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1、初中英语单词分类大全一、一、 学习用品学习用品 (schoolsku:l (schoolsku:lthings)things)Pen 钢笔penPencil 铅笔penslpencil-case 铅笔盒pensl-keisruler 尺子ru:lbook 书bukbag 包bcomic book 漫画书kmik-bukpost card 明信片pust-k:dnewspaper 报纸nju:s,peip,nju:z-schoolbag 书包sku:lberaser 橡皮 ireizcrayon 蜡笔kreinsharpener 卷笔刀story-book 故事书st:ri-buknoteboo
2、k 笔记本nutbukChinese book 语文书English book 英语书math book 数学书m-bukmagazine 杂志,mzi:ndictionary 词典dik nri二、二、 人体人体 （bodybody）bb didifoot 脚futhead 头hedface 脸feishair 头发hnose 鼻子nuzmouth 嘴maueye 眼睛aiear 耳朵iarm 手臂:mhand 手hndfinger 手指fileg 腿letail 尾巴teil1三、 颜色 （colours）red 红 redblue 蓝 blu:yellow 黄 jelugreen 绿ri
3、:nwhite 白 hwaitblack 黑 blkpink 粉红pikpurple 紫 p:plorange 橙rind, :-brown 棕braun四、四、 动物动物 （animalsanimals）animalanimalnimnim l lcat 猫ktdog 狗d, d:pig 猪piduck 鸭dkrabbit 兔rbithorse 马h:selephant 大象elifntant 蚂蚁ntfish 鱼fi bird 鸟b:deagle 鹰i:lbeaver 海狸bi:vsnake 蛇sneikmouse 老鼠maus,mauzsquirrel 松鼠skw:rl, skwi-,s
4、kw-kangaroo 袋鼠,knru:monkey 猴mkipanda 熊猫pndbear 熊blion 狮子laintiger 老虎taifox 狐狸fkszebra 斑马zi:brdeer 鹿digiraffe 长颈鹿dir:fgoose 鹅u:shen 母鸡henturkey 火鸡t:kilamb 小羊lmsheep 绵羊 ip2goat 山羊utcow 奶牛kaudonkey 驴dkisquid 鱿鱼skwidlobster 龙虾lbstshark 鲨鱼 :kseal 海豹si:lsperm whale 抹香鲸 sp:m-hweilkiller whale 虎鲸kil-hweil五、
5、五、人物人物 （peoplepeople）pi:plpi:plfriend 朋友frendboy 男孩bigirl 女孩:lmother 母亲mfather 父亲f:sister 姐妹sistbrother 兄弟bruncle 叔叔；舅舅klman 男人mnwoman 女人wumnMiss 小姐mis Mr.先生lady 女士；小姐leidimom 妈妈mmdada 爸爸dd, d:d:parents 父母 parentparent prntgrandparents祖父母rnd,prntgrandma/grandmother（外）祖母rnd,maunt 姑姑:nt, ntcousin 堂（表）
6、兄弟；堂（表）姐妹kznson 儿子sndaughter 女儿d:tbaby 婴儿beibikid 小孩kidclassmate 同学kl:smeitqueen 女王kwi:nvisitor 参观者vizitneighbour 邻居neibprincipal 校长prinspluniversity student 大学生 ,ju:niv:sti-stju:dntpenpen钢笔3pal 笔友pen-pltourist 旅行者turistpeople 人物pi:plrobot 机器人rubt, -bt, rbtgrandpa/grandfather（外）祖父rndp:/rnd,f:六、六、 职业
7、职业 （jobsjobs）ddbsbsteacher 教师ti:t student 学生stju:dnt, stu:-doctor 医生dktnurse 护士n:sdriver 司机n:sfarmer 农民f:msinger 歌唱家siwriter 作家raitactor 男演员ktactress 女演员ktrisartist 画家:tistTV reporter 电视台记者rip:tengineer 工程师,endiniaccountant 会计kauntntpoliceman(男)警察pli:smn ssalesperson 销售员seilz,p:sncleaner 清洁工kli:nbas
8、eball player 棒球运动员beisb:l-pleiassistant 售货员sistntpolice 警察pli:s七、七、 食品、饮料食品、饮料 （food & drinkfood & drink）rice 米饭raisbread 面包bredbeef 牛肉bi:fmilk 牛奶milkwater 水w:t, w-egg 蛋efish 鱼fi tofu 豆腐tufu:cake 蛋糕keikhot dog 热狗ht-dhamburger 汉堡包hmb:4French fries 炸薯条fraidscookie 曲奇kukibiscuit 饼干biskitjam 果酱dmnoodles
9、 面条nu:dlmeat 肉mi:tchicken 鸡肉t ikinpork 猪肉 p:kmutton 羊肉mtnvegetable 蔬菜veditblsalad 沙拉sldsoup 汤su:pice 冰aisice-cream 冰淇淋aiskri:mCoke 可乐juice 果汁du:stea 茶 ti:coffee 咖啡kfibreakfast 早餐brekfstlunch 午餐lnt dinner/supper 晚餐din /spmeal 一餐 mi:l八、八、 水果、蔬菜水果、蔬菜 (fruit/(fruit/vegetables)vegetables) fru:tveditblapp
10、le 苹果plbanana 香蕉bn:n, -n-pear 梨porange 橙rind, :-watermelon 西瓜w:t-melngrape 葡萄reipeggplant 茄子epl:nt,-plntgreen beans 青豆ri:n-bi:ntomato 西红柿tm:tupotato 土豆pteitupeach 桃pi:t strawberry 草莓str:bricucumber 黄瓜kju:kmbonion 洋葱njncarrot 胡萝卜krtcabbage 卷心菜kbid九、九、 衣服衣服 （clothesclothes）klkl ususjacket 夹克衫dkitshirt
11、 衬衫 :t5T-shirt 丅恤衫skirt 短裙子sk:tdress 连衣裙dresjeans 牛仔裤di:n, deinpants 长裤pntssocks 袜子sksshoes 鞋子 u:ssweater 毛衣swetcoat 上衣kutraincoat 雨衣reinkutshorts 短裤 :tssneakers 网球鞋sni:k sslippers 拖鞋slipssandals 凉鞋sdlsboots 靴子bu:tshat(有沿的)帽子htcap 便帽kpsunglasses 太阳镜sn,l:siz, -,l-tie 领带taiscarf 围巾sk:fgloves 手套lvstrou
12、sers 裤子trauzzcloth 布kl, kl:十、十、 交通工具交通工具 (vehicles)(vehicles)vi:iklvi:iklbike 自行车baikbus 公共汽车bstrain 火车treinboat 小船butship 轮船 ipyacht 快艇jtcar 小汽车k:taxi 出租车tksijeep 吉普车di:pvan 小货车；面包车vnplane/airplane 飞机plein/pleinsubway/underground 地铁sbwei /ndraundmotor cycle 摩托车mut-saikl十一、十一、 杂物杂物 （other thingsothe
13、r things） i i sswindow 窗户windudoor 门d:desk 课桌deskchair 椅子t 6bed 床bedcomputer 计算机kmpju:tboard 写字板b:dfan 风扇fnlight 灯laitteachers desk 讲台ti:t deskpicture 图画；照片pikt wall 墙壁w:lfloor 地板fl:curtain 窗帘k:tntrash bin 垃圾箱tr bincloset 壁橱klzitmirror 镜子mirend table 床头柜end-teiblfootball/soccer 足球fut,b:lskpresent 礼物
14、preznt, prizentwalkman 随身听w:k-mnlamp 台灯lmpphone 电话funsofa 沙发sufshelf 书架 elffridge 冰箱fridtable 桌子teiblTV 电视air-conditioner 空调 kndi nkey 钥匙 ki:lock 锁 lkphoto 照片futuchart 图表t :tplate 盘子pleitknife 刀naiffork 叉f:kspoon 勺子spu:nchopsticks 筷子pot 锅ptgift 礼物ifttoy 玩具tidoll 洋娃娃dlball 球b:lballoon 气球blu:nkite 风筝k
15、aitjigsaw puzzle 拼图游戏 dis:pzlbox 盒子bks7umbrella 伞 mbrelzipper 拉链zipviolin 小提琴,vailinyo-yo 溜溜球nest 鸟窝nesthole 洞hultube 管子tju:b,tu:btoothbrush 牙刷 tu:brmenu 菜单menju:,mnju:e-card 电子卡片k:de-mail 电子邮件meiltraffic light 交通灯trfiklaitmoney 钱mnimedicine 药medisin十二、地点（十二、地点（locationslocations）l l ukeiukei n sn s
16、home 家humroom 房间ru:m,rumbedroom 卧室bedru(:)mbathroom 卫生间b:rumliving room 起居室liviru:m,rumkitchen 厨房kit inclassroom 教室kl:srumschool 学校sku:lpark 公园p:klibrary 图书馆laibrripost office 邮局pustfispolice office 警察局pli:s fishospital 医院 hspitlcinema 电影院sinmbookstore 书店bukst:farm 农场f:mzoo 动物园zu:garden 花园:dnstudy 书
17、房stdiplayground 操场pleiraundcanteen 食堂knti:nteachers office 教师办公室ti:tsfislibrary 图书馆laibrrigym 体育馆dimwashroom 卫生间w rumart room 绘画教室:t ru:m,rum8computer room 计算机教室kmpju:t ru:mmusic room 音乐教室mju:zikru:m, rumTV room 电视机房ru:mflat 公寓fltcompany 公司kmpnifactory 工厂fktrifruit stand 水果摊fru:tstndpet shop 宠物商店pet
