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1、Period FourGrammar：The Attributive Clause定语从句定语从句 .引导定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词关系词关系词指代对象指代对象在从句中所作成分在从句中所作成分关系关系代词代词who指人指人主主、宾、表宾、表whom指人指人宾宾which指物指物主主、宾、表宾、表that既指人又指物既指人又指物主主、宾、表宾、表whose既指人又指物既指人又指物定定as既指人又指物既指人又指物主主、宾、表宾、表关系关系副词副词when指时间指时间时间状语时间状语where指地点指地点地点状语地点状语why指原因指原因原因状语原因状语1引引导定定语从句的常用关系从句的常
2、用关系词的用法的用法There are occasions when(on which) one has to yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我出生的地方。北京是我出生的地方。2定语从句中关系词的选用定语从句中关系词的选用方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，要用关系副词。词，要用关系副词。Thi
3、s is the mountain village where I stayed last year.这是我去年待过的山村。这是我去年待过的山村。The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father.昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、主、宾、定、状宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系副词。 关系词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词关系词在从句中作主语、
4、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；关系词在从句中作状；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，作地点状语，when作时间状语，作时间状语，why作原因状语作原因状语)。3that和和which引引导的定的定语从句的区从句的区别 that和和which都是关系代都是关系代词，都可在从句中作主，都可在从句中作主语或或宾语， 但两者存在着不同：但两者存在着不同：用用that不不用用which的情况的情况先行词是先行词是all，much，few，little，everything，anything，nothing，n
5、one，the one等不定代词时等不定代词时先行词被先行词被all，few，little，much，every，some，no等词修饰或被等词修饰或被the only，the very，the same，the last等限定词修饰时等限定词修饰时先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时高级修饰时先行词是序数词或其前有序数词对其进行修饰时先行词是序数词或其前有序数词对其进行修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词既指人又指物时主句是主句是who或或which等引导的特殊疑问句时等引导的特殊疑问句时用用which不不用用that的的情况情况在非限制
6、性定语从句中用在非限制性定语从句中用which不用不用that介词后边用介词后边用which不用不用thatWe should do everything that is useful to the people.我我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。做一切有益于人民的事。When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes into our mind is the West Lake.我我们谈论杭州杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。，首先想到的是西湖。This is the smallest computer that can be found in the
7、world now.这是目前是目前发现的世界上最小的的世界上最小的计算机。算机。【单项填空单项填空】The old town has narrow streets and small houses_are built close to each other.Athey Bwhere Cwhat Dthat解析解析考查定语从句。句意：这个古老的小镇拥有建造得彼考查定语从句。句意：这个古老的小镇拥有建造得彼此靠得很近的狭窄街道和小房子。先行词是此靠得很近的狭窄街道和小房子。先行词是narrow streets and small houses，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词，在从句中作主语，所以用
8、关系代词that。A和和C不能引导定语从句；不能引导定语从句；B是关系副词，不能作主语。是关系副词，不能作主语。DThe days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.Awhen Bthat Cwhere Dwhich解析解析考查定语从句的用法。句意：体力是谋生的唯一所需考查定语从句的用法。句意：体力是谋生的唯一所需的时代一去不复返了。先行词为的时代一去不复返了。先行词为the days，将其代入定语从，将其代入定语从句后为：句后为：On the days physical strength was
9、all.由此可见先由此可见先行词在定语从句中作时问状语，故用行词在定语从句中作时问状语，故用when引导。本题先行引导。本题先行词与定语从句隔开，构成了词与定语从句隔开，构成了“分割性定语从句分割性定语从句”，增加了试，增加了试题难度。题难度。A.“介词关系代词介词关系代词”的用法的用法1“介词关系代词介词关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法。结构中介词的确定方法。(1)根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。The witness to whom the policemen referred was killed last night.警察所提到的那
10、个目击证人昨晚被杀了。警察所提到的那个目击证人昨晚被杀了。(refer to提到提到)(2)根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。I dont know the reason for which he was late for school.我不知道他为何上学迟到。我不知道他为何上学迟到。(3)根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。2“介介词关系代关系代词”结构中的关系代构中的关系代词通常用通常
11、用which或或whom，不用，不用that。Ill never forget the day on which I joined the army.我永我永远也忘不了我参也忘不了我参军的那一天。的那一天。This is the pencil with which I draw pictures.这是我画画用的那支是我画画用的那支铅笔。笔。3关系副关系副词where，when，why可替可替换成成“介介词which”，介，介词取决于先行取决于先行词及介及介词which在从句中的作在从句中的作用。用。why可替可替换为for which。This is the house in which I
