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1、 Maritime Law Welcometothewonderfulworldofmaritimelaw!TimeMaritimeLawistaughtatthefollowingtimethissemester:StudyResourcesTextsThetwoleadingtextsonmaritimelaware:TheLawofAdmiraltyShippingLaw初级（大一大二，这段时间要多看些民商等基础初级（大一大二，这段时间要多看些民商等基础法律）法律）1.中华人民共和国海商法中、英文本北京：人民交通出版社2.海牙规则威斯比规则、汉堡规则（英文版）3.海商法/魏文达编著北京：
2、法律出版社 4.4.海商法/於世成等著 北京：法律出版社5.中国海事审判年刊专著/金正佳主编北京：中国交通出版社6.中国交通出版社海商法学/吴焕宁主编北京：法律出版社7.中国典型海事案例评析/金正佳主编北京：法律出版社8.租船实务与法律郭萍 大连海事大学出版社中级：（大三大四）中级：（大三大四）1.航运实务丛谈/杨良宜著,大连海事大学出版社，这套书要看四本：国际贸易法期租合约承租合约海事法2.海上货物运输法尹东年、郭瑜人民法院出版社3.提单法律制度研究/郭瑜著北京：北京大学出版社4.金康合约，NYPE合约46/93（英文版），安特卫普规则5.英国海上货物运输法美国海上货物运输法6.海商法/吉尔
3、摩著，吴焕宁、杨召南译，中国大百科全书出版社高级(研)1.CarriageofGoodsBySea2.VoyageCharters3.TimeCharters4.CIFandFOB5.ShippingLaw6.TheLawofAdmiralty7.AdmiraltyInternet resourceshttp:/itemaritime.org/http:/www.standard- law of admiralty, or maritime law, maytentatively be defined as a corpus of rules,concepts, and legal pract
4、ices governing certaincentrally important concerns of the business ofcarryinggoodsandpassengersbywater.TheHistoryofMARITIMELAWTheearliestsea-codeLexRhodiaThemedievalsea-codes(theRulesofOleron)LexOleronLexConsolatoLawsofVisbyBlackBookoftheAdmiraltyMaritimeCodeofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaMaritimeCodeof
5、thePeoplesRepublicofChinawasadoptedatthe 28th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the SeventhNationalPeoplesCongressonNovember7,1992,promulgatedbyOrderNo.64ofthePresidentofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonNovember7,1992,andeffectiveasofJuly1,1993ThisCodeisenactedwithaviewtoregulatingtherelationsarisingfr
6、ommaritimetransportandthosepertainingtoships,tosecuringandprotectingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofthepartiesconcerned,and to promoting the development of maritime transport, economyandtrade.Maritime transport as referred to in this Code means the carriage of goods andpassengersbysea,includingthes
7、ea-riverandriver-seadirecttransport.TheprovisionsconcerningcontractsofcarriageofgoodsbyseaascontainedinChapterIVofthisCodeshallnotbeapplicabletothemaritimetransportofgoodsbetweentheportsofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.Questions:1.WhendidMaritimeCodeofthePeoplesRepublicofChinacomeintoeffect?2.Whatistheea
8、rliestsea-codeinthehistoryofMaritimeLaw?TheInternationalDimensionA cargo of iron ore may be purchased from an Australianmining corporation by Japanese dealers in order to fulfill acontractwithaWestGermansteelmanufacturingcompanyThecargomaybeputaboardaGreek-ownedPanamanian-registeredbulk ore carrier
9、at Townsville， Queensland for a voyage toHamburgThevesselmaythencollidewithaBritishregisteredBritishowned oiltanker carrying oil belonging to a UnitedStatesoilcompany，andtheorecarrierbelostwithitscargoandthecoastsofPapuabepollutedbytheescapingoilTheinsurersof the various ships, cargoes and 1iabiliti
10、es may be found inEnglandJapanandtheUnitedStatesAdmiraltyJurisdictioninTortCases1.Thetortoccurredonnavigablewaters2.Thetortboresomerelationshiptotraditionalmaritimeactivity.Theterm“navigablewatersoftheUnitedStates”isatermofartthatreferstobodiesofwaterthatarenavigableinfact.Thisincludeswatersusedorca
11、pableofbeingusedaswaterbornehighwaysforcommerce,includingthosepresentlysustainingorthosecapableofsustainingthetransportationofgoodsorpassengersbywatercraft.Toqualifyas“navigablewaters,”bodiesofwatermust“formintheirordinaryconditionbythemselves,orbyunitingwithotherwaters,acontinuedhighwayoverwhichcom
12、merceisormaybecarriedonwithother States or foreign countries in the customary modes in which such commerce isconductedbywater.”Exercises:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse1.Abodyofwaterneedflowbetweentwostatesorintotheseatobenavigable.2.Man-madebodiesofwater,suchascanals,maynotqualify
13、asnavigablewaters.3.Navigablewatersneednotbenavigableatalltimes.Caseinpoint:Executive Jet Aviation, Inc. v. City of Cleveland,This case held that federal courts lacked admiralty jurisdiction over anaviation tort claim where a plane during a flight wholly within the U.S.crashed in Lake Erie. Although
14、 maritime locus was present, the Courtexcludedadmiraltyjurisdictionbecausetheincidentwas“onlyfortuitouslyandincidentallyconnectedtonavigablewaters”andbore“norelationshiptotraditionalmaritimeactivity.”AdmiraltyJurisdictionincontractCasesFocusedonthesubjectmatterofthecontractSuitsoncontractsforthecarr
15、iageofgoodsandpassengers;forthechartering of ships (charter parties); for repairs, supplies, etc.,furnished to vessels, and for services such as towage, pilotage,wharfage; for the services of seamen and officers; for recovery ofindemnityorpremiumsonmarineinsurancepolicies.InternationalOrganisationsI
16、MOtheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationCMItheComitMaritimeInternationaleBIMCOtheBalticandInternationalMaritimeConferenceIMOtheInternationalMaritimeOrganizationThe leading maritime agency is the International Maritime Organisation(IMO)，which was，until 1982the Intergovernmental Maritime Conference Orga
17、nisation(IMCO)IMOwasestablishedin1959onthecomingintoforceofaConventionagreedatGenevain1948forthesettingupofastandingmaritimeconference：beforetheSecondWorldWarinternationalmaritimeconferenceswerearrangedadhocforparticularpurposesBecauseofitsorigin，IMO,althoughitsmembershipisopen to all UN members，beg
18、an as an organisation supported by nations withparticularinterestsinshipping，whetherascarriersorshippersIMOhastwomajoractivecommittees，itsSafetyCommitteeanditsLegalCommitteethefirstgaveus SOLAS，the Convention on Safety of Life at Seathe International CollisionRegulationsandthevariousTrafficSeparatio
19、nSchemesthatoperateincontestedshippinglanesThesecondproducedthevariouspollutionconventions,includingtheConventiononLiabilityfor0ilPollution(CLC)，theInterventionConventionandmanymoreaswelltheAthensConventionontheCarriageofPassengersandtheirLuggageandthe1976LimitationConventionCMItheComitMaritimeInter
20、nationaleThe International Maritime Committee, or theComit MaritimeInternationale (CMI)，which is an organisation composed of nationalMaritimeLawAssociationsItwasestablishedatthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturyandiscontinuouslyactiveItsmainfunctionhasbeentomakedraftsforinternationalconventionsalthoughi
21、tisoftennottheofficial“depositary”oftheconventionwhenmadeThustheCMIhasbeenresponsibleforthe1910CollisionConvention，theHagueandHague-VisbyRules，the1952ArrestConventionandmanymoreBIMCOtheBalticandInternationalMaritimeConferenceThe Baltic and International Maritime Conference (BIMCO)was formed in 1905
22、by shipownersbut it also includesshipbrokers and P.IClubs in its membershipIts primaryfunctionhasbeentorepresenttheinterestsoftrampshippingbutithasalsoarrangedforthedraftingorapprovalofalargenumberofstandardlegalshippingdocuments：therearenowmorethan100approvedforms，charterparties，billsofladingandoth
23、erdocumentsincludingsuchwellknownexamplesastheGuenonandBaltimechartersCHAPTER2SHIPSANDITSRIGHTSINREMContents:1.ConceptofShipsanditsCharacteristics2.TypesofShips3.Registration4.OwnershipofShips5.MortgageofShips6.MaritimeLiens7.PossessoryLienConceptofShipsanditsCharacteristics1.DefinitionShip as refer
