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1、The origin and meaning of metafunctionMetafunction(纯理功能纯理功能or元功能元功能)韩礼德礼德(MichaelHalliday）The London school: a tradition of laying stress on the functions of language and attaching great importance to contexts of situation and the system aspect of language.Systemic-functionalGrammar（系统功能语法）（系统功能语法）T
2、he term metafunction originates in systemic functional linguistics and is considered to be a property of all languages. According to Halliday, though languages vary in how and what they do, and what humans do with them in the contexts of human cultural practice, all languages are considered to be sh
3、aped and organised in relation to three functions, or metafunctions.纯理功能思想是系统功能语法核心思想之一韩礼德认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求,在语言所必须完成的众多功能中,尽管这些功能千变万化，我们可以把它们归纳为若干个有限的最为抽象，最具概括性的功能，即纯理功能（元功能）它们是语言所固有的，具有语言的普遍特征。Hallidays systemic Grammar contains a functional component，that is ,the interpretation of grammatical patt
4、erns in terms of configurations of functions.Since he sees these functions as particularly relevant to te analysis of text(by which he means everything that is said or written ), Halliday defines a functional grammar as essentially a nature grammar,in the sense that every thing in it can be explaine
5、d,ultimately , by reference to how language is used.Halliday believes that language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions. In other words,social demand on language has helped to shapeits stucture.He interprets language from a functional point of view and formulates a functonal theo
6、ry of language.OriginHalliday views language development in children as the mastery of linguistic function,and learning a language is learninf how to mean . So he proposes seven functions in childrens model of language:(1)the instrumental function （工具功能）;(2)the regulatory function（控制功能）;(3)the inter
7、actional function（交互功能）;(4)the personal function（自指性功能）;(5)the heuristic function（探索功能）;(6)the imaginative function（想象功能）;(7)the informative function（信息功能）.According to Halliday,the adults language becomes much more complex and it has to serve many more functions,and the original functional range of
8、 the childs language is gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions, which are metafunctions:the the ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The ideational function is further divided into the experiential and logical.从16个半月开始，幼儿语言开始向成人语言转化。在这个时期，幼儿开始运用成人语言中的词汇和语法。他们的
9、语言功能也更为抽象和复杂。由于成人的语言更为复杂而且要完成很多功能，因此幼儿语言最初的功能范围逐渐缩小为一组高度字符化并且抽象的功能,，即元功能。Metafunctions are systemic clusters; that is, they are groups of semantic systems that make meanings of a related kind. Halliday argues that the concept of metafunction is one of a small set of principles that are necessary to
10、explain how language works; this concept of function in language is necessary to explain the organisation of the semantic system of language. MeaningThe three metafunctions are mapped onto the structure of the clause.For this reason, systemic linguists analyse a clause from three perspectives.These
11、metafunctions appears at a new level in the linguistic system,taking the form of grammar. The grammatical system, as it were, a functional input and a structuarl output; it provides the machanism for different functions to be combined in one utterance in the way the adult requires.In SFL, the metafu
12、nctions operate simultaneously, and any utterance is a harmony of choices across all three functions.Metafunction纯理功能Ideational function（概念功能）Interpersonal function(人际功能)experientialfunction（经验功能）Textual function（语篇功能）logical function(逻辑功能) Ideationalfunction概念功能The ideational function is to convey
13、new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. Present in all language uses , the ideational function is a meaning potential , because whatever specifc use one is making of language he has to referto categories of his experience of the world .It includes the experiential fu
14、nction and the logical function. The ideational function mainly consists of transitivity（及物性系统） and voice(语态) . This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realisations.For example , John built a new house can be analysed as a
15、configuration of the function roles :Actor : JohnProcess : Material : Creation：builtGoal : Affected : a new house Experientialfunction经验功能功能The experiential function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to make meanings about the world around us and inside us:经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界（包括内心
16、世界）中的各种经历的表达。换言之，就是反映客观世界中所发生的事、所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点等环境因素。Logicalfunction逻辑功能逻辑功能Halliday describes the logical function as those systems “which set up logicalsemantic relationships between one clausal unit and another”指的是是语言对两个或两个以上的意义单位之间逻辑关系的表达。Interpersonalfunction(人际功能人际功能)The Interpersonal func
17、tion embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations . This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act . Becausc the clause is not confined to the expression of transitivity , there are non一ideational elements in the adult languag
18、e system .人际功能是指语言具有表达说话者身份、地位、态度、动机 和对事物的判断、参加社会活动、建立社会关系等功能。Interpersonal function is realised by MOOD(语气) and MODALITY（情态） . Mood shows what role the speaker selects in the speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee . If the speaker selects the imperative mood , he assumes the rol
19、e of one giving commands and puts the addressee in the role of one expected to obey orders . Modality specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgement or making a prediction . For example , Give me that teapot !Mood is made up of two parts : the Subject , , and the Finite , , element . The subje
20、ct can be a noun , a noun phrase , or a clause . Eg. To argue with the captain is asking for trouble .Ignoring the problem will not make your work easier.Finite elements are tense morphemes , auxiliary verbs and modal verbs that express tense or modality , and they are part of the verb phrase . In t
21、he above examples , is and will are fnite elements .Textualfunction(语篇功能篇功能) Halliday argues that both experiential and interpersonal functions are intricately organized, but that between the two “there is comparatively very little constraint”. This means that “by and large, you can put any interact
22、ional spin on any representational content”. What allows meanings from these two modes to freely combine is the intercession of a third, distinct mode of meaning that Halliday refers to as the textual function. The term encompasses all of the grammatical systems responsible for managing the flow of discourse. 语篇功能是指语言中存在着一种机制将口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的语篇，这种机制的实际的言语区别与一系列随意的句子。尽管两个句子在概念功能和人际功能方面可能完全相同，但就语篇功能而言可能存在较大区别。Thanks2014.03.21
