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1、精神分析的释梦Stillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望一个梦的解释（需要的材料，可能的假设）梦者，女，青年，未婚，梦见前男友拿这一支枪对着自己。（其余部分遗忘）associationsnInthedream,aformerloverpointthegunatme.Ionlyrememberthisscene.nYouareright.Yes,theloverisamanandwehaveneveradmittedwewereloversfromendtoend.Inthedr
2、eam,hejustpointedthegunatme,holdingtheguninhishand,withoutfiring.Iwasnotfrightenedatallatthatmoment,yetIwasveryupsetwhenIwokeupearlyinthemorning.nMysex?Immerelyafemaleperson.nImusuallyinamerrymood.ButrecentlyIaminamelancholymood.nIansweryourquestionssolatebecauseIfeelstrongresistanceandfinallyIoverc
3、omeit.Iaminamelancholymoodpartlybecauseofthedream,partlybecauseofsomethingelse.ItoccurstomethatIhappenedtoseehimwalkinginfrontofmeinthestreetonthatdaywhilehecouldntseeme.Wehaventseeneachotherinthestreetforaverylongtime.ButIdidntcallhimandjustkeptlookingathisbackuntilhewasoutofsight.nTherearesomemisu
4、nderstandingsbetweenhimandI.TomysadnessIcouldntfindanywaytoclarifythem.TheonlythingIcandoistogiveup.AndIbelievethosemisunderstandingswillbeeliminatedoneday.ButIdontknowwhenthedaywillcome.Ifeelconfusedandoppressed.Myage?Imneithertooyoungnortooold.nGunmeansforce.Inthedreamheheldtheguninhishand.Thefoll
5、owingassociationisasfollows:heheldtheguninhishandmeansthatheheldtheforceinhishand.Maybehehadenoughforcetoprotecthimselfandeventoattackme.MaybeIwastooweaktoprotectmyself,thenIwantedtolendsomeforcefromhim.Maybeforcewasveryimportanttohimandhewasafraidoflosehisforceatthesightofme,soheheldtheguninhishand
6、verytightly.nthanks,andIhaveanotherassociation.Thegunbeingpointedatmewithoutfiringinthedreamisjustlikeabigpenisinerectionandwithoutejaculation.ItoccurstomethatIusedtoavoidpennis,especiallybigpenisinthepast.ButinthedreamIbegantofaceitwithbraveness.ThisisagreatprogresswhichIhaveevermadeinmylife,Ithink
7、.弗洛伊德提出释梦技术程序的选择方案：na.分析者按时间顺序分析，梦者对梦的内容陈述顺序进行联想；b分析者的专挑选梦中的特殊因素进行分析；c.直接问梦者就其对梦联想到前一天哪些事件；d.如梦者熟悉释梦技术，让他自己决定从那儿开始联想。Freudn（1）梦梦是是被被压压抑抑的的欲欲望望变变相相的的满满足足。所以在释梦之前要牢记一点是，其中的欲望在什么地方？这个“欲望”在释梦中弗洛伊德一古脑地划归为力比多，特别是童年的力比多，后来他更改了说法，说梦既来自本我，也来自自我，那么欲望就不仅仅是力比多了，还有其他的本能（欲望），死本能、自我保存本能等等。n（2）梦分为愿望梦、焦虑梦和惩罚梦，其本质都是愿
8、望的满足。但还有创伤梦，这是欲望满足理论的例外。n（3）梦的材料和来源有四方面：做梦前一天的残念（白日残余）；睡眠中躯体方面的刺激；幼年经验；人类历史经验的累积（类似于荣格的集体无意识）。n（4）单独的材料形成不了梦，需要和压抑的欲望结合才形成梦。（这是释梦中谈到的，但后来少提。）n（5）梦的作用是维持睡眠。n（6）梦的内容结构分为显梦和隐梦两个层面，释梦是治疗师利用患者对梦中原意的自由联想，揭示出隐梦的意义。通过稽查作用和梦的伪装，隐藏的愿望才能意识进入组成显梦。n（7）稽查作用使隐梦所包含的无意识冲动进一步伪装和转化成显梦的内容。这种转化过程（即梦的工作）包括以下几个机制：凝缩作用(Con
9、densation)；移置作用(Displacement);用视觉形象表现抽象思维;润饰作用(Secondaryelaboration)。n（8）梦中的情感反映总是真实的，如果梦的情感反应与显梦内容不协调，说明其形成时发生了转化和象征，而与隐梦一致。n（10）梦的多重决定作用，一个梦可以有多方面的解释。（见释梦）n(11)梦是自我和本我交战的地方，所以可以在梦中看到冲突的愿望。（纲要） n9）象征作用：对象征作用的强调是弗洛伊德在释梦发表后对梦理论进行的很大一个补充。对象征的熟悉可以让人很快的释梦，减少联想的材料，弗洛伊德指出象征作用或许是梦理论中最引人注目的部分，象征作用使我们在某些情形中无