18、 pnature park 自然公园 neit p:ktheme park 主题公园i:m p:kscience museum 科学博物馆 sainsmju:zimthe Great Wall 长城reit w:lsupermarket 超市sju:p,m:kitbank 银行bkcountry 国家kntrivillage 乡村vilidcity 城市sitihometown 家乡humtaunbus stop 公交车站bsstp十三、课程十三、课程 （classesclasses）klkl :s,:s,klklsssports 体育运动sp:tsscience 科学sainsMoral E
19、ducation 思想品德课mrl-,edju:kei nSocial Studies 社会课 su lChinese 语文math 数学mPE 体育课English 英语课十四、国家、城市十四、国家、城市（countries/citiescountries/cities）kntriz /sitiChina/PRC 中国 PeoplesRepublicof Chinapi:plsripblikvAmerica/USA 美国UK 联合王国 （United Kingdom）9England 英国Canada/CAN 加拿大Australia 澳大利亚New York 纽约London 伦敦Sydn
20、ey 悉尼Moscow 莫斯科Cairo 开罗十五、气象（十五、气象（weatherweather）wewe cold 寒冷的kuldwarm 温暖的w:mcool 凉爽的ku:lsnowy 下雪的snuisunny 晴朗的snihot 炎热的htrainy 下雨的reiniwindy 有风的windicloudy 多云的klaudiweather report 天气预报werip:t十六、景物十六、景物 （naturenature）neitneit river 河流rivlake 湖泊leikstream 河；溪stri:mforest 森林fristpath 小道p:, proad 公路r
21、udhouse 房子haus,hauzbridge 桥bridbuilding 建筑物bildirain 雨reincloud 云klaudsun 太阳snmountain 山mauntinsky 天空skairainbow 彩虹reinbuwind 风windair 空气moon 月亮mu:n十七、十七、植物植物 （plantsplants）plpl :nt,:nt,plntplnt s sflower 花flaugrass 草r:s, rstree 树tri:10seed 种子si:dsprout 苗sprautplant 植物pl:nt, plntrose 玫瑰leaf 叶子li:f十八
22、、星期十八、星期 （weekweek）wi:kwi:kMonday 星期一Tuesday 星期二Wednesday 星期三Thursday 星期四Friday 星期五Saturday 星期六Sunday 星期天weekend 周末,wi:kend,wi:kend十九、月份十九、月份 （monthsmonths）mm n n zzJan. (January)一月Feb.（February）二月Mar.(March)三月m:t April 四月May 五月meiJune 六月July 七月Aug.(August)八月:stSept.(September)九月Oct.(October)十月Nov.(
23、November)十一月Dec.(December)十二月二十、季节二十、季节 （seasonsseasons）si:zsi:z nsnsspring 春sprisummer 夏smfall/autumn 秋f:l/:tmwinter 冬wint二十一、二十一、方位方位（directionsdirections）direkdirek nsnssouth 南sau, saunorth 北n:east 东i:stwest 西westleft 左边leftright 右边raitup 上pdown 下 daun二十二、患病（二十二、患病（illnessillness）ilnisilnishave a
24、 fever 发烧fi:vhurt 疼痛h:thave a cold 感冒kuld11have a toothache 牙疼have a headache 头疼hedeikhave a sore throat 喉咙疼s:rut二十三、数词（二十三、数词（numbersnumbers）nn mbmb zzone 一two 二tu:three 三four 四five 五faivsix 六siksseven 七eight 八eitnine 九nainten 十teneleven 十一twelve 十二twelvthirteen 十三fourteen 十四fifteen 十五fifti:nsixtee
25、n 十六siksti:nseventeen 十七eighteen 十八eiti:nnineteen 十九,nainti:ntwenty 二十twentithirty 三十forty 四十fifty 五十fiftisixty 六十sikstiseventy 七十eighty 八十eitininety 九十naintiforty-two 四十二hundred 百one/a hundred and thirty-six 一百三十六first 第一f:stsecond 第二third 第三fourth 第四fifth 第五eighth 第八ninth 第九twelfth 第十二12twentieth
26、第二十thirtieth 第三十fortieth 第四十fiftieth 第五十sixtieth 第六十seventieth 第七十eightieth 第八十ninetieth 第九十fifty-sixth 第五十六二十四、形容词二十四、形容词 (adj.)(adj.)big 大的small 小的long 长的tall 高的short 短的；矮的young 年轻的old 旧的；老的strong 健壮的thin 瘦的active 积极活跃的ktivquiet 安静的nice 好看的naiskind 和蔼亲切的kaindstrict 严格的striktsmart 聪明的funny 滑稽可笑的tas
27、ty 好吃的teistisweet 甜的swi:tsalty 咸的sour 酸的fresh 新鲜的favourite 最喜爱的clean 干净的kli:ntired 疲劳的excited 兴奋的iksaitidangry 生气的happy 高兴的hpibored 无聊的sad 忧愁的sdtaller 更高的shorter 更矮的stronger 更强壮的older 年龄更大的younger 更年轻的bigger 更大的heavier 更重的13longer 更长的thinner 更瘦的smaller 更小的good 好的fine 好的faingreat 很好的heavy 重的hevinew 新
28、的nju:,nu:fat 胖的fthappy 快乐的hpiright 对的raithungry 饥饿的cute 逗人喜爱的kju:tlittle 小的litllovely 可爱的beautiful 漂亮的bju:tifulcolourful 色彩鲜艳的pretty 漂亮的priticheap 便宜的expensive 昂贵的ikspensivjuicy 多汁的tender 嫩的healthy 健康的ill 有病的ilhelpful 有帮助的helpfulhigh 高的haieasy 简单的i:ziproud 骄傲的praudsick 有病的sikbetter 更好的higher 更高的二十五、
29、介词二十五、介词 （prep.prep.）in 在里inon 在上；在时候under 在下面near 在的旁边behind 在后边bihaindnext to 与相邻nekstover 在上面in front of 在前面二十六、代词二十六、代词 （pron.pron.）I 我we 我们you 你；你们he 他she 她14it 它itthey 他（她，它）们my 我的our 我们的your 你的；你们的his 他的her 她的二十七、动词二十七、动词 （v.v.）play（.ed）玩；踢pleiswim(swam)游泳swimskate 滑冰skeitfly(flew)飞flaijump 跳
30、dmpwalk 走w:krun(run)跑rnclimb 爬klaimfight(fought)打架faitswing(swung)荡 swieat(ate)吃i:tsleep(slept)睡觉sli:plike 像，喜欢laikhave(had)有； 吃 hv,hv, v, vturn 转弯 t:nbuy(bought)买baitake(took)买；带teiklive 居住 livteach（taught）教ti:t go(went)去ustudy(studied)学习stdilearn 学习 l:nsing(sang)唱歌sidance 跳舞d:ns, dnsrow 划 rudo(did
31、)做du:, du, d, du:do homework 做作业humw:kdo housework 做家务hausw:kwatch TV 看电视wt , w:t read(read) books 读书ri:dbukscook the meals 做饭kukmi:lswater the flowers 浇花w:t, w-flauzsweep(swept) the floor 扫地swi:pfl:15clean the bedroom 打扫卧室kli:nbedru(:)mmake(made) the bed 铺床meikbedset(set) the table 摆饭桌setteiblwash
32、the clothes洗衣服w, w: kluzdo the dishes 洗碗碟use a computer使用计算机ju:zkmpju:tdo morning exercises 晨练；做广播操m:niekssaizeat breakfast 吃早饭i:tbrekfsteat dinner 吃晚饭i:tdingo to school 上学sku:lhave English class 上英语课kl:s,klsplay sports 进行体育运动plei sp:tsget（got）up 起床etclimb mountains 爬山klaimmauntinsgo shopping 买东西u p
33、iplay the piano 弹钢琴pleipinu, pi:-visit grandparents 看望（外）祖父母vizitrnd,prntsgo hiking 去远足fly kites 放风筝flaikaitsmake a snowman 堆雪人meiksnumnplant trees 种树pl:nt, plnttri:sdraw(drew) pictures 画画dr:pikt zcook dinner 做饭kukdinread a book 看书ri:dbukanswer the phone 接电话:ns,n- funlisten to music 听音乐lisntumju:zik
34、16clean the room 打扫房间kli:nru:mwrite(wrote) a letter 写信write an e-mail 写电子邮件raitni-meildrink(drank) water 喝水take pictures 照相watch insects 观察昆虫pick up leaves 采摘树叶pikli:vzdo an experiment 做实验du:niksperimentcatch butterflies 捉蝴蝶count insects 数昆虫kauntinsektscollect insects 收集昆虫collect leaves 收集树叶write a