24、redto in this Code means sea-going ships andothermobileunits,butdoesnotincludeshipsorcrafttobeusedformilitaryorpublicservicepurposes,norsmallshipsoflessthan20tonsgrosstonnage.Thetermshipasreferredtointheprecedingparagraphshallalsoincludeshipsapparel.Questions:WhichofthefollowingbelongstotheshipsinMC
25、?A.shipsorcrafttobeusedforpublicservicepurposesB.warshipC.shipsof18tonsgrosstonnageD.mobileseadrillingplatform2.ItsCharacteristicsSPersonificationSChattel(realproperty)SSyntheticTypesofShipsRegistration1.Registrationisgenerally,butnotalways,thetestofavesselsnationality.2.Ashipwhichsailsundertheflags
26、oftwoormoreStates,usingthem according to convenience, may not claim any of thenationalitiesinquestionwithrespecttoanyotherState,andmaybeassimilatedtoashipwithoutnationality.3. Ships have the nationality of the State whose flag they are entitled to fly. There must exist a genuine link between theStat
27、eandtheship.R v Bjornsen (1865) 12 LT 473 CCR Amurdertookplaceinashiponthehighseas.TheshipflewtheBritishflag,andthemanaccusedofthecrimewaslatertake to England and put on trial. In order to establishjurisdiction, evidence was put forward to prove the ship wasBritish, including documents showing that
28、the port ofregistration was London and that London was the place ofbusinessoftheOwner.However,overridingproofwasproducedthat the ownerwas an alien (non-British), that the ship wasforeign-built and that the officers and crew, including theaccusedman,werealiens.OwnershipofShipsTheownershipofashipmeans
29、theshipownersrightstolawfullypossess,utilize,profitfromanddisposeoftheshipinhisownership.The acquisition, transference or extinction of theownership of a ship shall be registered at the shipregistration authorities; no acquisition, transference orextinctionoftheshipsownershipshallactagainstathirdpar
30、tyunlessregistered.The transference of the ownership of a ship shall bemadebyacontractinwriting.Where a ship is jointly owned by two or more legalpersonsorindividuals,thejointownershipthereofshallberegistered at the ship registration authorities. The jointownership of the ship shall not act against
31、a third partyunlessregistered.MortgageofShipsSTherightofmortgagewithrespecttoashipistherightof preferred compensation enjoyed by the mortgagee ofthat ship from the proceeds of the auction sale made inaccordancewithlawwhereandwhenthemortgagorfailstopayhisdebttothemortgageesecuredbythemortgageofthatsh
32、ip.SThe owner of a ship or those authorized thereby mayestablishthemortgageoftheship.Themortgageofashipshallbeestablishedbyacontractinwriting.SThemortgageofashipshallbeestablishedbyregisteringthe mortgage of the ship with the ship registrationauthoritiesjointlybythemortgageeandthemortgagor.Nomortgag
33、emayactagainstathirdpartyunlessregistered.MaritimeLiensAmaritimelienistherightoftheclaimant,totakepriorityincompensationagainstshipowners,bareboatcharterersorshipoperators with respect to the ship which gaverisetothesaidclaim.ItslegalCharacteristicsSindelibleSsecretSnon-consensualSinchoateSnon-posse
34、ssoryWhatkindofmaritimeclaimsshallbeentitledtomaritimeliens:l(1)Paymentclaimsforwages,otherremuneration,crewrepatriationandsocialinsurancecostsmadebytheMaster,crewmembersandothermembersofthecomplementinaccordancewiththerelevantlabourlaws,administrativerulesandregulationsorlabourcontracts;l(2)Claimsi
35、nrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjuryoccurredintheoperationoftheship;l(3)Paymentclaimsforshipstonnagedues,pilotagedues,harbourduesandotherportcharges;l(4)Paymentclaimsforsalvagepayment;l(5)Compensationclaimsforlossofordamagetopropertyresultingfromtortiousactinthecourseoftheoperationoftheship.Possesso
36、ryLienThepossessorylienmeanstherightoftheshipbuilderorrepairertosecurethebuildingorrepairingcostoftheshipbymeansofdetainingtheshipinhispossessionwhentheotherpartytothecontractfailsintheperformancethereof.The possessory lien shall be extinguished when the shipbuilderorrepairernolongerpossessestheship
37、hehasbuiltorrepaired.Question?Whatistherankofcreditorsrights?A)mortgageofshipsB)maritimeliensC)possessorylienD)comoncreditorsrightThe Ioannis Daskalelis1974 1 Lloyds Rep174，Supreme Court of CanadaOn20December1961thevesselIoannisDaskaleliswasmortgagedtothedefendantsInMarch1963theplaintiffsrenderednec
38、essaryrepairstothevesselatNewYork，butthe sum due to them was not paidIn June 1964 thevessel was sold， and the question arose whether theplaintiffsclaiminrespectoftherepairshadpriorityoverthedefendantsmortgageCHAPTER3ContractofCarriageofGoodsbySeaContents:1.ConceptofContractofCarriageofGoodsbySea2.Ca
39、rrierObligationandLiability3.ShipperObligationandLiabilityConceptofContractofCarriageofGoodsbySeaA contract of carriage of goods by sea is a contract under which thecarrier, against payment of freight, undertakes to carry by sea the goodscontractedforshipmentbytheshipperfromoneporttoanother.Carrierm
40、eansthepersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithashipper;Actual carrier means the person to whom the performance of carriage ofgoods,orofpartofthecarriage,hasbeenentrustedbythecarrier,andincludesanyotherpersontowhomsuchperformancehasbeenentrustedunderasub-contract;
41、TheprovisionswithrespecttotheresponsibilityofthecarriercontainedinthisChaptershallbeapplicabletotheactualcarrier.Whereboththecarrierandtheactualcarrierareliableforcompensation,theyshalljointlybeliablewithinthescopeofsuchliability.CarrierObligationandLiabilitySMaketheShipSeaworthySproperlyandcarefull
42、yload,handle,stow,carry,keep,careforanddischargethegoodscarried.SMaterialdeviationisnotallowedSIssueBillsofLadingToMaketheShipSeaworthyThecarriershall,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy, properlyman, equip and supply the ship and to make the holds,re
43、frigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.Elder Dempster & Co Ltd V Paterson, Zochonis &Co Ltd 1924 AC 522The Grelwen loaded casks of palm oil and bags of palmkernels,whichwerestowedoverthecasks.OnarrivalatHull,itwas
44、foundthatthecaskshadbeencrushedbythebagsofpalmkernel, which were very heavy. The cargo owners claimeddamagesforbreachofthecontractofcarriage,oralternativelyfornegligenceorbreachofduty.Questions?1.Wasthedamageduetobadstowageorunseaworthiness?Andwhatistheconsequenceforeachofthem?Deviation(inthegeograp
45、hicalsense)Article49Thecarriershallcarrythegoodstotheportofdischargeontheagreedorcustomaryorgeographicallydirectroute.Anydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeanactdeviatingfromtheprovisionsoftheprecedingparagraph.Deviationhasadoublemeaning
46、withinthelawofseacarriage It can mean either a deviation or straying from thecontractualrouteforthecontractualvoyageoritcanmeanadeviation from the contract of carriage (evidenced by orcontained in the Bill of Lading)In the latter sense it is inrealitymerelyalternativelanguageforafundamentalbreach0ft
47、hecarriagecontract，aclassicandcommonexampleofwhichisstowinggoodsondeckwhentheyshouldbestowedunderdeck (the proper spacefor carrying cargo) and issuing underdeckBillsofLading.Scaramanga V Stamp (1880) 5 CPD 295,CAThe Olympias was charted to carry a cargo of wheat from Cronstadt toGibraltar. Ninedayso
48、utshesightedtheArion whoseenginehadfailed.Thewhetherwasfineandtheseasmooth,andtherewouldhavebeennodifficultyintakingofftheCrew.Instead,themasteroftheOlympias agreedtotwo the Arion intotheTexelfor1,000.HavingtakingtheArion inTow,theOlympiasran on the Terschelling Sands on the way to the Texel and was