10、需询问梦者来对梦进行解释。如果我们熟悉了一般梦的象征和梦者的人格，他生活的环境以及梦发生前的印象等，我们时常可以直接来释梦就好像一见面就可以认出一样。但象征法并不排斥联想法，在处理象征元素时，既要利用梦者的联想，又要利用“释梦者的有关象征知识以弥补联想之不足。”n（12）除四种梦的工作外，还有两个因素影响梦境的形成：一是显梦中的某一部分往往代表了潜意识中完全相反的愿望；一是梦的各部分之间无逻辑关系，特别是因果关系，这一点启发了皮亚杰。NewfindingsandwaysnFreudsviewthatdreamsaretheguardianofsleepmustnowberegardedasdi
11、sproved;onthecontrary,sleepistheguardianofdreams(Wolman1979,p.VII).Thisisoneofthefundamentalconclusionswhichmustbedrawnfromthemanypsychobiologicalinvestigationsofdreamandsleep.n对实验研究的看法：itremainsclearthatphysiologicalconditionsandpsychologicalmeaningsbelongtocompletelydifferentdimensions.nDreamingha
12、savalueofitsowninthetherapeuticprocess,eveniftheunderlyingdreamtheorieshavetobemodified.(Strauch1981,p.43)5.2 Dream ThinkingnDreamlanguage,whichpredatesourdevelopmentofthoughtlanguage,isapicturelanguagerichinsymbolicrelationships.n梦是一种退行现象nTodaywewouldsayratherthattheworkonthedreamiscarriedoutwithre
13、gressivemethods.nFreudsgeneralpointofview：thatdreamsareinessencenothingelsethanaspecialformofourthinking(1900a,p.506)nThedreamerrepresentstheworld,includinghisself,differentlythaninhiswakingthinkingandinhiseverydaylanguage.Thustheproblemisnotjusttodescribetheformalcharacteristicsofdreamlanguage;thed
14、ifficultyliesintheirtranslation.nDreamlanguageexpressesitselfpredominantlyinvisualimages,andthetaskoftherapeutictranslationconsistsoftransformingimagesintowordsandthoughts.ndreamsinREMsleeptendtobeirrationalandthoseinnonREMsleeprational,whichsuggeststhattheprimary-processmechanismsofdreamworkarelink
15、edtospecificphysiologicalconditions.nSystematicstudies：Somefindingsindicatethatthereisacorrespondencebetweendaydreamingandnightdreaming,anditcanbeshownthatdistortionandexpressionofaffectincreaseprogressivelyfromdaydreamsthroughfantasiestonightdreams.n(Cohen1976,p.334)：theconfigurationofthedreamconte
16、ntsreflectstheprincipalpersonalitytraitsofthedreamer.nGiora(1981,p.305)：underlinesthedangeroftakingonlytheclinicalmaterialintoconsiderationandneglectingtheexistenceofothertypesofdreams,e.g.,logicalandproblem-solvingdreams,whendiscussingthetheoryofdreams.梦思总结：ncurrentlymanyauthorsrejecttheorieswhicha
17、ccorddreamthinkingaspecialstatus,preferringinsteadtointegratedreamthinkingintothegeneralprinciplesofpsychicfunction. Day Residue and Infantile WishnDreamasaninfantilewish?ncurrentviews:therearegapsinthetheoryofwishfulfillmentwithregardtodemonstratingtheunconscious,infantilewishelement,andthatthislea
18、dstootherproblems,e.g.,howtoreconcilestereotypicalanxietydreamswiththetheory.nKoukkouandLehmanns(1980,1983)neurophysiologicalthesis:thatthevariationinEEGpatternsintheREMphasesstronglysuggeststhatthedoorwaytoearlymemoriesmightbeopenseveraltimeseachnight,inwhichcaseexchangeprocessesbetweenpresentandpa