35、report 写报告raitplay chess 下棋pleit eshave a picnic 举行野餐hvpiknikget to 到达ettu:ride(rode) a bike 骑自行车raidbaikplay the violin 拉小提琴plei,vailinmake kites 制作风筝meikkaitscollect stamps 集邮klektstmpsmeet(met)见面mi:twelcome 欢迎welkmthank 谢谢 klove 爱lvwork 工作w:kdrink(drank)喝driktaste 尝teistsmell 闻smelfeed(fed)喂养fi:d
36、shear 剪 imilk 挤奶milklook 看lukguess 猜eshelp 帮助helppass 传递p:s, ps17show 展示 uuse 使用ju:zclean 打扫kli:nopen 打开upnclose 关上kluzput 放putpaint 绘画peinttell(told)告诉telkick 踢 kikbounce 反弹baunsride(rode)骑raidstop(stopped)停stpwait 等 weit初中英语语法大全初中英语语法大全语法网络图语法网络图一名词一名词I.名词的种类：专有名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词个体名词集体名词普通名词不可数名词
37、抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式， 一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则12一般情况在词尾加-s以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es以-f 或-fe结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es加-s45例词map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-daysclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishesleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives, half-
38、halveschief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs3以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词， 变 y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有名词toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys以 y 结尾的，加-s以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词不少外来词加-s一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes,tomato-tomato
39、espiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos,solo-solos186两者皆可78以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s以-th 结尾的名词加-szero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanosradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoostruth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式2单复数相同3只
40、有复数形式4一些集体名词总是用作复数5例词man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese,mouse-micesheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,people, police部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可 class, family, crowd, couple, group, government,以作复数（成员）population, team, public, partycustoms(海关), times(
41、时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,EuropeansSwiss, Portuguese, Chinese, JapaneseEnglishmen, Frenchwomensons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boyfriends6复数形式表示特别含义加-s表示7“某国单复数同形人”以-man
42、或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women将主体名词变为复数8合成名无主体名词时将最后一部分变为词grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches复数将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加 s 构成，二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s一般在末尾加复数名词不规则复数名词后加s以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sthe
43、childrens toys, womens rights,Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths houseJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikesthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,the teachers room, the twins mother,表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词 th
44、e doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles19省略2. s 所有格的用法：234567表示时间表示自然现象todays newspaper, five weeks holidaythe earths atmosphere, the trees branches表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry表示工作群体表示度量衡及价值the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victorya miles jour
45、ney, five dollars worth of apples与人类活动有特殊关系的名the lifes time, the plays plot词某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppresse
46、d二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：12345指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of第一次提及某人某物，非特指表示“每一”相当于 every，one表示“相同”相当于 the sameA plane is a machine that can fly.A boy is waiting for you.We study eight hours a day.We are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out人有类似性质
47、的人或事That boy is rather a Lei Feng.A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk,many a time6用于固定词组中7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, suchThis room is rather a big one.之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.8用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前The
48、 horse is a useful animal.the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前play the violin, play the guitarthe reach, the living, the woundedthe Greens, the WangsHe is the taller of the two children.2
49、08用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the词前FrenchThe compass was invented in China.in the 1990sI hired the car by the hour.9用于表示发明物的单数名词前10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代11用于表示单位的名词前12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的He patted me on the shoulder.词组前III. 零冠词的用法：1234567专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等Bei
50、jing University, Jack, China, love, air名词前名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?March, Sunday, National Day, springLincoln was made President of America.He l
51、ikes playing football/chess.by train, by air, by landhusband and wife, knife and fork, day and nightHorses are useful animals.8表示泛指的复数名词前三代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：人称1代词物主2代词主格宾格形容词性名词性I, you, he, she, it, we, you, theyme, you, him, her, it, us, you, themmy, your, his, her, its, our, theirmine, yours, his, h