49、 lost. Theplaintiffclaimedthevalueofhisgoods,allegingthatthegoodswerenotlostbyperilsoftheseaswithintheexceptioninthecharterparty,butwerelostthrough the wrongful deviation of the defendants vessel. The defendantspleaded that the deviation was justified, because it was for the purpose ofsavingtheArion
50、andhercargo.Questions?1.Doyouthinkthedefendantsshouldbeliableforthedamagegoods?LibertyClausesClause3oftheGenconform:“Thevesselhaslibertytocallatanyportorportsinanyorder,foranypurpose,tosail without pilots, to tow and/or assist vessels in allsituations,andalsotodeviateforthepurposeofSavinglifeand/orp
51、roperty.Glynn v. Margetson (1893)OrangeswereshippedaboardtheZena(underabilloflading，notacharterparty)atMalagaforLiverpool“withlibertytoproceedtoandstayatanyportorportsinanyrotationintheMediterraneanLevantBlackSea，orAdriaticoronthecoastsofAfrica，Spain.Portugal，France，GreatBritainandIreland，forthepurp
52、oseofdeliveringcoals，cargoorpassengers，orforanyotherpurposewhatsoever”TheZenawentEastfromMalagatoBurrianainSpain，350milesfromMalaga，thence backtoValenciaandontoLiverpoolThe orangeswererottenonarrival。Questions?1.Doesthedefendantgetanyprotectionfromthelibertyclauseinthiscase?IssueBillsofLadingWhenthe
53、goodshavebeentakenoverbythecarrierorhavebeen loaded on board, the carrier shall, on demand of theshipper,issuetotheshipperabilloflading.Thebillofladingmaybesignedbyapersonauthorizedbythe carrier. A bill of lading signed by the Master of the shipcarryingthegoodsisdeemedtohavebeensignedonbehalfoftheca
54、rrier.ImmunitiesofCarrier:Carrier immunities (defenses) can be grouped into five categories. resultingfromthenegligenceofitsemployees.overwhelmingoutsideforcescausedbyoverwhelmingnaturalforcesattributabletofaultsoftheshipperoccursdespiteacarriersexerciseofduecarePaterson Steamships v Canadian Co-ope
55、rative Wheat Producers 1934 AC 538，PCWheat was shipped on the appellants steamship Sarniadocunder a bill of lading that incorporated the Canadian WaterCarriage of Goods Act 1910The vessel was standed and thecargo lost during a galeThe Judicial Committee of the PrivyCouncilheldthattheActhadtobeconsid
56、eredinthelightoftheshipownersliabilityatcommonlawShipperObligationandLiabilityShippermeans:a)Thepersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfacontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseahasbeenconcludedwithacarrier;b)Thepersonbywhomorinwhosenameoronwhosebehalfthegoodshavebeendeliveredtothecarrierinvolvedinthecontracto
57、fcarriageofgoodsbysea;ShipperResponsibilitiesPaythefreightgoodsproperlypackedandprovideallrelevantinformationsPerformallnecessaryproceduresforexportspecialdutiesonshipmentofdangerousgoodsCHAPTER4BillsofLadingContents:1.BillsofLadingandtheirFunctions2.ApplicationoftheHague/VisbyRules3.BillsofLading-t
58、heHamburgrules4.BillsofLadingissuedunderCharterparties5.MultimodalTransportBillsofLadingandtheirFunctions1.Definition2.Three-rolefunction3.Billsofladingandthirdparties4.ProblemsinpresentationofabillofladingDefinition:Adocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverandloadingofthegoods
59、bythecarrierandbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.Three-rolefunction(a)areceiptforthegoodsonboard；(b)bestavailableevidenceofthecontractofcarriage；and(c)adocumentoftitleBillsofladingandthirdpartiesSLiabilityintortLeigh and Sillivan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping Co Ltd
60、, The Aliakmon 1986 AC 785LeighandSillivanwerebuyersofacargoofsteelcoilsThecoilsweredamagedbybadstowage，whichcausedcrushing，condensationandthenrustThedamagewasdoneatatimeWhentherisk，butnotthelegalpropertyinthegoodshadpassedtothebuyers.Thespecialtermsofthepurchasecontractagreedbetweenthebuyersandthes
61、ellersofthesteelmeantthat，intheunusualcircumstancesofthecase，the buyers had no right ofaction in contractagainstthe owners ofAliakmon.ThefollowingextractdealswiththeclaimmadebythebuyersagainsttheshipownersintortGlyn Mills Currie &Co v East and West India Dock Co (1882)7App Cas 591Twenty hogsheads of
62、 sugar were shipped in Jamaica on the Mary Jones andconsignedtoCottam&CoinLondonThemastersignedasetofthreebillsofladingmarkedFirst,Second,andThird,respectively,whichmadethegoodsdeliverabletoCottarn&Co，ortheirassigns，freightpayableinLondon,theoneofthebillsbeing accomplished，the others tostandvoidDuri
63、ng the voyageCottam&CoendorsedthebillofladingmarkedFirsttoabankinconsiderationofaloanUponthearrivaloftheshipatLondonthegoodswerelandedandplacedinthecustodyofa dock company in their warehousesThe dock company bona fide and withoutnoticeorknowledgeofthebanksclaimdeliveredthegoodstootherpersonswhoprodu
64、ceddeliveryorderssignedbyCottam&Coquestion?1.Whetherwasthebankentitledtorecoverdamagesfromthecarrier?ShortformbillofladingThistypeofbillofladingdoesnotcontainthefulldetailsofthecontractofthecarriageontheback.However,theyfulfillalltheotherfunctionsof bills of lading, and in particular they areconside
65、redtobedocumentsoftitle.TheoppositeislongformB/LStraightbillsandSeawaybillsAstraightbillisonewhichidentifiestheconsigneeupfrontbywayofhisname,personalorcorporate,being inserted intheconsignee boxDeliverycanonlybemadetohim.Becauseheisanamedconsignee，knowntoallfrominception,heneednotproducetheoriginal
66、billtotakedelivery，butmustsimplyidentifyhimselfbywhateverreliablemeans.SeawayBillsarenonnegotiableandarethereforeusedininternationaltransfersofgoodswherethesellerdoesnotrequirereliabledocumentarysecuritypendingfullpayment of the purchase price under the traditional letter of credit system. ThusSeawa
67、yBillswouldbeadvantageoustousewheregoodsareofnocommercialvalue，egsamples of goods or personal or household effects or transfers of itemsbetweenassociatedcompaniesorparentcompanyandsubsidiarywherepayment，ifsuchisrequired，isbywayofarunningaccountASeawayBillthushasonlyatwo-wayfunctionasareceiptforthego
68、ods(eitherbeforeshipmentoronboard)andaswrittenevidenceofthecontractofcarriageApplicationoftheHague/VisbyRulesHagueRules1.onlytocontractsofcarriagecoveredbyabillofladingoranysimilardocumentoftitleinsofarassuchdocumentrelatestothecarriageofgoodsbysea.2.operatefromthemomentatwhichsuchbillofladingorsimi
69、lardocumentoftitleregulatestherelationsbetweenacarrierandaholderofthesameHague/VisbyRuleseverybillofladingrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbetweenportsintwodifferentstatesif：a)thebillofladingisissuedinacontractingState，orb)thecarriageisfromaportinacontractingState，orc)thecontractcontainedinorevidencedbyt
70、hebillofladingprovidesthattheseRules,orlegislationofanyStategivingeffecttothem，aretogovernthecontract，whatevermaybethenationalityoftheship，thecarrier，theshipper，theconsignee、oranyotherinterestedpersonSvenska Traktor V Maritime Agencies 1953 2 QB 295.A consignment of tractors had been shipped fromSou
71、thamptonunderabillwhichconferredalibertyonthecarrier to Stow the cargo on deck When one of thetractors was washed overboard during tile voyage，theshipownersoughttorelyonaclauseinthebillexcludinghisliabilityforlossordamageondeckcargoThecourtheld that he was unable to do so since A mere generalliberty
72、 to carry goods on deck is not，in my view，astatementinthecontractofcarriagethatthegoodsareinfactbeingcarriedondeckBasicCarrierLiabilityThe carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss of ordamageto0thegoodsaswellasfromdelayindelivery，iftheoccurrencewhichcausedtheloss，damage，ordelaytookplacewhileth
