share a pearJohn likes to wear his hair long.Where there is will, there is a wayPracticeV / u / u oor our ue ure ewe poor tour mature endure a sure cure fuel duel tourist jewel Europe curiousSurely the poor patient will be curedThe jury were sure the poor man was innocent of stea
21、ling the jewels. Contrast practice ship-sheep list-least live-leave pitch-peach slip-sleep chick-cheekpet-pit fell-fill when-win hell-hillbad-bed gas-guess sad-said land-lend edge-age fell- fail wet- wait let-latetruck-track mud-mad bun-banlock-luck gone-gun fund-fondcart-cut heart-hut calm-come mar
22、ch-muchchose-choose blow-blew soap-soupfair-fire-fear hare-hire-here/hear wear-wire-wierConsonants 1.1.辅音的特点：辅音的特点： 辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、辅音是气流从肺中压出后受唇、齿、舌、咽喉等发音器官阻碍的结果。辅音有清浊之分咽喉等发音器官阻碍的结果。辅音有清浊之分, , 发音时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。发音时声带震动的是浊音，不震动的是清音。2.2.辅音的分类辅音的分类：清辅音清辅音: / p /, / t /, / k /, : / p /, / t /, / k
23、/, / f /, / f /, /, /, / s /, / s /, /浊辅音浊辅音: / b /, / d /, / : / b /, / d /, / g /, /, / v / v /, , / / / /, , / z / z /, , / / / /鼻音鼻音: / m / , / n /, / : / m / , / n /, / / / 似拼音似拼音: : / r /, / h / r /, / h /, / l / , / l / 半元音半元音: : / w / ; / j / / w / ; / j / Plosive Consonants1.爆破音：爆破音：/p/b/ /
24、t/d/ /k/g/p/b/对比: park-bark tap-tab mop-mobBetter beat a bit of butter to make better batter. A big black bug bit a big black bear. Wheres the big black bear the big black bug bit?PracticeVI /t/d/对比：heart-hard sight-side feet-feed The cart got stuck in the mud.Too many teenagers tend to waste their
25、time watching television./k/g/对比: pig-pick log-lock dug-duck Mr. Cook said to a cook, Look at this cook-book. Its very good. So the cook took the advice of Mr. Cook and bought the cook-book A good beginning makes a good ending.Fricative Consonants 2.摩擦音摩擦音/f/v/ /s/z/ /f/v/ 对比: leaf - leave proof-pro
26、ve calf-carve fast-vast fail-veilcover the leaves a lovely figure save the safeA Finnish fisher named Fisher failed to fish any fish one Friday afternoon and finally he found out a big fissure in his fishing-net. PracticeVI /s/z/对比对比: cease - seize loose - lose race-raiseThe sun rises in the east an
27、d sets in the west.How many saws could a see-saw saw if a see-saw could saw saws? /W W / / / / TT/ / 对比对比: breath-breathe worth-worthy bath-batheFather and mother went through thick and thin. The sixth sheiks sixth sheeps sick. PracticeVI 对比: pressure - pleasure gosh garage social- usual shell sharp
28、 harsh crushShe sells seashells by the seashore. The shells she sells are surely seashells. So if she sells shells on the seashore, Im sure she sells seashore shells. I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I wont wish the wish you wish to wish. PracticeV
29、I hhuge hold it high a high hill behide the houseHe is holding a hat in his handHelen hit the nail on the head with a hammer.r rare rude prince crazy broken fresh throughbrown bread a red ribbon a press conference Those red roses are really very pretty3. 破擦音：破擦音： cheap chest choice each touch coach
30、Hatches, catches, matches and dispatches.Which watch did which witch wear and which witch wore which watch? judge join jam edge danger bridgeJane had chicken and French fries for lunch. John urged Judy to buy a digital watch.Fricative Consonants Fricative Consonants /tr/tree trick true treat try the