52、ers, its, ours, theirsmyself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselvesthis, that, these, those, such, somewho, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whateverthat, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a
53、little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either3反身代词4指示代词5疑问代词6关系代词7不定代词II. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与 any:1) one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.212) some 可用于疑问句中，表
54、示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any b
55、etter today?2. each 和 every:each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：no 等于 not any，作定语。non
56、e 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other 泛指 “另外的， 别的” 常与其他词连用， 如： the other day, every other week, some other reason, no otherway,the other 特指两者中
57、的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair
58、 / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不可数名词时， 其谓语动词用单数。 both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定， 全部否定用 neither 和 none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us
59、are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I.形容词：221. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：12修饰 some, any, every, no和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不nobody absent, everything possible定代词时以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only 修饰的名 the best book available, the only solution词之后possiblethe only person awakea bridge
60、50 meters longa huge room simple and beautifula man difficult to get on with3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置4和空间、时间、单位连用时5成对的形容词可以后置6形容词短语一般后置2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格theathisanotheryour数词大小长短形状性状形容词序数词基数词性质状态新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchsecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlarg
61、eshortsquarenewcoolblackChineseyellowLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+ed2形容词+形容词3形容词+现在分词4副词+现在分词5副词+过去分词II. 副词副词的分类：1时间副词2地点副词3方式副词4程度副词soon, now, early, finally, once,recentlyhere, nearby, outside, upwards,abovehard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly,reallyalmost, nearly, very, fairly, quite,rather5
62、频度副词6疑问副词7连接副词8关系副词always, often, frequently, seldom, neverhow, where, when, whyhow, when, where, why, whether,however, meanwhilewhen, where, whykind-hearteddark-blueordinary-lookinghard-workingnewly-built6名词+形容词7名词+现在分词8名词+过去分词9数词+名词+ed10 数词+名词world-famouspeace-lovingsnow-coveredthree-eggedtwenty-y
63、earIII. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加23-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用 “the morethe m
64、ore”句型。 如： The harder you work, the more progress youwill make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times thesize of yours.6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：fa
65、vourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介词I.介词分类：1简单介词2合成介词3短语介词4双重介词5分词转化成的介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, oninside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, withoutaccording to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks tofro
66、m among, from behind, from under, till after, in betweenconsidering(就而论), including6形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介词区别：1表示时间的 in, on, at2表示时间的 since, from3表示时间的 in, after4表示地理位置的 in, on, to5表示“在上”的 on, in6表示“穿过”的 through,acrossat 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完
67、成时连用，from 指从时间的某一点开始in 指在一段时间之后， after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻，to 指在某环境范围之外on 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分through 表示从内部通过，与in 有关，across 表示在表面上通过，与on 有关about 指涉及到，on 指专门论述between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间besides 指“除了还有再加上”，except 指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首with 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音a
68、s 意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like 为“象一样”，指情形相似in 通常表示位置（静态），into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置247表示“关于”的 about, on8between 与 among 的区别9besides 与 except 的区别10 表示“用”的 in, with11 as 与 like 的区别12 in 与 into 区别六动词I.动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有 16 种，以 ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：一般进行完成完成进行现在时ask / asksam/is/are askinghave/has askedhave/has beenaskin
69、g过去时askedwas/were askinghad askedhad been asking将来时shall/will askshall/will be askingshall/will have askedshall/will have beenasking过去将来时should/would askshould/would be askingshould/would have askedshould/would have beenasking2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去
70、的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态， 和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用， 汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现
71、在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态例句My sister will be ten next year.1will/shall+动词原形2be goin
72、g to+动词原形3含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示 Its going to clear up.很有可能要发生某事Were going to have a party tonight.He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?be + doing 进行时表go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用示将来进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作be about to + 动词原4形I was about to leave when the bell表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，rang.