73、egoodswereinhischargeasdefinedinArticle4，unlessthecarrierprovesthathe，hisservantsoragents,tookallmeasuresthatcouldreasonablyberequiredtoavoidtheoccurrenceanditsconsequencesBillsofLadingissuedunderCharterpartiesWhereBillofLadinglssuedtoChartererWhereBillissuedtothird-partyshipperWherebillindorsedbych
74、artertoathirdpartyShipownersrecourseagainstchartererMultimodalTransportSMultimodalTransportSMultimodalTransportOperatorSDifferentTypesofMTOSSScopeofServicesMultimodalTransportthe carriage of goods by at least twodifferent modes of transport on the basis of amultimodaltransportcontractfromaplaceinone
75、countryatwhichthegoodsaretakeninchargebythemultimodaltransportoperatortoaplacedesignated for delivery situated in a differentcountry.MultimodalTransportOperatorany person who on his own behalf or throughanotherpersonactingonhisbehalfconcludesamultimodaltransportcontractandwhoactsasaprincipal, not as
76、 an agent or on behalf of theconsignor or of the carriers participating in themultimodaltransportoperations,andwhoassumesresponsibilityfortheperformanceofthecontract.DifferentTypesofMTOSVesselOperatingMultimodalTransportOperators-VO-MTOsNon-VesselOperatingMultimodalTransportOperators-NVO-MTOsNon-Fre
77、ightForwarders,customsbrokersCHAPTER5CharterpartiesContents:SDemisecharterpartiesSVoyagecharterpartiesSTimecharterpartiesDemisecharterpartiesDefinitionA bareboat charter party is a charter partyunderwhichtheshipownerprovidesthechartererwithanunmannedshipwhichthecharterershallpossess, employ and oper
78、ate within an agreedperiodandforwhichthecharterershallpaytheshipownerthehire.MainFeaturesofDemiseCharterpartiesThechartererengageandpaytheMasterandcrew.ThechartererwillberesponsibleforvictuallingandsupplyingtheshipTheshipownermerelycollectshishirepaymentsVoyagecharterpartiesDefinition:Avoyagecharter
79、partyisacharterpartyunderwhich the shipowner charters out and thecharterer charters in the whole or part of theships space for the carriage by sea of theintendedgoodsfromoneporttoanotherandthechartererpaystheagreedamountoffreight.PerformanceofthecharterpartyTheperformanceofavoyagecharterpartyfallsin
80、tofourseparateanddistinctstages：1.Thepreliminaryvoyagetotheplacespecifiedastheloadingpoint；2.Theloadingoperation，coveringbothloadingandstowage；3.Thecarryingvoyagetotheplacespecifiedfordeliveryofthecargo；and4.Thedischargingoperationcontents:CargoclausesFreightclausesProvidingtheshipLoadingandDischarg
81、ing:LaytimeandDemurrageCargoclausestypeandquantityofcargotobespecific,e.g.10,000metrictonesofWelshAnthracite.selectoneormorefromaspecifiedrangeofcargoes，e.g.wheatandormaizeandorrye，oranylawfulcargoafullandcompletecargoFreightclausesHowisfreightcalculated?Either：(a)asalumpsum,i.eafixedfigureregardles
82、softhequantityofcargoactuallyloadedThewholesumisthuspayableinfullevenifthecontractedquantityofcargoisnotdeliveredinfull；or(b)onapertonneofcargobasisthiscouldmeaneitheronintakenquantity，i.e.atthetimeofloading，ordeliveredquantity，i.e.attheterminationofthevoyageProvidingtheshipThearrivedshipCargocapaci
83、tyLaytimeandDemurrageLaytimeDemurragedispatchWhendoeslaytimecommence:1.thecharteredvesselmusthavebecomeanarrivedshipattheagreeddestination，2.thevesselmustinfactbereadytoload,and3.noticeofreadinesstoloadmusthavebeengiven.CompaniadeNavieraNedelkaSAvTradaxInternacinalSA,The Tres Flores 1974 QB 264 TheT
84、resFloreswascharteredtocarrymaizeinbulkfromBulgariatoCyprusThevesselgavenoticeofreadinessattheloadingportbutonlaterinspectionfumigationforpestswasfoundnecessaryDemurrageSuisse Atlantique V NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale 1967 AC 361TheappellantscharteredtheGeneral Guisantotherespondentstocarrycoalfr
85、omtheUStoEurope；thecharterwasfor a total of two yearsconsecutive voyages Loading anddischargetimeswerefixedwithdemurrageat$1,000adayAsaresultoffailuresbythechartererstoloadanddischargewithinthelaydays，theshipdidnotcompleteasmanyvoyagesasshecouldhavedoneTheownersclaimeddamagescalculatedonthebasisofth
86、efreightstheywouldhaveearnedifthevesselhadnotbeenwrongfullydetainedTheyarguedthatdemurrageprovisionsceased to apply where the breach for which a charterer wasresponsible was such as to entitle the owner to treat thecharterpartyasrepudiatedTimecharterpartiesContents:DescriptionofthevesselThecharterpe
87、riodPaymentforhireOff-hireRedeliveryofthevesselDefinition:Atimecharterpartyisacontractunderwhichtheshipownerprovidesadesignatedmannedshiptothecharterer,andthechartereremploystheshipduringthe contractual period for the agreedserviceagainstpaymentofhire.DescriptionofthevesselTheefficiencyof thecharter
88、ed vesselis of vitalimportancetothetimecharterer since the entire success of the commercial enterprise maydependonit.themostimportantofwhicharenormallythoserelatingtospeed，loadingcapacityandfuelconsumptionTherearedifferingviewsastothelegalsignificanceofsuchstatementsandtheremediesavailableintheevent
89、ofthemprovinginaccurateThus,whileNewYorkarbitratorsgenerally regard specifications as to speed and fuel consumption asconstituting continuing warranties that the vessel will maintain suchcapabilities throughout the charter. English courts treat themmerely aswarrantiesastothestateofthevesselatthetime
90、ofdeliveryunderthecharterIn the event of breach of any of these warranties，it wouldappearthattheappropriatemeasureofdamageswouldbethedifferencein the market rate of hire between a vessel with the indicatedspecificationsandthecharteredvesselInthecaseofabreachofthespeedwarrantyithasbeensuggestedthatan
91、alternativeremedymightbetotreatthevesselasoffhirefortheappropriateperiodCaselawwitnessestospeedandconsumptionwarrantiesnotcontinuingthroughout the period of the charter， butapplyingonlyinitially.ThecharterperiodA clause in the charter will normally specify the precise length of thecharterperiodinday
92、s,months,oryears.Itis,however,recognisedthatinpractice a vessels movements under a time charter cannot be soaccurately planned as to ensure that it arrives at the agreed port forredeliveryontheexactdatefixedforterminationofthecharter.Inevitablythevesselwillarriveearlier(underlap)orlater(overlap)，inw
93、hicheventlitigation is likely to ensue during a period in which there have beenfluctuationsinfreightratesThecourts recognisetheproblemandarepreparedtoimplyamarginoftoleranceofsome5percentontheperiodstated in the charter unless the parties themselves have made expressprovisionforoverlapShouldthechart
94、ererreturnthevesseltoitsownerafter the stated charter period has expired but within the permittedmarginofoverlap，hewillberequiredtopayfortheextratimeatthenormalcharterrateOnlyintheeventofexceedingtheoverlapallowancewillhebeguiltyofbreachofcontractandliabletodamagesbasedonthecurrentmarketrateofhire.P
95、aymentforhireAnexpresstermofthecharterpartynormallyspecifiesthetime，placeandfrequencyofpaymentsofhire,togetherwiththecurrencyinwhichthehireistobepaidTheamountofhirepayableisnormallyfixedatacertainrateforaspecifiedperiodoftime，rangingfrom24hoursto30daysoracalendarmonthInstalmentsofhirearethenexpressl
96、ymadepayableevery15or30daysInviewofthefactthatsuchinstalmentsofhireareintendedtobepaidoveralengthyperiodoftimetheyareparticularly susceptible to the risk of inflation and currency fluctuationsIn anattempttominimisetheserisks,itisnotuncommonfortimecharterstoincludecurrencyclauses，providingforafixedra