31、 train The drummers drummed and the strummers strummed./dr/ dry drink drop drown drainMr. Trench treated me to some strong drinks./ts/ lots gets boots cats sheets bits of sheets /dz/ reads lids beds birds hides odds and endsI saw lots and lots of birds and kites. Nasal consonants 4. 鼻音 / m /, / n /,
32、 / / m /, memory mouth dim firm harm Sam makes many mistakes in his homework. Tom is coming with some ham and marmalade./ n /, nasty noun nail learn coin pain a nice tuneThere is no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight; for a night lights just a slight light./ / wing king bring
33、sing a song a long stringLateral consonant 5.舌边音舌边音/l/(有两种发音有两种发音)A.如果在元音字母前面如果在元音字母前面,发音发音“clearl”（“清晰清晰的的l”）。舌端抵上齿槽）。舌端抵上齿槽,舌前部向硬颚抬起舌前部向硬颚抬起,让让气流从舌两旁的空隙处流过气流从舌两旁的空隙处流过,所以叫舌侧音所以叫舌侧音,也也叫旁流音或边音。叫旁流音或边音。longleavelionlockcolorfollowLikefather,likesonLetsleepingdogslieHewholaughslastlaughsbest.B.如果如果/l/
34、在辅音前面或词尾在辅音前面或词尾,发发“darkl”（“模糊的模糊的l”）音）音.applegirlballmealbellsailruleNomill,nomealSemi-vowels 6.半元音半元音/w/j/w/与与/j/是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元是两个半元音，因为它们的发音位置都与有关元音的发音位置有关系。音的发音位置有关系。/w/是个双唇音。它的发音位置与发是个双唇音。它的发音位置与发单元音单元音/u:/的相同的相同,但是没有长度但是没有长度,它只能向元音过渡它只能向元音过渡,起起辅音作用辅音作用,相当于汉语拼音字母相当于汉语拼音字母(w)在在“窝窝”中所起的声母中
35、所起的声母作用。作用。/w/是个浊辅音。是个浊辅音。weekwhetherwirewoundlanguagepersuadeWillWallStreetsrewardswaneifworkerswieldpower?/j/是个舌面音。它的发音位置与发单元音是个舌面音。它的发音位置与发单元音/i/的相同的相同,也也是没有长度而只向元音过渡是没有长度而只向元音过渡,相当于汉语拼音字母相当于汉语拼音字母(y)在在“衣衣”中所起的声母作用。中所起的声母作用。/j/也是个浊辅音。也是个浊辅音。/j/yesyouthuseunionEuropenewfewContrast Practice/l/n/ lo
36、ck-knock loan-known slow-snow slip-snip/l/r/ lent-rent long-wrong light-right loyal-royal/w/v/wet-vet wire-via wine-vine very well/j/jyet-jet your-jaw year-jeer/tr/ treat-cheat trees-cheese trip-chip train-chain trace-chase/dr/ dressed-jest drug-jug drudge-judge/ singing bringing ringing/g/ longer f
37、inger angry hunger angle England singular/kw/ queen question quiet quarrel quality and quantityRules of reading读音规则 (Rules of reading)： 字母的名称音和它的发音是两回事。至于某个字母在某个单词中究竟发什么音，则取决于这个字母在这个词中前后和什么字母结合,根据这个字母在词中所处的不同位置而发出不同的音来。究竟应该如何发音是有一些规律可循的, 将这些规律归纳起来, 就成为读音规则。 Syllables音节 (Syllables): 音节是包含一个元音或一个元音跟别的
38、辅音结合而成的发音单位。在英语中元音特别响亮, 一个元音可以构成一个音节, 一般来说,元音可以构成音节, 辅音不响亮, 不能构成音节。但英语辅音字母中有 4 个辅音m，n，ng，l是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音节。确定音节时, 一不能只看字母的数, 二不能只看有没有元音字母, 而是要看有没有元音。Types of syllables(A) 开音节开音节(Open syllables): 分绝对开音节分绝对开音节 和相对开音节两种。和相对
39、开音节两种。 a. 绝对开音节：就是在元音字母后面没有绝对开音节：就是在元音字母后面没有辅音字母的音节辅音字母的音节, 如如: no o, she e, me e等等 （无（无声的声的e 除外）。除外）。 b. 相对开音节：就是在元音字母后面有辅相对开音节：就是在元音字母后面有辅音字母（音字母（r 除外）除外）, 还有一个无声的字母还有一个无声的字母 e, 如如: ta ake, bi ike, no ote, mu ute等等 (have 例外例外) )。不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节不论是绝对开音节还是相对开音节, 读音读音的规则就是的规则就是发其中元音字母的名称音发其中元音字母的名称音。
40、Types of syllables(B) 闭音节闭音节(Close syllables): 元音字母后面有辅音字母（元音字母后面有辅音字母（r除外）时除外）时, 这这个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节个元音字母构成的音节叫做闭音节。它的读音规则是它的读音规则是: : 元音字母元音字母a读作读作/ /; e 读作读作/ e /; i 读作读作/ i /; o读作读作/ /; u读作读作/, 如如: at, cat, shall; desk, best; sit, pig, pick; hot, knock; up, cut, duck等等。Types of syllables(C)-r音节：音节：
41、元音字母与辅音字母元音字母与辅音字母r结合，构成结合，构成ar,er,ir,or,ur音节。音节。在在-r音节中音节中,ar读作读作/:/,如：如：car,far,park,star,large,farmer,target,carpet,carpenter,carbon(例例外：外：war,warm,warp,Mary);or读作读作/:/,如如:short,horse,north,sport,normal,forward(例外例外:word,work,worm,world);er,ir,ur都读作都读作/:/,如：如：her,verb,term,serve,stern,certaingirl