73、后面一般不跟时间状语The meeting is about to close.表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate atnoon.5be to + 动词原形6一般现在时表示将来II. 动词的被动语态：时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可 The meeting starts at five oclock.用一般现在时表示将来The plane leaves at ten this evening.25常用被动语态构成am/is/are askedwas/were askedshall/will be askedshould/would
74、be askedam/is/are being asked6789常用被动语态过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时构成was/were being askedhave/has been askedhad been askedwill/would have been asked1一般现在时2一般过去时3一般将来时4过去将来时5现在进行时10含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构 begoing to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需
75、将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known that注It must be pointed out that意It is
76、supposed that事It is reported that项It must be admitted thatIt is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act.The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very col
77、d.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur,belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：情态动词cancouldmay用法否定式疑问式与简答Cando?Yes,can.No,cant.Maydo?
78、 Yes,may.能力（体力，智力，技能）can not / cannot /cant允许或许可（口语中常用）do可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句couldnt do中）可以（问句中表示请求）may not do26可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）mightmust必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）might not domust not/mustnt doNo,mustnt/cant.Mightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.Mustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.Dohave to do?Yes,do.
79、No,dont.have to只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人dont have to do称变化）应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldought toought not to/oughtnt to Oughtto do?doYes,ought. No,oughtnt.Shalldo?Yes,shall.No,shant.shall将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见shall not/shant do用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）shouldwillwoulddareneedshould not/shouldnt do Shouldd
80、o?意愿，决心will not/wont doWilldo?请求，建议，用在问句中 would 比较委Yes,will.would not/wouldnt doNo,wont.婉敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent doneed not/neednt doDaredo?Yes,dare. No,darent.Needdo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to过去常常（现在已不再）Usedto do?Yes,used.used not/usednt/usentNo,use(d)nt.to doDiduse to do?di
81、dnt use to doYes,did.No,didnt.II. 情态动词 must, may, might, could, can表示推测：以 must 为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
82、2. may 和 might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can 和 could“可能”，could 表示可疑的可能性，不及cant 语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can he be in the office now? No,
83、 he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III. 情态动词注意点：271. can 和 be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can 无法表达此意。Beable to 有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2. used to 和 would:used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3. need 和 dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑
84、问句。其形式为：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do,dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do八非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：构成非谓语形式时态和语态to doto be doneto be doingto have beento have donedonebeing donehaving been donedonedoinghaving donebeing donehaving been don
85、e在非谓语前加not否定式复合结构for sb. to do 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用sth.在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语sbs doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语特征和作用不定式分词过去分词动名词现在doing分词having done具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford,的动词determine, promise, happen
86、mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit,prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider只接动名词做宾语cant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, objectto, get down to, be engaged in, insist on,的动词或短语think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, b
87、e afraid of, be tired of, look forward to,devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick tobegin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue （接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指意义基本相同一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事remember/forget/reg
88、ret to do （指动作尚未发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发go on doing（接着做同一件事）28两者都可以意义不同生）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意识是，意味着）cant help to do（不能帮忙做） cant help doing（忍不住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, or
89、der, tell,want, wish, encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已 I heard him call me severaltimes.have, notice, see, watch, hear,经完成feel, let, make主谓关系。强调动作正在进行， I found her listening to the尚未完成radio.动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强We found the village greatly调状态changed.举例I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be type
90、d.Shall we go to the swimming pool?the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developedcountrythe falling leaves / the fallen leaves现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find,过去分词keep, have, feelIV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：区别与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行不定式式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生动名词通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关
91、系现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成过去分词V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：不定式区别举例My dream is to become a teacher.多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于itTo obey the law is important.把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且(dream, business, wish, idea, plan,意义不变，并且还能用 what 来提问主语或表语。duty, task 做主语时常用)与不定式的功能区别不大，然而
92、它更接近于名词，表示的动作 It is no use saying that again and比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it 做形式主 again.语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。Teaching is my job.The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常见分词有 astonishing, moving,tiring, disappointing, puzzling,shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)动名词无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明
93、主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。分词现在分词多含有“令人”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到”之意，主语多是人。29九定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词whowhom先行词人人从句成分主语宾语例句Do you know the man who is talking with yourmother?备注w
94、hose关系代词that人，物人，物Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingwhom, which 和The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.that 在从句中做I like those books whose topics are about history.宾语时，常可以定语The boy whose father works abroad is my省略，但介词提deskmate.前时后面关系代A plane is a machine that can fly.词不能省略，也主语，宾语She i
95、s the pop star (that) I want to see very much.不可以用 thatThe book (which) I gave you was worth $10.主语，宾语 The picture which was about the accident wasterrible.主语，宾语时间状语地点状语原因状语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.I will never forget the day when we m
96、et there.This is the house where I was born.as 做宾语一般不省略可用 on which可用 in whichwhich物aswhen关系where副词why人，物时间地点原因I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my可用 for whichoffer.II. that 与 which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句1先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little,much,等不定代词时。2先行词被 all, any, every,
97、each, much, little, no, some,few 等修饰时只用 that 的情况 3先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4先行词既指人又指物时5先行词被 the only, the very修饰时6301.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered hasbeen given out.3.This is the best film that I have everread.4.We talked about the persons andthings that we remembered
98、.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making aspeech?句中已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免重复时1在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which 指代物，用who/whom 指人2只用which, who,在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能whom 的情况用 which 指物，whom 指人。3先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 which, 先行词为those, one, he 时多用 who。III. as 与 which 的区别：定语从句区别例句He has a
99、son, who has gone abroad forfurther study.I like the person to whom the teacher istalking.Those who respect others are usuallyrespected by others.限制性定名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时，关系代词用He is not such a fool as he looks.语从句中as,不能用 whichDont read such books as you cant understand.as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。 如果有 “
100、正 They won the game, as we had expected.非限制性如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放 They won the game, which we hadnt expected.定语从句在后面，那么用as；而which 引导的从句只能放 As is well known, he is a famous film star in the中主句后，并无“正如”的意思。1980s.IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句对先行词起修饰限制作用， 如果去掉，主句意思就不完限制性定语从The accident happened at