97、teofexchangebetweenthecurrencyofpaymentandotherrelevantcurrenciesandescalatorclauseswhichenablethehireratetobeadjustedinlinewithrisesinvesseloperatingcosts.Atypicalexampleofabasichire clauseisprovided byclause6oftheBaltime(1939)form：Thechartererstopayashire：per30days,commencinginaccordancewithclause
98、1untillherredeliverytotheownersPaymentofhiretobemadeincash,inwithoutdiscount，every30days,inadvanceMardorfPeach&Co.Ltd.v.AtticaSeaCarriersCorporationofLiberia:The“Laconia”19771AllE.R.545Avesselwascharteredtothecharterersunderatimecharter-party stating that hire was to be paid in cash semi-monthly ina
99、dvance, and that “failing the punctual and regular payment ofthe hire” the shipowners were to beat liberty to withdraw thevessel from the charterers service. The charterers tenderedpaymentonedaylate,andtheshipownerswithdrewthevessel.Question?1.Weretheshipownersentitledtowithdrawthevessel?Clause15,NY
100、PEThatintheeventofthelossoftimefromdeficiencyofmen or stores, fire, breakdown or damages to hullmachineryorequipment，grounding，detentionbyaverageaccidentstoshiporcargo，drydockingforthepurposeofpreventingthefullworkingofthevessel，thepaymentofhireshallceaseforthetimetherebylost;andifuponthevoyagethesp
101、eedbereducedbydefectinorbreakdownofanypartofherhull,machineryorequipment,thetimesolost， and thereof, and a11 extra expenses shall bedeductedfromthehireNetlossoftimeItmeansthatonlytheactual(net)lossoftimeistakenintoaccountwhencalculatingtheperiodoverwhichitisintendedtoplacetheshipoff-hireTheprinciple
102、ofnetlossoftimecanproducetheanomalythatashipcanbewhollyorpartiallydisabled but still the charterer may not havesufferedalossoftimeinactualfactForestships International Ltd v Armonia Shipping and Finance Corp,TheIraI995ILloydsRep103FactsThe Ira was time chartered on the NYPE form. The parties agreed
103、that afterdischarging cargo at Ravenna，the vessel would drydock in Greece. The vesselproceededtoPiraeuswhereitwasdrydocked.Whenthevesselwasreadytoresumecharteredservice,thecharterersfixedthevesseltoloadacargoatNovorossiyskintheBlackSeaThechartererscontendedthatthevesselwasoff-hirefromdroppingtheoutw
104、ardpilotatRavenna；theownersarguedthatalmostnoneofthedurationofthevoyagefromRavennatoPiraeuswaslostsincePiraeusis，withaveryslightdeviation，ontheroutefromRavennatotheBlackSea.Theoff-hireclauseprovidedthatIntheeventoflossoftimefromdrydockingpreventingthefullworkingofthevesselthepaymentofhireshallceasef
105、orthetimetherebylostThedrydockingdidnotcausethechartererstolosethewholeofthetimeoccupiedbythevoyagefromRavennatoPiraeusandthevesselwasnotthereforeoff-hireforthewholeofthatperiodQuestions:1.Doyoufavorthecharterersargument?Andwhatareyourreasons?EventspreventingthefullworkingofthevesselIt is well estab
106、lished case law that the incident whichgivesrisetotheformingofanintentioninthecharterersmind to off-hire the ship is one which, if the charterersactionistosucceed，mustpreventthefullworkingofthevesselAsintheinterpretationofanyclausewhichisthebasisforanydispute，therearegreyareas，probablythemostcommonl
107、ymetbeingwhentherearedifficultieswiththecargoonboardresultingindelaytotheshipThe Aquacharm 1980 2 LloydsRcp.237The vessel was performing a time charter trip on theNYPEformTheMasterwasunderinstructionstoloadtomaximum draft contemplating passage to the PanamaCanal,butomittedtoallowforthetransitingofaf
108、reshwaterlakebeingpartofthecanalsystemHewasdeniedentryandforcedtodischargesomecargotoadjusthisdraftforcanaltransitThechartererscontendedthatthelackofacorrectdraftcausedtheshiptobeunfitforperformingtheserviceimmediatelyrequiredReasonsforoff-hireSDeficiencyofmenorstores(人员或者物料不足)SBreakdownordamagetohu
109、ll,machineryorequipment(船体、船机或者设备的故障或者损坏）SDetentionbyaveragetoshiporcargo（船舶或者货物遭受海损事故而引起延误）SDrydocking（船舶入干坞）RedeliveryofthevesselProvision is normally made in the charter for the vessel to beredeliveredtoitsownerataspecifiedportorrangeofportsinlikegoodorderandcondition,ordinarywearandtearexcepted.
110、 Onfailuretofulfilthisobligation，thechartererwillbeliableindamagesshouldsuchfailureresult from a breach of any of his obligations under the charterparty.Moreover，theobligationwillextendtocoveranydamagetothevesselforwhichthechartererisresponsibleundertheemploymentandindemnityclauseOpinionsare，however
111、，dividedastowhetherornottheclauseimposesastrictobligationonthecharterertoreturnthevesselingoodorder. Inviewofthefactthattheownernormallyundertakestomaintainthe vessel in a thoroughly efficient state throughout the charter，it isarguable that the charterers responsibility does not extend beyonddamagec
112、ausedbyhimselforresultingfromcompliancewithhisordersALegitimateLastVoyage（合法的最后航次）AIllegitimateLastVoyage（非法的最后航次）CHAPTER6CollisionsContents:IntroductionTypesofcollisionThedivideddamagesruleArrestofShipsIntroductionSDefinitionofcollsionSLossordamagecausedwithoutactualcontactDefinitionofcollsionArtic
113、le165,MCCollision of ships means an accident arisingfrom the touching of ships at sea or in othernavigablewatersadjacentthereto.Shipsreferredtointheprecedingparagraphshallincludethosenon-militaryorpublicserviceshipsorcraftthatcollide with the ships mentioned in Article 3 ofthisCode.Lossordamagecause
114、dwithoutactualcontactWright v. Browncollisionmeanstheimpactoftwovesselsbothmoving，and is distinguished from allision，which designates thestrikingofamovingvesselagainstonethatisstationary.Butinabroadsense，collisionisused，toincludeallision，andperhapsotherspeciesofencountersbetweenvessels，and between a
115、 vessel and other floating，though nonnavigable,objectInsomecourtstheterm“allision”usedin a broader sense to include the contacts of movingvessels not only with stationary vessels or other floatingstructures， but also with piers， wharves， bridges andothershoresideinstallationsInevitableaccident“Inevi
116、table accident” has been defined as acollisionwhichapartycouldnotpossiblypreventby the exercise of ordinary care，caution andmaritimeskillAcaseinpoint:The Fames River Transport lnc. v. NasenbulkTwo ships were lying at anchor in anchoragepositionsdesignatedbytheharbourauthorityinSasebo，JapanDuring a 5
117、6-knot typhoon theships collided after dragging their anchorsItwasheldthatneithershipwasatfault，andeachshouldbearitsowndamagesOnevesselistoblameWheredamageresultswhollyfromthenegligence of one ship she will be liable for allliabilitiesarisingfromthecollision.BothvesselsaretoblameSBothvesselsaretobla
118、meanddegreeoffaultcanbeapportionedSBothvesselsaretoblamebutthedegreeoffaultcannotbedeterminedDavies v Mann (1842) 10 M & W 546Theownerofadonkey,whichhadbeennegligentlylefthobbledandunguardedonahighway,suedthedefendant，by thenegligence of whose servant in drivingalongthehighwayattoorapidaspeedthedonk
119、eywasrunoverandinjured.MultiplecollisionsituationsAcommonoccurrenceisthemultiplecollisionsituation,oraslightvariationofthiswhereunderathirdvesselmightbe forced through the negligence of two other vessels incollision to take evasive action which, combined possiblywithadditionalnegligenceonherpart，res
120、ultsindamageorlosstoherselfeitherby,forexample,goingagroundorby coming into contact with property belonging to yetanother party such as a harbour wall or a pier or wharf.Accordingtolaw,itexpresslyallowsfortheapportionmentof fault where loss or damage is caused to one or morevesselsasaresultofthefaul