12、lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。就是两年前我居住的那个房子。4“不定代不定代词或数或数词十介十介词 which/whom”引引导的定的定语从从句句说明整体中的部分。明整体中的部分。Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it.上周只有两个人来看房子，他上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想两个人都不想买。5“the名名词of which
13、”可可替替换“whose名名词”，引引导定定语从从句。句。The house，the windows of which were damaged，has now been repaired.窗子遭破坏的那所房子窗子遭破坏的那所房子现在已在已经修好了。修好了。【单项填空单项填空】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction_had taken more than three years.Afor which Bwith whichCof which Dto which解析解析考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她带领游客参观了这考
14、查非限制性定语从句。句意：她带领游客参观了这个博物馆，建设这个博物馆花了三年多的时间。由于本题中个博物馆，建设这个博物馆花了三年多的时间。由于本题中两个分句之问既没有从属连词，又没有并列连词，所以此处两个分句之问既没有从属连词，又没有并列连词，所以此处应该是一个限制性定语从句，其中先行词是应该是一个限制性定语从句，其中先行词是the museum，construction和和museum之间具有所属关系，所以应该用介词之间具有所属关系，所以应该用介词of，故答案为，故答案为C项。项。C.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别如下：
15、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别如下： 限制性定限制性定语从句从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行和先行词关系密切关系密切(起修起修饰限限制的作用，制的作用，删掉后影响整个掉后影响整个句子意思的表达句子意思的表达) 和先行词关系不密切和先行词关系不密切(起补充起补充说明的作用，删掉后不影响说明的作用，删掉后不影响整个句子意思的表达整个句子意思的表达)不用逗号隔开不用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开可用可用that引导引导不可以用不可以用that引导引导只可以修饰先行词只可以修饰先行词，不可以不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分修饰主句或主句的一部分既可以修饰先行词既可以修饰先行词，也可
16、以也可以修饰主句或主句的一部分修饰主句或主句的一部分【单项填空单项填空】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends，_ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.Awhich BwhereCwho Dthat解析解析考查定语从句。句意：我和朋友们一起登上山顶，从考查定语从句。句意：我和朋友们一起登上山顶，从山顶上我们欣赏了湖光美景。本句中没有并列连词也没有从山顶上我们欣赏了湖光美景。本句中没有并列连词也没有从属连词，故判断逗号后为非限制性定语从句。先行词为属连词，故判断逗号后为非限制性定语从句。先行词
17、为the top of the hill，还原到从句后为：，还原到从句后为：on the top of the hill we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake，由此可见先行词在从句，由此可见先行词在从句中作地点状语，故选中作地点状语，故选B项。项。B.as/which引导的非限制性定语从句引导的非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性引导非限制性定语从句时定语从句时，修饰整句话或修饰整句话或整件事整件事位置较灵活位置较灵活，也就是也就是说可置于所修饰的句说可置于所修饰的句子前面，插在句子中子前面，插在句子中或放在句子后。或放在句子后。一般译为一般译为“正如正如，
18、就像就像”which定语从句只置于所修定语从句只置于所修饰的句子后饰的句子后一般译为一般译为“结果结果”As we all know，smoking is harmful to health.我我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。都知道，吸烟有害健康。He finished the task ahead of time，which is very important to us.他提前完成了任他提前完成了任务，这对我我们很重要。很重要。【单项填空单项填空】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others，_，of course, made a
19、ll the others upset.Awho Bwhich Cwhat Dthat解析解析考查非限制性定语从句。句意：玛丽对杰克要比对其考查非限制性定语从句。句意：玛丽对杰克要比对其他人友好得多，当然，这使得其他人都不太高兴。分析句子他人友好得多，当然，这使得其他人都不太高兴。分析句子结构和句意可知空格处应该引导一个非限制性的定语从句，结构和句意可知空格处应该引导一个非限制性的定语从句，故排除故排除C、D两项；空格处的关系词用来指代前面整个句子两项；空格处的关系词用来指代前面整个句子内容，作内容，作made的主语，所以排除的主语，所以排除A项，选项，选B项。项。B英语中的对称结构英语中的对
20、称结构先看下面利用对称结构分析法巧解对称结构题先看下面利用对称结构分析法巧解对称结构题。1English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it?Yes._more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.AKnow BKnowingCTo know DKnown解析解析因为第二个因为第二个and后面是一个句子，所以前面也必定是后面是一个句子，所以前面也必定是一个句子，但前面这个句子没有主语，只能选用动词原形，一个句子，但前面这个句子没有主语，只能选用动词原形，
21、构成一个祈使句，因此，正确答案是构成一个祈使句，因此，正确答案是A。A2On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market，_some bananas and visited her cousin.Abought BbuyingCto buy Dbuy解析解析因为因为and后面是过去式后面是过去式visited，前面也必定是动词的，前面也必定是动词的过去式，所以正确答案是过去式，所以正确答案是A。A英语中对称结构做题出错的情况有以下几种：英语中对称结构做题出错的情况有以下几种：一、关联词前后的不对称一、关联词前后的不对称并列并列连词(and
