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1、法律语用学新进展AdvancesinForensicPragmatics基于第十届国际法律语言学大会的汇报与思考AReportontheInternationalAssociationofForensicLinguists(IAFL)TenthBiennialConference:focusingonforensicpragmatics张新红张新红广东外语外贸大学法律语言学研究所广东外语外贸大学法律语言学研究所第12届全国语用学研讨会论坛：从第12届国际语用学大会等看语用学发展趋势山西大学2011年7月主办方与承办方Outline法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？法律语言学家面临哪些困境？
2、他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？纯粹的语用学方法还是综合运用语言学各个学科？对国内法律语用学/语言学研究的启示？法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Reformulation/Fabrication/Institutionalization/Contraction/Decontextualization/SummarizingofInstitutionalInteractioninpoliceinterviewingandcourttrial(policesinstitutionalized/bureaucraticreportofwitnessorsuspectsstat
3、ementasevidenceagainstsuspect,在法院则经常直接quoteoutofcontext,misrepresentingthesuspectsownwordsortakenasdirectrepresentationofsuspectsownwords，大陆法系尤其如此；作为专家证人或者辩护律师，需要recontextualize);differentversionsofthestory:TheCareerofaSuspectsStatement:Talk,text,andcontext(MarthaKomter-plenaryspeaker)“Youaskedmewha
4、thappenedlastnight”:AcomparisonbetweenfirststorysolicitationsinpoliceinterrogationsandthetextinthepolicerecordsFromIdliketoreporttotheytoldmetophoneyouuptoreport:MetalinguisticdimensionsofinteractionsinpolicingOverlappingVoicesinPoliceRecordsofInterpretedInterviewswithWitnesses法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Sus
5、pects right to silence, right to interpreting service(assessmentofhisL2linguisticandpragmaticcompetence,bothcomprehensionandproduction(summerschoolcase&thosepresentationsonlegalinterpreting)andright to legal advice:ElicitedImitationasaDetermineroftheNeedforaCourtInterpreter(WilliamEggington,TroyCox&
6、SethWood)LegalInterpretingandtheAdministrationofJusticeinForeigner-relatedCasesinChinaToday:ALongwaytoGo(XinhongZHANG)Silence:Civilrightorsocialprivilege?(GeorginaHeydon)TheConstructionofAdmissionsofFaultthroughAmericanRulesofEvidence:Speech,silence,andsignificanceinthelegalcreationofliability(Janet
7、Ainsworth)FakedorTruthfulSecondLanguageProficiency:Assessingclaims(MargaretvanNaerssen)Confessions&Forgiveness:ForensiclinguisticstudiesoftherighttosilenceoutlawedintheCriminalProcedureLawoftheP.R.China;法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Applicability / Usability of guidelines in judicial settings:PoliceInterviewin
8、gPracticePolicy/Guidelines(esp.incasesinvolvingvulnerablewitnessessuchaschildren,rapevictimsandthe(mentallyorphysically)disabled:TheAmericansWithDisabilitiesActasDiscourseFailure(JillAnderson)vulnerabilityofwitnesses(VulnerableWitnessesinEnglandandWales:Havewenowachievedbestevidence?);ImprovingtheCo
9、mprehensibilityofPatternJuryInstructions(BethanyDumas)TheConsequencesofFakedComprehensioninInterrogationSettings法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Determination of Disputed Meaning:whatdidthespeakerreallysayandmean?Expertwitnessesworkforpolice,lawyers,legalaidcenters,courtsorclients(incriminalcases,defamationcases,
10、copyrightcases,TMcases,contracts(territory;nosubject;rentforequipmentandconsumables),etc.)(专家确定意义的过程与侦探查案过程类似):TheworstthingisthatyoukilledhimPragmaticmeaningsinforensiccontexts(KK)(Comehereman)DuppyingYootsinaDogEatDogWorld,kmt:DeterminingmeaningattheOldBailey(TimGrant)PsychologicalInsightsContribu
11、tingtoPoliceInterviewingPolicyandPractice(RAYBULL)ExpertWitnessesRoleinDisputedSpeechPresentationinaNewsReport(ReikoIkeo)法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Language rights, equality, etc.:Interpretingservicesinalljudicialproceedings(summerschoolcase);equalityb/wtrialparticipants;Internet,email,blogusersneedsomeknow