121、toftwoormorevesselsThe Oldekerk 1974 l Lloyds Rep95AmultiplecollisiontookplaceintheNieuweMaasareaofRotterdaminOctober1969.TheshipsinvolvedweretheBelgianvesselAnvers，theDutchvesselOldekerkandtheSouthAmericanvesselPerija,allmotorvesselsAllthreeshipshadpilotsonboard.TheAnverswasmovingupriveronthesouths
122、ide，thePerijawasgoingdownriveronthenorthsideandtheOldekerk,withoutherownmotivepower,wasbeingtowedbyatugfromasouthsideberthtoanorthsideberthfurtherdownstream.Herintentionto1eavetheberthwascommunicatedviashoreradartransmittertotheother two ships. She indicated that she was leaving the berth and would
123、beproceedingtoport.Accordingly,Anvers proceededathalfspeedalteringslightlytoportNext,thetowropespartedandOldekerkwentacrosstheriveratsomespeed.The Anvers hit her and then both Oldekerk and Anvers collided with Perija. TheownersofOldekerk admittedliabilitybutsoughtandobtainedadecreetolimittheirliabil
124、ity on the basis that the accident had occurred without their actual fault orprivityThismadeitrelevantfortheownersofthePerijatotrytoestablishthepartialfaultoftheAnverswhichtheyattemptedtodobyallegingthattheAnvershadfailedtostopherengineswhenitwasclearthattheOldekerkwasnotholdingbackbutcomingoutintot
125、heriver,hadfailedtokeeptoherownsideoftheriver，hadfailedtoputherenginesfullasternearlyenoughandfinallyhadfailedtoletdropheranchorsThedivideddamagesrule1.Collisioninvolvingdamagetoshiponly2.Collisioninvolvingshipandcargodamagedonly3.Collisioninvolvingshipandcargodamagedandlossoflifeandpersonalinjuryto
126、crew.ArrestofShipsThedefinitionof“arrest”Thepurposeof“arrest”Procedureforanactionof“arrest”AlternativeshiparrestTheendof“arrest”Thedefinitionof“arrest”The definition of “arrest” in the Convention is thedetentionofashipbyjudicialprocesstosecureamaritimeclaim, but does not include the seizure of a shi
127、p inexecutionorsatisfactionofajudgement.Thepurposeof“arrest”(i)Toobtainsecurityforamaritimeclaim,and(ii)Tosecurethedefendantsappearanceand/ortotheadmiraltyjurisdictionAlternativeshiparrestThe 1952 Arrest Convention introduced Alternative shiparrest.Themaindifferencebetweenarrestingtheoffendingship a
128、nd the alternative ship is that the relevant personwhentheactionisbrought(inremclaimformissued)mustbethebeneficialowneroftheshipbeingarrestedCaseinpointThe Span Terza (1982)The shipowners had aclaim arising out of thetimecharter of their shipThey arrested theSpan Terza，a ship which was owned by thet
129、imecharterersQuestion:1.Wasthearrestheldgoodornot?andwhy?Theendof“arrest”SecurityMBailbondPaymentintocourtBankguaranteeMP&IClubguaranteeChapterSevenSalvageContentsTheprinciplesofsalvageTheobjectsofsalvageElementsof“PureSalvage”ClaimsMisconductofSalvorsSalvageAwardsSalvageunderContractTheprinciplesof
130、salvageSalvage is therefore quite different from restitution. Itinvolvesanentitlementtoareward：muchmorethanmerereimbursement of expenses It has to be sharplydistinguishedSalvageisapeculiarityofmaritimelawItcanneverapplyawayfromtheseaTheobjectsofsalvageMMaritimepropertyMLifesalvageMaritimepropertyVes
131、sel(herapparel)Cargo(maritimecharacteristic)Freight(atrisk)Caseinpoint:The Gas Float Whitton (No.2) (1897)A lightship, shaped like a boat, containing alarge gas tank fuelling a light, designed formooringintidalwaters,andwithherlightlitbynight as an aid for navigation, broke from hermooringswhileinth
132、eprocessofbeingmovedinatidalpartoftheHumberandwasrecovered.Nosalvagerewardwaspayable.LifesalvageLife salvageindependent ofpropertyisarareoccurrenceandreported cases this century are almost, if not entirely, nonexistent.Where,however,asisusuallythecase，lifeandpropertyaresavedinoneandthesameoperationi
133、tisthecustomandpractice to award a greater remunerationthan if property alonehadbeensaved.Iftherehasbeensavingoflifeatsomepointoftimeinthesalvageoperation,thenshipandorcargo-ownersasownersofthesalvedpropertiesmayfindthemselvesliabletopaylifesalvage，butwherelifeonlyissavedthereisnobindinglegalobligat
134、ion. Perhapsasecondaryreasonfortherebeing nolegalobligation is that the saving of human life should not needfinancial incentive. It should be instinctive in all human beingswhobehavereasonably.Thatthereisnoremunerationlegallypayableforthesavingofhuman life is confirmed by the International Conventio
135、n onSalvagel989whichhastheforceoflawintheUnitedKingdom(seesection224oftheMerchantShippingAct1995)Thisdoesnotapplylegallytosalvageoperationsbefore1Januaryl995However，underPartIIincertaincircumstancestheSecretaryofStatemaypayforlifesalvageinUKwatersTheConventiondoescountenancetheenhancingofarewardmade
136、forsavingpropertyor for preserving the environment if life has been saved in thesameoveralloperationThe duty on Masters to render assistance to any person indangerofbeinglostatsea，withinthelimitsofnotendangeringhisownvesselandpersonsthereon,is,notsurprisingly,preservedbyArticlel0oftheConventionCasei
137、npoint:The Helmsman (1950) 84 L1. L. Rep207A tanker lay alongside a steamship which was in turnmoored alongside a wharf on the Tyne. The former wastransferring oil to the latter. The steamships mooringsbrokeandbothshipsdriftedacrosstheriveratthemercyofthetideandagaleforcewind.Withtheaidoftugstheship
138、swerereberthed.Thesteamshippaidsalvagebutitwasdisputedthatthetankerhadeverbeenindangerstatedbyonecourt“standingbyorescortingadistressedshipinapositiontogiveaidifitbecomesnecessary,givinginformationonthechanneltofollow.toavoidrunningaground,andcarryingamessageasaresultofwhichnecessaryaidandequipmenta
139、reforthcominghaveallqualified.”A “distinguishable” injury “is some type ofdamagecausedbythesalvortothesalvedvesselother than that which she would have sufferedhad salvage efforts not been undertaken toextricate her from the perils to which she wasexposed.”SalvageAwardsFactorsconsideredindetermininga
140、salvageaward:(1) the labor expended by the salvors in rendering the salvage service;(2) the promptitude, skill, and energy displayed in rendering theserviceandsavingtheproperty;(3)thevalueofthepropertyemployedbythesalvorsinrenderingtheserviceandthedegreeofdangertowhichsuchpropertywasexposed;(4)theri
141、skincurredbythesalvorsinsecuringthepropertyfromtheimpendingperil;(5)thevalueofthesavedproperty;and(6)thedegreeofdangerfromwhichthepropertywasrescued.The Glengyle (1898) 78 L.T.801The Glengyle came into collision with anothervessel while passing through the Straits ofGibraltar.Twosalvagesteamersspeci
142、allybuiltforand employed in salvage services immediatelyproceeded from Gibraltar, and saved her fromcertaintotalloss.Thevalueofthesalvedvesselwas 76,596, and the values of the steamerswere20,000and22,000.However,asalvageawardof19,000wouldbemadeSalvageunderContractFirst,thereistheagreemententeredinto
143、bythemaster of a ship in danger, under the stress ofcircumstanceSecondly, there is the agreement between theownersandaprofessionalsalvageoutfitaftertheimmediatedangerhaspassed,toraiseorrefloatasunkenorstrandedshiportosalvageitscargo.ChapterEightTowageContents:TowageContractsDutiesofTugDutiesofTowLia
144、bilitiesoftheTugandtheTowtoThirdPartiesTowageContractsSDefinitionSTowagecontractsandcontractsofaffreightmentArticle155A contract of sea towage is a contract whereby thetugowner undertakesto tow an object by sea with a tugfrom one place to another and the tow party pays thetowage.Towagecontractsandco