19、stmaywelltakeplace.nFreudsideathattheinfantilewishisthemotorofdreamformationhasnotbeenconfirmed,andinlightofthefindingsofmodernresearchmustberejectedassuperfluous.nHeformulatedthishypothesisbeforeitbecameknownthatdreamingisabiologicallybasedactivitythatiscontrolledbyaninternalclockandneedsnofoundati
20、oninthepsychiceconomy.nAswesawaboveinthediscussionofdreamthinking(Sect.5.2),overtheyearsthehypothesisthatthefunctionofdreamingismainlytohelpdealwithrealityhaslostgroundtotheviewthatitisimportantforthedreamersintrapsychicequilibriumandforthemaintenanceofhispsychicfunctions. Self-RepresentationandProb
21、lemSolving nFreudninThe Interpretation of Dreams: Itismyexperience,andonetowhichIhavefoundnoexception,thateverydreamdealswiththedreamerhimself(1900a,p.322).freudn“Thefactthatthedreamersownegoappearsseveraltimes,orinseveralforms,inadreamisatbottomnomoreremarkablethanthattheegoshouldbecontainedinacons
22、ciousthoughtseveraltimesorindifferentplacesorconnectionse.g.inthesentencewhenIthinkwhatahealthychildIwas.(1900a,pp.322-323)nFreudistalkingaboutself-representation throughidentificationnKohuts perception of the self-state dream. nself-statedream.Withthesedreams,freeassociationleadsnottodeeperundersta
23、nding,butatbesttoimageswhichremainonthesamelevelasthemanifestcontentofthedream.Flyingdreamasself-statenKohutviewsdreamsofflyingashighlythreateningrepresentationsofthegrandioseself.FrenchnFrenchs(1952)suggestionthatdreamsshouldbeviewedasattemptsatproblemsolvingFrenchandFrommn1欲望：有成人和儿童的。n2联想的格式塔扩大欲望的
24、内涵n可解释两类梦惩罚梦：超我的愿望n重复发生的梦：控制的愿望当代释梦说：自我表象说nWehavetracedFreudsassumption(1923c,p.120)thatthedreamersegocanappearmorethanonceinthesamedream-inpersonandconcealedbehindotherfiguresnInsteadofgivingverbalexpressiontothoughtssuchasIamsimilarto.orIwishIwaslike.,thedreamerportraysthepersonwithwhosebeauty,str
25、ength,aggression,sexualpotency,intelligence,sophistication,etc.hewouldliketoidentify.nWethussupportFreudsthesisthatprimaryidentificationisadirectororiginalformoftheassociationoffeelingswithanobject,occurringearlierthananyobjectrelationship,andthushasbasicconstitutivesignificanceforhumandevelopment(F
26、reud1921c,pp.106-107;1923b,p.31).nTheprimitivelevelofpsychologicaldevelopmenttowhichdreamerscanregressenablessubjectandobjectstobeinterchanged.技术的改变目的nDreaminterpretationcancontributeconsiderablytoalteringanindividualspresentandfuture.技术的改变联想n两种联想同样重要针对梦本身和就梦想起的事件。真实梦境和梦的功能、报告梦同样重要。nShouldweencouragepatientstowriteouttheirdreams,forinstancedirectlyuponwaking?n根据治疗关系决定：释梦时咨询者要觉得安全。n联想仍然是最基本的技术n但可以就主题联想。n解释的多样性，可在主动倾听的条件下进行解释。谢谢