22、，but，as well as，or)及复合并列连词及复合并列连词( not only.but also，neither.nor.，either.or.，both.and.)连连接的应是两个结构相等的成分接的应是两个结构相等的成分两个对等的名词、谓语形式两个对等的名词、谓语形式或非谓语形式。或非谓语形式。1误：误：I like her not because she is beautiful but that she is kind.正：正：I like her not because she is beautiful but because she is kind.2误：误：One of t
23、he articles is interesting, informative and it is easy to read.正：正：One of the articles is interesting, informative and easy to read.3误：Bob has sat at the table for a couple of hours and drank considerably more wine than is good for his health.正：正：Bob has sat at the table for a couple of hours and dr
24、unk considerably more wine than is good for his health.4误：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a job, or the army.正：正：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a j
25、ob, or joining/entering the army.5误：Sitting up late last night, Tom not only read the assignment but also many poems by one of his favorite poets.正：正：Sitting up late last night, Tom read not only the assignment but also many poems by one of his favorite poets.6误：Water both flows over and through por
26、ous soil.正：正：Water flows both over and through porous soil.7误：I was advised to either telephone or to write to the hotel. 正：正：I was advised either to telephone or to write to the hotel.8误：We wondered whether to believe him or should we try to verify his story.正：正：We wondered whether to believe him o
27、r to try to verify his story.二、语法结构的不对称二、语法结构的不对称有些句子有些句子带有一系列修有一系列修饰性的性的词或短或短语，如果，如果这些些词或短或短语在句子中起相同的在句子中起相同的语法作用法作用，那么他们就应该属于相同的词，那么他们就应该属于相同的词性，如形容词、动词或副词，或属于相同的语法结构。而有性，如形容词、动词或副词，或属于相同的语法结构。而有些句子中相应的语法结构不对称，主要是混用了不定式些句子中相应的语法结构不对称，主要是混用了不定式(to do)与动名词与动名词( doing)。1误：误：He was young, strong, and
28、feeling happy.(表语结构表语结构不对称不对称)正：正：He was young, strong and happy.2误：误：He sings, dances, and playing the guitar.(谓语结构不谓语结构不对称对称)正：正：He sings, dances and plays the guitar.3误：You can go to Beijing by land, taking a plane or a ship.(状状语结构不构不对称称)正：正：You can go to Beijing by land, by air or by sea.4误：He l
29、ikes to swim, to jog, and playing tennis.(宾语结构构不不对称称)正：正：He likes to swim, to jog, and to play tennis. /He likes swimming, jogging, and playing tennis.5误：To speak to a friend is easier than speaking to a stranger.(主主语结构不构不对称称)正：正：To speak to a friend is easier than to speak to a stranger./Speaking t
30、o a friend is easier than speaking to a stranger.三、与三、与“比较比较”相关的不对称相关的不对称 有些句子中的对称结构错误是由于比较句型不完整，或比较有些句子中的对称结构错误是由于比较句型不完整，或比较的事物不一致，或由于未能正确使用双重比较而引起的。的事物不一致，或由于未能正确使用双重比较而引起的。1误：误：The living standard in Hong Kong is higher than Chinese mainland.正：正：The living standard in Hong Kong is higher than th
31、at in Chinese mainland.2误：误：The paintings of Van Gogh are perhaps better known than Cezanne.正：正：The paintings of Van Gogh are perhaps better known than those of Cezanne.3误：The Yangtze is longer than any river in China.正：正：The Yangtze is longer than any other river in China./The Yangtze is longer tha
32、n any of the other rivers in China.4误：My handwriting is much better than anyone else in our class.正：正：My handwriting is much better than anyone elses in our class.5误：He runs as fast but not faster than his brother.正：正：He runs as fast as but not faster than his brother.四、介词的漏用四、介词的漏用误：误：The emperor cared more for new clothes than anything else.正：正：The emperor cared more for new clothes than for anything else.析：本句所比较的部分是短词动词，析：本句所比较的部分是短词动词，than之后应重复和动词之后应重复和动词搭配的介词。搭配的介词。