145、ntractsofaffreightmentAtowagecontractinvolvesanundertakingbyonepartyto move another partys vessel (such as a barge) orstructurefromoneplacetoanother.Acontractofaffreightmentessentiallyisanundertakingbyonepartytotransportcargofromoneplacetoanother.DutiesofTugMProvideaseaworthyvesselwithaqualifiedmast
146、erandcrewMHaveproperlightingandmustobeyallnavigationalrulesoftheroadMMaintainawatchoverthetowduringitsvoyageMTosavethetowfromsinkingifpossibleThe Undaunted(1886)TheKnight Commanderwas towingtheUndauntedfromLeHavretoSwanseawhenherbunkersgotlow.Shecastoffthetowandranforport for coal. Shelaterreturned
147、and completedthetowage.TheUndaunteddockedfivedayslate.TheownersoftheKnight CommanderwereliabletopayfivedaysdemurragebywayofdamagesA tug with insufficient coal aboard to completethetowisnotanefficienttugDutiesofTowMdiscloseallinformationrelevantMprovidingaseaworthyvesselMproperlymannedThe Aldora 1975
148、1 Lloyds Rep617A10,500一tonvesselloadedwithfullcargoofaluminumoreinbulk went aground on a sand bank in February 1972 Shesustained damage to her bottom plates. Four tugs went to herassistanceandaharbourpilotboarded.Therewasanagreementthatattemptsshouldbemadetorefloather. Withtugassistanceand under the
149、 direction of the pilot. The vessel was quicklyrefloatedandsubsequentlytowedupchanneltoabuoytoawaitpermissiontoenterBlythharbour.LegalactionwastakenbythetugownersandthepilotclaimingsalvageservicesQuestions?1.whereandwhendidsalvageserviceterminate?2.whetherinterestcouldbeclaimed?LiabilitiesoftheTugan
150、dtheTowtoThirdPartiesWhereathirdpartyseeksrecoveryagainsteitherthetug,tow,or both for loss of cargo, personal injury, or damage to othervessels,eachvesselwillbeheldliablefordamagesinproportiontoitsindividualdegreeoffault.Ifdamageiscausedbyatowedvessel,thecourtswillapplythetheoryof“thedominantmind”to
151、shiftliabilityforthedamagefromthetowtothetug,whichwasactually in control of the tow. However, that theory may be overcomeifthetugcanpresentevidencethatthedamagewasinfact the fault of the tow. The negligence of the tug cannot beattributed to the tow under a towage contract between aseparatelyownedtug
152、andtow.Therefore,aninnocenttowcannotbeheldliablefordamagescausedbythetug.The “Niobe” (1988) 59 L.T. 257The Niobe was being towed by the tug Flying Serpentunder a towage contract. Both vessels collided with theValetta，buttheonlydamagetotheValettawascausedbytheFlying SerpentTherewasabadlook-outontheNi
153、obe,and if those on board her had seen the Valettaapproaching, orders could have been given to the Flying Serpent and the collision would have been avoided. Theowners of the Niobe contended that they were notresponsibleforthenegligenceofthoseonboardthe Flying Serpent, for they were not their servant
154、s but wereindependentcontractorsChapterNineGeneralAverageContents:SIntroductionSTheGeneralAverageLoss:RequirementsSTheYork-AntwerpRulesSTheNewJasonClauseSTheGeneralAverageStatementIntroductionMDefinitionMTypesofAverageParticularAverageGeneralAverageDefinitionArticle193Generalaveragemeanstheextraordi
155、narysacrificeorexpenditureintentionallyandreasonably made or incurred for the commonsafety for the purpose of preserving from perilthe ship, goods or other property involved in acommonmaritimeadventure.TypesofAverage“Average” is a term of art in shipping and marineinsuranceItmeans“loss”andinthemain,
156、thelosswillinthefirstinstanceliewhereitfalls.Ifashipperlosespartofthecargo,hemustbeartheloss；hewillthenmakeaclaimonaninsurancepolicy,ifhehasone，andlaterhe,orhisinsureractingthroughhissubrogationpowersmaymakeaclaimintortorcontractagainstsomethirdpartyThatis“particularaverage.”TheGeneralAverageLoss:Re
157、quirementsHistorically,threefactorsshouldbeestablished:therewasimminent,commondangerorperil;therewasavoluntaryjettisonoftheclaimantsportionofthejointventureforthepurposeofavoidingperil;andtheattempttoavoidtheperilwassuccessful.Caseinpoint:Australian Coastal Shipping Commission v Green 1971I QB 456,
158、CAThemotorvessel，theBulwarra, was fullyladenand moored whenaviolentstormarose.TheshipowneremployedatugtocometotheaidoftheBulwarra.Thetugwasretainedonthebasisofanindemnitybytheshipownertothetugownerforanydamageorloss tothetug.ThetugtowedtheBulwarraforabout10minutesbeforethetowlinepartedandwrappeditse
159、lfaroundthetugspropeller. ThetugwasatotallossbuttheBulwarra got to safety. The tugowners claimed under the indemnitydespitethetugbeinglostbytheirownnegligenceThetugownersclaimedtheamounttheyhadtopayforsalvageundertheirindemnity.Question?1.Whetherwasthepaymentsmadebytheshipownerstothetugownersunderth
160、eindemnitiesweregeneralaveragelosses?1.whatisageneralaverageact?RuleAoftheYork-AntwerpRules:Thereisageneralaverageact,when，andonlywhen。any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionallyandreasonablymadeorincurredforthecommonsafetyforthepurposeofpreservingfromperilthepropertyinvolvedinacommo
161、nmaritimeadventure2.whatlossesmaybeclaimedingeneralaverage?RuleCProvidesthatonlylosses，damagesandexpenseswhicharethedirectconsequenceofthegeneralaverageactshallbeallowedasgeneralaverageTheYork-AntwerpRulesTherulesongeneralaveragehavebeen“codified”intheform of various versions of the YorkAntwerp Rule
162、s. Therulesconsistofbothletteredrulesandnumberedrules.Thelettered rules are more general and require someinterpretation, whereas the numbered rules are factspecific.Whereanumberedruleisapplicabletoaparticularsituation, it will be applied without regard to any of thelettered rules. The YorkAntwerp Ru
163、les are generallyinsertedintobills oflading andcharterpartiesandgiveneffectbythecourts.Therulesareadoptedbypartiesonavoluntarybasis.TheNewJasonClauseAtonetimeacarrierhadnorighttoageneralaveragecontribution where the peril necessitating the sacrifice orexpense arose through its fault. However, an agr
164、eementbetweenthecarrierandthecargointerestscanmodifythisresult. Consequently, most bills of lading and othercontracts of carriage contain a clause designated as a“Jason”or“NewJason”clausethatprovidesthatacarrierisentitled to a general average contribution even whenoccasionedby itsfault,ifunderthosec
165、ircumstancesit isabsolvedfromliabilitybylaworcontract.TheGeneralAverageStatementAccording to YorkAntwerp Rule G, general average iscalculatedonthebasisofthevalueatthetimeandplaceofthecompletionofthevoyage.Iftheentireventureislost,there is no general average contribution. Usually generalaveragestatem
166、entsarepreparedbyagentsofshipownersreferred to as “average adjusters.” a general averagestatement prepared by a professional average adjuster iswithoutanylegaleffectwhatsoeverandisopentoquestionineveryparticular.“themechanicsofapportionment”：“Thevalueofeachofthecontributinginterestsismultipliedbyafr
167、actionwhichhasasitsnumeratorthesumofthe general average expense and has as itsdenominatorthesumofthecontributingvalues”ChapterTenLimitationofLiabilityContents:IntroductionPracticeandprocedureThelimitationfundPartiesentitledtolimitVesselsentitledtolimitBreakingthelimitsClaimssubjecttolimitationChoice
168、oflawIntroductionOne of the unique features of maritime law is theshipowners right to limit his liability for loss or damageresultingfromnegligentnavigationormanagementofhisvessel.0riginatinginthenineteenthcentury,thelimitationrule is one of the first examples of protectionism in theform of state su