101、the time整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切， 写时不用逗句when I left.号分开。对先行词作附加的说明， 与主句的关系不十分密切， 较非限制性定语His mother, whom he loved deeply,松散。 从句和主句之间用逗号分开， 相当于一个插入语，从句died ten years ago.不能用 that 引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。十名词性从句十名词性从句种类作用常用关联词例句Whether he will come or not doesntmatter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.It look
102、s as if it is going to snow.He asked me which team could win thegame.You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatlysurprised us.在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，主语从句 一般置谓语之前，也可用it 作形式that, whether, if,主语，主语从句放主句之后as if, as though,在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，who, whose,表语从句which, how,位于系动词之后when, where,why
103、, what,宾语从句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词whatever,放在名词之后(news, problem, idea,whoever,同位语从suggestion, advice, thought, hope, factwherever句等) 表明其具体内容十一。状语从句十一。状语从句31种类连接词注意点主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while 引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until 用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。because 语气最强，since 较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as 又次之。从句中动词时态不可用将来时， 常用一般时代替so
104、that 和 in order that 后常接 may, should,could, would 等情态动词as if 和 as though 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till,by the time, as soon as, hardlywhen, no时间状语soonerthan, the moment, the minute,immediately, directly, instantly地点状语where, wherever原因状语because, as, since, now tha
105、tif, unless, once, in case, as long as, on conditionthat条件状语目的状语so that, in order that, for fear that结果状语sothat, suchthat比较状语than, asas, not so/asas, the morethe more方式状语as if, as though, asthough, although, even if, even though, as, noas 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；althoughmatter what, whatever, no matter who,
106、whoever, no让步状语和 though 用正常语序， 可和 yet 连用， 但不可matter which, whichever, no matter how, however,和 but 连用no matter when, whenever十二。倒装句种类倒装条件here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调例句Out rushed the children.Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.Present at the meeting were 1,000 st
107、udents.完全倒装表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等Hardly did I know what had happened.表示否定意义的副词放于句首only 和修饰的状语放于句首not onlybut also 连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒neithernor连接并列的句子，前后都倒装Only then did he realized the importance ofEnglish.Not only does he know French, b
108、ut also he isexpert at it.Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.部分倒装sothat, suchthat中的so或such及修饰的成分放So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.于句首时前倒后不倒as 引导的让步状语so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人32Child as he is, he has learned a lot.He can play the piano. So can i.或事。用于表示祝愿的祈使句中省略 if 的虚拟条件
109、十三。虚拟语气十三。虚拟语气类别与现在事实相反用法例句May you be in good health!Were I you, I would not do it in this way.从句动词：过去式（be 用 were）If he were here, he would主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形help us.从句动词：had+过去分词If I had been free, I wouldIf 引导的条与过去事实相反主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去have visited you.件从句分词从句动词：过
110、去式 / should+动词原形 / were+If it should rain tomorrow,与将来事实相反不定式we would not go camping.主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式They are talking as if theyhad been friends for years.Turn on the light so thatwe can see it clearly.He suggested that we notchange our mind.其它状语从句in order
111、 that / so that 引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may /might / would 等+动词原形demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形宾语从句I wish I could be a popwish 后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词singer.原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反在 It is necessary / important / strange that, It is suggested /demanded / ordered / requested t
112、hat 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形It is time that句型中动词用过去式或 should+动词原形It is strange that such aperson should be ourfriends.Its high time that we left.I would rather you stayedat home now.If only our dream hadcome true!主语从句其它句型中would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望十四。重要句型十四。重要句型1.
113、It was not untilIt was not until midnight that that he finished his task.2.Not untilNot until he came back from abroadwas Iwas I able to see him again.3.The harderThe harder you work, the greater progressthe greater progress you will make.4.33He walked around the house,gun in handgun in hand.5.May y
114、ou beMay you be in good health!6.WishWish you a pleasant journey back home!7.The professor was a humorous manwithwith big nose and deep-set eyes.8.What surprised me mosWhat surprised me most was his imagination and patience.9.He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under
115、his headwith his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head.10.Sitting under the treeSitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher.11.On the wallOn the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.12.Looking back upon those past yearsLooking back upon those past years, he could
116、nt help feelingcouldnt help feeling very proud.13.No sooner(Hardly)No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) than(when) the play started.14.Young as he isYoung as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics.15.How I regretHow I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!16.There
117、 standsThere stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room.17.Ten miles north of the townTen miles north of the townlies a paper factory.18.ThereThere goes the bell.19.NowhereNowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here.20.It is no useIt is no use crying for help.21.If onlyIf only I had b
118、een your student in the middle school!22.It is believed thatIt is believed that such a thing will not happen again.23.OnlyOnly when he explained did I realize the reason for this.24.24.“He works particularly hard.”“So he does, and so do you.”“So he does, and so do you.”25.25.Not onlyNot only Alice b
119、ut alsobut also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.26.26.SuchSuch was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements.34十五。动词搭配十五。动词搭配1. add to 增加，增进add to 把加进add up 相加add up to 总计，所有这一切说明1) I dont think these facts will _ anything.2) Fifty new books have been _ t
120、he library.3) The music _ our enjoyment of the film.4) You must have made a mistake when you _ the bill _.( add up to, added to, add to, addedup )2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉break down 出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开break off 暂停，中断break in 强行进入，插话break into 闯入break into pieces 成为碎片break out 爆发break up 捣碎，驱散，瓦解，
121、学期结束，拆散break through 突破1) The criminal managed to break _ the police and ran into the woods.2) When he heard the news, he broke _ and cried.353) Dont break _ while others are speaking.4) Why dont you break _ for a few minutes and have some coffee?5) When does school break _?6) After harvest we break
122、 _ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen.( away from, down, in, off, up, up )3. bring up 抚养，呕吐，提出bring about 造成bring out 拿出，出版bring in 引入，引进，挣钱bring back 使回想起bring down 使下降，使倒下1) The shopkeeper brought his price _ to only five dollars.2) The school has brought _ new foreign teachers to teach oral
123、English.3) The song brought _ happy memories of our schooldays.4) Do you know what brought _ this misunderstanding?5) The kind old man agreed to bring _ the young orphan.6) We decided to bring the matter _ at the next meeting.7) The wind brought _ a lot of trees last night.8) Next month they willbri
124、ng _ a new edition ofthe book.( down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out )4. call on 号召，拜访（某人）call at 拜访、参观（某地）36call for 去叫某人, 要求, 需要call up 使回忆起, 征召入伍call in 召集，请某人来call out 大喊，高叫call off 取消，不举行1) Doctors are often called _ in the middle of the war.2) Please wait for me at home. Ill call _ you at
125、your house at seven tonight.3) The trains calls _ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou.4) He called her name _, but she didnt answer.5) The sports meet was called _ on account of the rain.( in, for, at, out, off)5. come about 发生，出现come down 下跌，落，降，传下来come in 进来come into (sight/being/exis
126、tence/use/notice/effect)come on 来临/ 快点come out 出版，结果是come along 一道来，赶快come to 达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是come over 走过来come up 发芽，走近come across 偶然碰到come back 回想起come from 来自，源自371) I come _ the book I lent you last month.2) How did it come _ that you both got lost? I thought you had a ma
127、p.3) It suddenly came _ to me where I had seen the boy before.4) Come _ now, or else we shall be late.5) He came _ me like a tiger.6) The price of petrol has come _ since the beginning of this year.7) The word came _ use many years ago.8) When the examination result came _, he had already got a job.