12、ledgeofcontracts:ExpertsasVulnerableWitnessesinAustralianAboriginalLandClaimandNativeTitleCases(MichaelWalsh)Non-AdversarialJustice:Thechangingroleofcourtroomparticipantsinanindigenoussentencingcourt(NatalieStroud)VirtualContracts:EULAsandTOSAs(GailStygall)法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Interpretation / applica
13、tion of laws, regulations, contracts etc.:literalorpragmatic?morality,deceptiveinterpretationtakingadvantageoflinguisticambiguitiesandindeterminaciesorlegalloopholes;purposetest：StatutoryInterpretation,MoralityandtheText(LawrenceSolan)法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Legal discourse, power and control in courtroo
14、m discourse, police interview etc.:ExpertWitnessTestimony:Negotiatingcontrolovertheevidence;LanguageStruggleandPowerAbuseThroughDiglossiainaMurderTrial(GiorgosV.Georgiou)FairCommentsinHongKongDefamationCases(LeCheng&WinnieCheng)PoliceInterrogationandIdentityConstruction(NingYeandJixianPang)Law,Langu
15、ageandPowerintheAgeofWikiforensics:ThetranscodingofinnocenceandguiltintheMeredithKerchercaseDiscourseofPowerandIdeologyinCriminalCourtsofIranUsingokayforTaskManagement,SolidarityOverture,andConfrontationinaPoliceInterview法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Legal / Court interpretingOverlappingVoicesinPoliceRecordsof
16、InterpretedInterviewswithWitnesses(KarolinaJarmolowska)Garment,orUpper-garment?AMatterofInterpretation?(EvaNg)ItsAsIfYouWerePhysicallyPresent:InterpretersandprisonvideoLinkinthemultilingualcourtroom(YvonneFowler)LegalTranslationandInterpreting,andForensicLinguistics:WhatneedstobechangedinPortugal(An
17、aPauladaFonsecaLopes)ElicitedImitationasaDetermineroftheNeedforaCourtInterpreter(WilliamEggington,TroyCox&SethWood)LegalInterpretingandtheAdministrationofJusticeinForeigner-relatedCasesinChinaToday:ALongwaytoGo(XinhongZHANG)法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Deception:TellingtheTruth,theWholetruth,and.AnythingMoreT
18、hantheTruth?(ngelaAlmelaSnchez-Lafuente)DetectingDeceptioninItalianCriminalProceedings(TommasoFornaciari)TheFalseReportDuringanEmergencyCall:Usingdiscourseanalysistodetectdeceit(MartyLaforest)IsabelPicornell:TheRakesProgress:MappingdeceptioninwrittenwitnessstatementsZhanghongXu:APragmaticApproachtoL
19、itigantsDeceptiveStrategiesinReconstructingLegalFactsinChineseCivilCourtGillianGrebler:(False)ConfessionsBecomeCompellingatTrial法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Authorship analysisExploringthePotentialforFormulaicLanguageasaMarkerofAuthorship(SamuelTomblin)WhoseTweet?AuthorshipAnalysisofMicro-blogsandOtherShortFo
20、rmMessages(NicciMacLeod&TimGrant)Style,SystemsandGenre:AtheoreticalbaseforstylisticapproachestoauthorshipanalysisUncoveringLinguisticDisguise:Forensiclinguisticanalysisinthree2007stagedsuicideattemptsTheUseofSequencesofLinguisticCategoriesinForensicWrittenTextComparisonRevisitedTraddutore,Traditore?
21、:PlagiarismandCopyrightInfringementinMachineTranslationAlltheTextsaStage;AndalltheFunctionWordsMerelyPlayers?ACorpus-assistedAnalysisoftheImportanceofSemanticRolesofFunctionWordsinAuthorshipAttributionNativeLanguageIdentification:IdentifyingnativePersianspeakerswritinginEnglish法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Pra
22、gmatics in Courtroom discourse:IObjectOrDidI?(MelGreenlee)AComparisonofQuestioning,Turn-takingandCode-switchinginMalaysianSyariahandCommonLawCourts(AzirahHashim&RichardPowell)LinguisticMeaning,PragmaticsandContext:SemanticanalysisofevidenceinadoublehomicidetrialseekingtoweighintentAPragmaticApproach
23、toLitigantsDeceptiveStrategiesinReconstructingLegalFactsinChineseCivilCourtsTheSpeechActofApology-ACCEPTINGinGermanVictim-offender-mediation法律语言学家关注或参与哪些课题和案例？Analysis of Suicide notesJessShapero&SueBlackwell:“Therearelettersforyouallonthesideboard”:Whatcanlinguistslearnfrommultiplesuicide-notewrite