169、pport for the shipping industry Itsretentionatthepresentday,isjustifiednotsomuchonitshistoryasonitsprovidingtheshipownerwithacalculableriskbeforeembarkingonatradingventurePracticeandprocedureTo initiate a limitation proceeding, a shipowner must file acomplaintwithinsixmonthsofitsreceiptofaclaiminwri
170、ting.Itisnotthedateofthecasualtythatiscontrolling,butthedatetheshipowner receives notice of a claim. The complaint may seek“exoneration”aswellaslimitationofliabilitythatis,theownermaypleadthatitisnotliableatall,andinthealternativethatifitis liable it is entitled to limit its liability as provided in
171、 theLimitationAct.Uponfilingacomplaintforlimitation,theownerofthe vessel must “deposit with the court, for the benefit ofclaimants, a sum equal to the amount or value of the ownersinterestinthevesselandpendingfreight.”ThelimitationfundArticle214Wherealimitationfundhasbeenconstitutedbyapersonliable,a
172、nypersonhavingmadeaclaimagainstthepersonliablemaynotexerciseanyrightagainstanyassetsofthepersonliable.Whereanyshiporotherpropertybelongingto the person constituting the fund has been arrested orattached,or,whereasecurityhasbeenprovidedbysuchperson,thecourtshallorderwithoutdelaythereleaseoftheshiparr
173、estedorthepropertyattachedorthereturnofthesecurityprovided.Stoomvart Maatschappij Medertand v P & O Steam Navigation Co (1882) 7 App Cas 876, HLTwoshipscollidedandtheownerofonebroughtanactioninremagainsttheowneroftheotherwhointurncounterclaimed.Bothshipsweretoblame.Theownersofoneshiplimited their li
174、ability and paid the requisite amount intocourt.Thedamagetotheothershipwasgreaterandthefund deposited in court was insufficient to satisfy all theclaims for which the owners of the other ship wereresponsibleGlaholm v Barker (1866) LR 2 Eq 598Thiscaseconcernedthedeathofseveralcrewmembersofoneshipcaus
175、edbythefaultoftheowners of another vessel. Proceedings wereinstituted under the provisions of the MerchantShipping Act by the vessel at fault to limit herliabilityClaimsexceptedfromlimitationArticle208TheprovisionsofthisChaptershallnotbeapplicabletothefollowingclaims:(1)Claimsforsalvagepaymentorcont
176、ributioningeneralaverage;(2)ClaimsforoilpollutiondamageundertheInternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollutionDamagetowhichthePeoplesRepublicofChinaisaparty;(3)Claims for nuclear damage under the International Convention onLimitationofLiabilityforNuclearDamagetowhichthePeoplesRepublicofChinai
177、saparty;(4)Claimsagainsttheshipownerofanuclearshipfornucleardamage;(5) Claims by the servants of the shipowner or salvor, if under the lawgoverning the contract of employment, the shipowner or salvor is notentitledtolimithisliabilityorifheisbysuchlawonlypermittedtolimithisliabilitytoanamountgreatert
178、hanthatprovidedforinthisChapter.Caseinpoint:The Breydon Merchant 1992 1 Lloyds Rep. 373The vessel Breydon Merchant suffered a serious fire inherengineroomandsalvorswereengaged.Theshipownerssoughtadecreelimitingtheirliabilityunderthe1976Convention.Cargoownersarguedthatthevesselwasunseaworthy and thei
179、r claim for damages, including asalvagecontribution,wasnotsubjecttolimitationbecausesalvageclaimswereexcludedbyArticle3.PartiesentitledtolimitArticle204ShipownersandsalvorsmaylimittheirliabilityinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisChapterforclaimssetoutinArticle207ofthisCode.Theshipownersreferredtoint
180、heprecedingparagraphshallincludethechartererandtheoperatorofaship.Vesselsentitledtolimitshipswithagrosstonnagerangingfrom300to500tonsBreakingthelimitsMactualfaultorprivityCaseinpoint:The Lady Gwendolen 1965 1 Loyds Rep.335TheLady Gwendolen,ownedbyArthurGuinness,brewersofstout,collidedthroughexcessiv
181、espeedinfogandpooruse of radar. The daily responsibility of advising andcontrolling Captain Meredith, the master, lay with Mr.Robbie, the Marine Superintendent. who was clearly atfault. He reported to Mr. Boucher, the Traffic Manager, arailways expert, who in turn reported to Mr. Williams, aDirector
182、,whowasabrewer. ThecourtheldMr. Bouchertohavebeenatfaultinsupervisingthosebelowhim:hiswasthefaultofthecompany,hebeingaproperdelegate.The Marion 1984 2 Lloyds Rep.1TheMarionfouledanoilpipeline.Shewasinadequatelyprovided with accurate charts. She was owned by GrandChampion Tankers Ltd., but her manage
183、ment had beenwholly handed over to Fairfield-Maxwell Services Ltd., amanagementcompany. Thefaultoftheownerslayinthefaultysystem,andinthefaultysupervisionofthatsystem,establishedbythemanagementcompanyforcheckingonthenavigationoftheship.Claims subject to limitation(a)claimsinrespectoflossoflifeorperso
184、nalinjuryorlossofordamagetoproperty. (including damage to harbour works, basinsand waterwaysand aids tonavigation),occurringonboardorindirectconnexionwiththeoperationoftheshiporwithsalvageoperations,andconsequentiallossresultingtherefrom;(b)claimsinrespectoflossresultingfromdelayinthecarriagebyseaof
185、cargo,passengersortheirluggage;(c)claimsinrespectofotherlossresultingfrominfringementofrightsotherthancontractualrights, occurring in direct connexion with the operation ofthe ship orsalvageoperations;(d)claimsinrespectoftheraising,removal,destructionortherenderingharmlessofashipwhichissunk,wrecked,
186、strandedorabandoned,includinganythingthatisorhasbeenonboardsuchship;(e)claimsinrespectoftheremovaldestructionortherenderingharmlessofthecargooftheship;(f)claimsofapersonotherthanthepersonliableinrespectofmeasurestakeninorderto avert or minimize loss for which the person liable may limit his liabilit
187、y inaccordancewiththisConvention,andfurtherlosscausedbysuchmeasures.Article207(1)Claimsinrespectoflossoflifeorpersonalinjuryorlossofordamagetopropertyincludingdamagetoharbourworks,basinsandwaterwaysandaidstonavigationoccurringonboardorindirectconnectionwiththeoperationoftheshiporwithsalvageoperation
188、s,aswellasconsequentialdamagesresultingtherefrom;(2)Claimsinrespectoflossresultingfromdelayindeliveryinthecarriageofgoodsbyseaorfromdelayinthearrivalofpassengersortheirluggage;(3)Claimsinrespectofotherlossresultingfrominfringementofrightsotherthancontractualrightsoccurringindirectconnectionwiththeop
189、erationoftheshiporsalvageoperations;(4)ClaimsofapersonotherthanthepersonliableinrespectofmeasurestakentoavertorminimizelossforwhichthepersonliablemaylimithisliabilityinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisChapter,andfurtherlosscausedbysuchmeasures.The Empire Jamaica 19551 Lloyds Rep.50Thisshipwasfoundto
190、beatfaultinacollisionanditwasdiscoveredthattheshipssecondofficer,whohappenedtobetheofficeronthebridgeatthetimeofthecollision,wasnot in possession of a second officers certificate inaccordancewiththerelevantHongKongordinanceInanapplicationtolimitliability，thedefendantinterestsarguedthat the shipowner
191、 had knowingly sent the vessel to seawithanuncertificatedsecondofficerandwasthereforenotentitledtolimithisliability.ChoiceoflawAlimitationfundcanbeconstitutedintheshipownersplaceofdomicileofhischoice.Thiscouldberelevanttothequestionoftheappropriatejurisdictiontodetermineclaimsagainstashipowner.Infac
192、t,ashipownerwasatlibertytosetupalimitationfundinhisowncountry.The Volvox Hollandia 19882 Lloyds Rep.36lA dredger owned and operated by the sub-contractorsV02，aDutchcorporation,damagedapipelineintheNorthSea V02 commenced limitation proceedings in theRotterdam court. Writs were then issued in England andservedonV02inwhichdeclarationsweresoughtthatVO2werenotentitledtolimittheirliability