128、9)The bill came _ over a thousand dollars.10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they havent come _ yet.( for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up )6. cut across 抄近路cut down 砍倒，削减cut off 切断，割掉，断绝关系cut up 连根拔除，切碎through 剪断，凿穿cut out 删（省）掉，戒掉cut in 插嘴1) Dont cut _ this tree. It will be v
129、ery shady in summer.2) You must cut _ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness.3) We decided to cut _ the moor（旷野） to the village.4) Cutting the tree _ means cutting the tree into pieces.5) The electricity was cut _ when the lady refused to pay the bill.386) We were having a plea
130、sant conversation when Tom cut _.（down, down, across, up, off, in ）7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）die from 死于（意外事故、情形）die away 渐渐消逝die out 绝种die down(炉火)渐熄die off 逐一死去8. fall behind 落后fall over ones feet 跌跤fall down 掉下，跌倒fall back 撤退，后退1) Babies often fall _ when they are l
131、earning to walk.2) Our team seems to have fallen _ the others.3) As soon as the enemies fell _, the people returned to their village.4) She fell_ the bench and had her leg broken.（down, behind, back, over ）9. go in for 从事，喜爱，参加go through 通过，经受go over 复习，检查go up（价格）上涨，建造起来go after 追捕，追赶go against 违反g
132、o ahead 先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧go away 离开go by 时间过去39go down 下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉go on(with)继续进行go with 相配，陪同go without 没有，缺少go out 外出，熄灭go all out 全力以赴go off 爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应go back on 背约，食言go beyond 超出1) Many new factories have gone _ in the past few years.2) Rents have gone _ greatly recently.3) Many years have go
133、ne _ since we first met.4) Lets continue our journey until the sun goes _.5) His actions went _ the will of the people,6) I cant do it, for it goes _ my duty.7) Over 100 students went _ this entrance examination.8) The bomb went _ and killed ten people.9) The buyer went _ the car carefully before re
134、aching a decision.10) This tie doesnt go _ my blue shirt.11) If you think you can solve the problem, go _.12) Many students went _ playing basketball.(up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for )10. get down 下来，记下，使沮丧40get down to 致力于，专心于get on 进展，进步，穿上，上车get off 脱下,下
135、车get in 收集，插（话）get away 逃跑，逃脱，去休假get over 忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复get along with 进展，相处get up 起床get through 打通电话，完成，通过get round 消息传开get close to sth. 接近，几乎get into (trouble)get to (know)get back 取回，收回get out1) She spoke so fast that I couldnt get _ what he said.2) We will find ways to get _ difficulties.3) Th
136、e story has got _, and everyone knows about it.4) When I get _ with the report, Ill go to the cinema.5) After a delicious meal the two men got _ to business.6) Dont always get _ a word when others are speaking.7) It took me a long time to get _ such an unpleasant experience.(down, over, round, throu
137、gh, down, in, over)11. give away 赠送，泄露，出卖41give out 发出，疲劳，分发，公布give off 发出（光、热、气体）give in (to sb.) 屈服give up 放弃，让（座位）1) His accent at last gave him _.2) The liquid gave _ a strong smell.3) The headmaster gave _ the names of the prize-winners.4) The soldiers gave _ the town to the enemies.5) Who will
138、 help me to give the books _?6) Dont believe in those who give his friends _.7) After a long walk, my strength gave _.(away, off, out, up, out, away, out)12. hand in 交上，提交hand out 分发hand down 流传，遗传13. hang about 闲逛hang up 挂电话14. hold back 阻止，隐瞒hold up 举起，使停顿hold on 别挂电话，等，坚持hold out 持续，坚持，伸出hold dow
139、n 控制，镇压1) Im sure he is holding something _.2) She managed to hold _ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried.423) Tell him to hold _ a moment. Ill come soon.4) Our food supply wont hold _ for more than a few days.5) The train was held _ as a result of the floods.6) These measures helpe
140、d to hold _ the citys population.7) Hold _ your left arm, please.(back, back, on, out, up, down, up)15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持，keep up with 跟上keep off (grass)不接近，离开keep away from 避开，不接近，离远远的keep out ofkeep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守keep on 继续，坚持下来keep back 阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keep from 克制，阻止1) T
141、he angry lady told the strangers to keep _ from her.2) I can hardly keep _ my tears after hearing his words.3) Only pride kept her _ bursting into tears.4) I can scarcely keep _ asking him what he has done.5) Dont touch me, screamed the woman, Keep _!6) Keep _ until you succeed.7) Keep _ your courag
142、e, and youll succeed in the end.8) The thick coat can keep the cold _.9) Always try to keep _ the rules when you play a game.4310) I cant keep _ with everything youre doing.(away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up)16. knock at/on 敲knock into 撞到某人身上knock down 撞倒knock out of 把敲出knock over 撞倒k
143、nock off 停止工作，休息1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent _.2) The office stuff knocks _ at six every day.3) Try knocking _ the window and see if there is anyone indoors.4) He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked _ the car parked there.(down, off, on, into)17. leave for 离开前往leave out 删去，遗漏leave
144、behind 遗留,忘记拿走leave to 留给，遗嘱赠于leave over 遗留，剩下，延期1) Whose name has been left _? demanded the teacher.2) When he died, he left all his property _ his niece.3) He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella _.444) Dont leave this matter _ until tomorrow.5) Leave some meat _ for tomorrow.6) Those a
145、re questions left _ by history.(out, to, behind, over, over, over)18. look up 查找，向上看look through 翻阅，浏览look on 旁观look onas 看作look into 调查look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找look out(for)当心look about / around/round四下查看look down upon 瞧不起look back upon 回忆，回顾look ab. up and down 仔细打量某人look ab in the face/eyes直视某
146、人1) I spent two hours looking _ the students papers.2)Look _! There is a big hole in front.3) He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked _ and cheered for him.4) The old man looked _ upon the days of his youth.5) She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked _ upon all his neighbours.6) The p
147、olice promised to look _ the case as soon as possible.7) He looked _ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing.(through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round)4519. make up 编造，配制，打扮，组成make up for 弥补make into / of / from 制成make out 弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）make for 走向，驶往，促使1) Can you make thi