24、rs?DanaRoemling:GenuineandSimulatedSuicideNotesinGerman法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？任务急、时间紧在侦查阶段没有语言学家参与，录音转写由非专业人士完成，因此能够参考的语料较少，甚至只有一个词语或一句话+双方的争议焦点；即使有完整笔录，也很难根据上下文做出双方满意的推理判断理解话语所必须的语境和说话人的背景经常必须重新建构(recontextualize)法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？根据案件的类型，具体问题具体处理，可以说是典型的应用语言学，只要能
25、够用于帮助确定意义，都可以尝试采用。例如：确定一件强奸案日记的作者，就采用了母语发展等理论；房东想赶走房客，于是写了“Illsmokeyououtofthehouse”。Isitathreatornot?用了言语行为理论等分析；识别Allegedsuicidenote的作者：找到suspect可用于对比的语料，然后采用文体分析、统计、语用分析、体裁分析、topicanalysis等综合方法法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？有些法律语言专家证人则采用比较固定的分析模式，例如RonButters对intellectualpropertydisputes(特
26、别是其中disputedtrademarks)、不充分的产品说明、欺骗性广告，喜欢采用四层分析法：句法、语义、语用、符号学；对合同采用三层分析法：语句、语义、语用。确定词义的方法：词典、internetsourcesofprimarydata、corpus等GenericnessinTM(Trademark)McSleepv.McDonalds(sound,meaningnpragmaticcontext)AppStorevAppStorevAppsstoreKresslerslogan:eg:OurcarsareimportedfromDetroit.法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出
27、困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？Corpuslinguistics:本届大会有一个panel。Corpuslinguistics在法律语言学中被大量使用：DavidWright:StylisticVariationWithinGenreConventionsintheEnronEmailCorpus:Developingatext-sensitivemethodologyforauthorshipresearchMillicentMurdoch:WhatsinaName?AnInvestigationintoAuthorshipAttributionCaraAttenborough:Ups
28、ettingtheAppleCart:DevelopingasuitablelinguisticmethodologyforuseintrademarkdisputesClaireBrodley:RepresentationofRapein18thCenturyTrialsinTheProceedingsoftheOldBailey1674-1913WillDickson:SemanticandSyntacticRepresentationsofmonomaniainVictorianTrialsSurroundingtheMcNaughtenTrial(1843)UpsettingtheAp
29、pleCart:DevelopingasuitablelinguisticmethodologyforuseintrademarkdisputesCARAATTENBOROUGHAppleInc.andasmallcompanycalledSectorLabsLLCarecurrentlyincourtproceedingstodeterminewhetherthelattercompanycanfeasiblycallitsproductVideoPodwithoutdilutingAppleInc.siPodtrademark.ThisstudycompiledacorpusofAmeri
30、cannewspublicationsfrom2000to2010thatfeaturedthelexemepod,todeterminewhetherAppleInc.hastherighttodemandsoleuseofpodinitsproducttrademarks.Collocationalanalysiswasthechiefmethodusedtoanalysethedata.ItwashypothesizedthatifpodandiPodsharedsimilarcollocatesthenthereisconsiderablelikelihoodofconfusionbe
31、tweeniPodandtheproposedVideoPod.TheanalysisfoundthelexemesareusedindifferentlinguisticcontextsandthereisnosignificantcollocateoverlapbetweenpodandiPod.Thepaperconcludes,therefore,thatVideoPodshouldbeallowedasatrademark.Forthisanalysistoholdinacourtroomsetting,however,thepaperconcedesthatthecorpususe
32、d,totalingjustover460,000words,needstobelargerandperhapsalsoincludespokendatatoprovideanevenmoreaccuraterepresentationofhowpodisusedinthemodernEnglishLanguage.法律语言学家面临哪些困境？他们是如何走出困境来完成各类任务的(语言学工具)？Corpa:TheBritishNationalCorpus:www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/index.xmlCorpusofContemporaryAmericanEnglish:http:/
33、corpus.byu.edu/coca/YoucanalsousetheInternetasacorpus:www.webcorp.org.uk/T(Clickonanewsstoryandreadtheusercommentsunderneath)Google;wikiTweeter各类方言词典纯粹的语用学方法还是综合运用语言学各个学科Purismortoolkit?Itdependsonthenatureofthetask.对国内法律语用学研究的启示？Whichapproachtouse?(WhatisurresearchQ?Whyruanalyzingthistext?Whatdouho
34、petofindout?Spokenorwritten?Hownaturalisurtext?Howinteractiveisurtext?)Comparativeanalysisofpoliceinterviews(manydifferentaspects,approaches,andworriesofcourse);TMcases:现成的案例很多，大家可以发表专家意见Casesinthemediacontext产品说明书欺骗性广告庭审话语Problemsininterpreter-aidedcommunication(meaningdistortedtwice:byinterpreterandstenographer,howtorecontextualizeinterpreteddiscourse?)