42、,bird,first,shirt,skirt,firm;fur,hurt,burn,turn,nurse,further,curtain(例外：例外：clerk,very,Derby);有一点要注意：在双音节或多音节的词中有一点要注意：在双音节或多音节的词中,r如果如果是双写是双写,r前的元音字母在重读音节中按闭音节的前的元音字母在重读音节中按闭音节的读音规则发音读音规则发音,例如：例如：marry/,merry/e/,mirror/i/,sorry/,hurry/。Types of syllables(D) -re音节：元音字母与辅音字母组合-re结合，构成are, ere, ire, o
43、re, ure音节。在-re音节中, are 读作/ /, 如：care, dare,hare, rare stare, square; ere读作/ i / 或 / /, 如：mere, here; there, where (例外：were)；ire读作/ ai /, 如：fire,tire, hire; ore读作/ : /, 如：more, sore, wore, store; ure读作/ ju / 或 / u /, 如：pure, cure, manure; sure。1 1、重读音节、重读音节 任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读音节和非重读音节
44、有重读音节和非重读音节 ，哪一个音节重读，哪一个音节重读，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号号“”。2 2、浊化音、浊化音 以以sp_, sp_, stst_, _, sksk_开头的单词清开头的单词清辅音辅音/p/ /t/ /k/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/b/ /d/ /g/。3 3、定冠词、定冠词thethe的读音的读音在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作在以辅音音素开头的单词之前读作/ / /，如：，如：the day, the key), the housethe day, the key), t
45、he house在以元音音素开头的单词前要发在以元音音素开头的单词前要发/ / i:/ 的音，如：的音，如：the end, the hour, the inside the end, the hour, the inside Attention !5、不完全爆破、不完全爆破(Incompleteexplosion)爆破音p b t d k g 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出。baske(t)balla(c)tor,bla(ck)boardSi(t)down.Ican(t)come.Idon(t)believeheisaba(d)boy.Thegir
46、linthere(d)coatwasonabla(ck)bikejus(t)now.Thebi(g)busfromthefa(c)toryisfullofpeople.Wha(t)timedoeshegetupeverymorning?Thisisanol(d)pi(c)tureofabi(g)car.Theol(d)do(c)torhasaca(t),too.Whatwouldyoulike,ho(t)teaorbla(ck)coffee?连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然个意
47、群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重，也不可音。地一带而过，不可读得太重，也不可音。(连读符号：连读符号：)(1)“辅音辅音+元音元音”型连读型连读在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。ImanEnglishboy.Itisanoldbook.Letmehavealookatit.MsBlackworkedinanofficelastyesterday.Icalledyouhalfanho
48、urago.Putiton,please.Notatall.Pleasepickitup.(2)“r/re+元音元音”型连读型连读如果前一个词是以如果前一个词是以-r或者或者-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的这时的r或或re不但要发不但要发/r/.而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。读。Theyremyfatherandmother.Ilookedforithereandthere.Thereisafootballunderit.Therearesomebooksonthedesk.Hereisaletterforyou.Hereare
49、foureggs.Butwhereismycup?Whereareyourbrotherandsister?但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。音开头，也不能连读。Theblackcloudsarecomingnearerandnearer.（nearer与与and不可连读）不可连读）(3)“辅音辅音+半元音半元音”型连读型连读英语语音中的英语语音中的/j/和和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要
50、连读。开头，此时也要连读。Thankyou.Nicetomeetyou.Didyougettherelateagain?Wouldyoulikeacupoftea？Couldyouhelpme,please?“音的同化音的同化”常把常把/d/+/j/读成读成/d /，didyou听上成了听上成了/did u/，wouldyou成了成了/wud u/，couldyou成了成了/kud u/。 (3)“(3)“辅音辅音+ +半元音半元音”型连读型连读英语语音中的英语语音中的/j/j/和和/w/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是尾，后一
51、个词是以半元音，特别是/j/j/开头，此时也要连读。开头，此时也要连读。 ThankyouThankyou. . Nice to Nice to meetyoumeetyou. . DidyouDidyou get there get there lateagainlateagain? ? WouldyouWouldyou likealikea cupofcupof tea tea？ CouldyouCouldyou help me, please? help me, please? “音的同化音的同化”常把常把/ /d/+/jd/+/j/ /读成读成/d/d / /，did youdid you听上成了听上成了/ /diddid u u/ /，would would youyou成了成了/ /wudwud u u/ /，could youcould you成了成了/ /kudkud u u/ /。