148、s length of cloth _ a suit?2) I asked the driver if he was making _ London?3) My father made _ a check for me to buy the camera.4) We must make the loss _ next week./ He tried hard to make _ forthe damage he had done.5) He made _ a story, which I found hard to believe.6) Someone is coming, but I can
149、t make _ who it is.(into, for, out, up/up, up, out)20. pass away 去世pass by 经过pass down(on)to 传给pass through 经历pass over 漠视，忽视1) The old clock has been passed _ to me from my grandfathers grandfather.2) The man passed _ last week in peace.3) We are passing _ difficult times.4) The secretary passed _
150、the details in the first part of his report.(down, away, through, over)21. pay back 还钱，报复46pay for 付钱，为受到惩罚，因得到报应pay off 还清1) How much did you pay _ the dictionary?2) You should pay _ the money you borrowed from me.3) Ill pay him _ for all his crimes(罪行) against me.4) Some day, youll pay _ what you
151、have done today.5) Has she pay _ the debt yet?（for, back, back, for, off）22. pick up 拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language/knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health)pick out 挑选，辨认，看出1) I picked the information _ while waiting in the queue.2) My friend has arranged to pick me _ at 6:00.3) The patient has pi
152、cked _ health during the last two weeks.4) She picked _ the most expensive pair of shoes.5) I cant pick John _ in the crowd.6) Can I pick _ VOA with this short-wave radio?7) He fell down suddenly, but picked himself _ quickly.(up, up, up, out, out, up, up)pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词23. put up
153、搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下put up with 忍受put out 伸出，扑灭put off 推迟put into 放进，翻译47put away 放好，存钱put down 记下，平息put on 穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed)put forward 提出，提前put through 接通电话put aside 放到一边put back 放回1) He put _ half his wage every week.2) The government soon put _ the revolt（暴乱）.3) Put your watch _. Its
154、slow.4) He put _ his hand for me to shake.5). Please put me _ to Extension（分机）2.6) We put _ for night at the village inn.7) He is very proud, and he often put _ airs.（摆架子）8) We had a telephone put _ in our office.9) I cant put _ with your laziness.(away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up)2
155、4. pull down 拆掉，推翻pull on 匆匆穿上 / off 脱pull in 进站pull out 取出,(火车)离站pull down 往下拉,拆毁pull over 驶到一边pull through 恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境pull up（使）停住481) The train slowly pulled _ and disappeared in the distance.2) All the old houses here have now been pulled _, and new ones are to be built.3) The car pulled _ wh
156、en I blew the horn.4) The doctor thinks the man will pull _.5) The driver pulled _ at the traffic lights.(out, down, over, through, up)25. push over 推倒，刮倒push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去push through 排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1) Weve decided to push _ with our plan to build a new road2) Many trees were pushe
157、d _ in the hurricane.3) They were determined to push the new rules _ at any cost.4) Take care not to push the baby _.5) They pushed _ the crowd and at last reached us.(on, over, through, over, through )26. run across 偶然碰到run after 追逐，追捕run away 逃跑run for 竞选run into 偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞run out of 用完1) If
158、 you drive so fast, youll run _ someone some day.2) I ran _ a friend of mine in the exhibition.3) Our water has run _. Can you fill up some more bottles?494) Why do you always run _ adventure?5) He didnt want to run _ president that year.6) In that way you will only run _ difficulties.( into, across
159、/into, out, after, for, into)27. see off 送行see through 看透，识破see to 照料，照管28. send for 派人去请send off 送行send out 发出（光亮）等send up 发射29. set up 建立set off 出发，触发，引起set out 动身，着手(to do)，陈述set about 开始着手(doing)set to work(n.)开始做set back 拨回，使推迟1) I shall set my watch _ by five minutes.2) We set _ reading the te
160、xt aloud immediately the bell rang.3) We set _ at daybreak yesterday and weve been travelling ever since then.4) I set _ to advise him not to drink.5) What were the reasons he set _ in his report?6) The president set _ a special group of soldiers to guard him.7) The unpopular law set _ a series of p
161、rotests.（抗议）50(back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)30. take off 脱掉，起飞take on 呈现 雇佣take away 拿走take in 吸收，领会take up 从事，占用（时间空间）take down 记录，取下take back 收回take for 误认为take along 随身带take over 接管take out1) I take _ all I said about his dishonesty.2) He went to the shelf and took _ a book of poems.3)
162、 At first I took him _ a doctor.4) I can see that most of you have taken _ everything that the teacher taught.5) Bill has now taken _ his fathers business.6) My job takes _ most of my time.7) The boss took _ twenty people for his new company.(back, down, for, in, over, up, on)take charge of负责, take
163、sth. for granted想当然, take hold of抓住, take pride in以 为自豪, take the placeof, 代替 take turns to do 轮流做, take office 就职31. think of 想起think ofas 把看作think out 想出think up 想出think about 考虑51think over 仔细考虑think well of sb. 对某人看法好32. turn off / on 打开turn over 翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转turn out 证明为，结果，制造成品turn to 转向，求助
164、turn down 调低，拒绝turn against 变得敌视，反对turn away 打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turn back 返回，转回去turn round 转过身来turn up 向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turn in 上缴turn upside down 把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1) The child turned _ its mother for comfort.2) Turn _ and let me see your face.3) However much he turned the problem _ in mind, he could find no satisfac
165、tory solution.4) The English evening party turned _ a great success.5) The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _.6) The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned _.7) The army turned him _ on account of (因为) his poor health.8) She turned the whole house _ in her search for her missing purse.9) Where did your purse turn _? I found it in the snow.5210) The villagers suddenly turned _ the foreigners who lived nearby.11) The factory turns _ 2000 new cars last year.(to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out)53
