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1、句子成分和句子分类句子成分和句子分类缩写字母原词代表词性n.noun名词v.verb动词vt.transitiveverb及物动词vi.intransitiveverb 不及物动词modalvmodalverb情态动词aux.v.auxiliaryverb助动词adj.adjective形容词adv.adverb副词num.numeral数词interj.interjection感叹词pron.pronoun代词prep.preposition介词art.article冠词conjconjunction连词练习练习1. 1. 指出下列句中划指出下列句中划线动词是及物是及物动词还是不及物是不及物
2、动词，及物填，及物填vt.，不及物填，不及物填vi.1. 1. Most birds can fly.（ ）2. 2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )3. 3. It happened yesterday.（ ）4. 4. My watch stopped.（ ）5. 5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )6. 6. She spoke at the meeting this morn ning. （ ）7. 7. Shall I begin at once?（
3、）8. 8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（）（ ）9. 9. When did they leave Beijing?（ ）10. 10. They left last week. （ ）练习练习1. 1. 指出下列斜体指出下列斜体单词是是实义动词还是是助助动词：1. 1. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? 2. 2. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.3. 3. Where does( ) he live ( )?4. 4. He does ( ) so
4、me washing after work.5. 5. He has ( ) had ( )supper already.6. 6. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.7. 7. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.8. 8. He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone.考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划句子成分的符号主语在下面划一直线谓语在下面划曲线宾语在下面划双横线定语在下面划虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我
5、们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同考点2.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词2.代词3.数词4.名词化的形容词（如therich）5.不定式6.动名词7.主语从句等表示。练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One
6、-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.Thatheisntathomeisnottrue练习2.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因1.Hefailedtheexamisthereasonwhy
7、hedroppedout.2.Thatwhyhewaslateforschoolwasthathismotherwasill.3.Beyondthemountainslieasmallvillage.4.GoneisthedayswhenIhadtogotoschoolonfoot.5.Playbasketballismyfavoritesport.6.GiveupEnglishisnotanoption.考点3.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.H
8、ereadsnewspaperseveryday.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.Iwouldstayathomeallday.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：Wearestudents.Yourideasoundsgreat.练习3.划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。1.OurteacherofEnglishi
9、sanAmerican.2.Isityours?3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.4.Thespeechisexciting.5.Threetimessevenistwentyone.6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.7.Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.8.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.9.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.练习4.划出下列句中的宾语,并说明有什么充当。1.Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.2.(Howmanydictionari
10、esdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.3.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.4.Iwantedtobuyacar.5.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.6.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.练习5.用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolend
11、hismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.8.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。副词用作定语一般要后置。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那儿的人们)Hedidntlikethemandownstairs.（楼下的那个人）形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词
12、之后单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁边的那个人）介词短语作定语时要后置TheboyunderthetreeisTom.（树下的那个男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我们班最高的那个男孩）现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式做定语常后置Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译：我有要说的话)Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）Thehousebuilt
13、lastyearisimpressive.（去年建的那座房子）练习6.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是什么词性或结构充当。1.TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.2.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.3.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.4.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.5.Itsabookworthnomorethanonedollar.6.Itsacityfarfromthecoast.7.Hehasmoneyenoughtobu
14、yacar.8.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.9.Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedon修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.(写地认真，走地慢，修饰动词用副词，作状语)Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）Herunsveryslowly.
15、（修饰副词slowly,因此very是副词，做状语）Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.（修饰整个句子用副词，做状语）1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.3.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.4.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imu
16、stworkharder.7.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.8.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.9.Theboyreallyneedsapen.10.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.11.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.12.Iamtallerthanheis.13.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.14.OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.15.H
17、avingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）Weallarestudents./(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）Itsgoodtousstudents.练习8.选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语1.Theyoungman,_,worksintheoffice.A.mebrotherB.mybrotherC.mybrothersD.me2.OurEnglisht
18、eacher,_,oftenhelpsuswithstudy.A.Mrs.WangB.Mrs.WangsC.Mrs.Wangs.D.ofhim3._,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.A.ThemB.HeC.TheyD.Theirs1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isntthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpasts
19、eveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isntit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.1.改正下列句子的改
20、错。Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.Thatwhathesaidisnttrue.Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.Onthedeskistwobooks.Gotoakeycollegeismydream.IlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.IlikeEnglishandmyEnglishisverygood.AsIlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.IlikeEnglish;myEnglishisgood.IlikingEnglish,myEnglishisvery
21、good.2.用划出下列句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的Thereisnothingtodotoday.Thesmilingboyneedsthepenboughtbyhismother.Therearefiveboysleft.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.Heisnotamaneasytodealwith.Atyphoonsweptacross
22、theareawithheavyrainsandwindsasstrongas113milesperhour.Studentsbraveenoughtotakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.Thereisonlyoneprogramworthwatchingtoday.3.用双横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直接宾语。IwillbringyouthebookwhenIcomenexttime.Heaskedtherulerwhyonlythefourrichmenblewtrumpets.Mygrandfather
23、boughtmeapairofsportsshoes.Sheshowedusmanyofherpictures.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.4.分析下列句子成分，体会宾语与宾补之间的逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。Shefounditdifficulttodothework.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.Theypushedthedooropen.ThensuddenlyIsawamanlyingontheground.Theoldmanaskedustositdown.Henoticedamanenterth
24、eroom.Byspeakingslowly,hemadehimselfunderstood.Wewantthesetreesplantedsoon.Illgetmyhaircuttomorrow.Ileftthebaglyingontheground.5.用双下划线标出it所代表的真正宾语。ThechairmanthoughtitnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.Shemadeitherdutytolookafteralltheotherpeoplesaffairsinthattown.IdontthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemoryworkHemadeitknowntohisfriendsthathedidntwanttoenterpolitics.Ileaveittoyourownjudgmentwhetheryoushoulddoit.写作专练7.正确运用两个“有”therebe与have（参看P93）1.我有许多好朋友。2.今天晚上将有一场电影。3.公园内有许多人。4.树上有许多小鸟。5.一条狗有四条腿和一个尾巴。
