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1、College English Reading Course Book IVUnit One1Reading Skills:Identifying Transitions Between IdeasFour basic categories of formal transitional devices1. Using transitional expressions2. Repeating key words and phrases3. Using pronoun references4. Using parallel forms21. Using transitional expressio
2、ns These expression, also known as signal words, provide an aid for the reader to predict the thread of thought in the material to be read. By using signal words to predict what may come next, the reader can decide whether he should speed up his reading, slow down or pause to make sure what is being
3、 read is understood. 3Five groups of signal words:1) Words that signal more of the same When you see a word from this group, you can continue reading rapidly without worrying about a completely new idea or thought coming.andfurthermoremore than thatalsolikewisemoreoverin addition what is morefor ins
4、tance for example42) Words that change the direction of thought When you see a word from this group, you need to slow down. The author is signaling that a change is about to be made.althoughhoweveron the contrarybutotherwisein spite of despiteyet nevertheless53. Words that signal an order These word
5、s help you keep ideas, points or steps separated and ordered.firstsecond third and so onthenafter before nextlastfinally afterward64. Words that signal a summaryas a resultfinallythereforeaccordinglyin shortthusconsequentlyin conclusion soin briefin a wordas resultfor thusbecausefor this reasonsothe
6、reforeconsequentlyassince5. Words that signal cause and effect72. Repeating key words and phrases & 3. Using pronoun references Writers may use different words or expressions to refer to the same thing several times. For instance, it is common to use pronouns to replace nouns. Another common pattern
7、 is the use of one noun to take the place of another noun. Therefore, it is important for you to find the common referent (被替代的词被替代的词) wherever such word chains turn up in your reading. That is to say, never lose the thread. Only in so doing can you read accurately and efficiently.8Text 1. Storm Cha
8、sers Face the Powerful Forces of NatureI. Information Related to the Text1. the tornado A tornado is a vortex of air rising into a cloud. In their early and mature stages, all thunderstorms are characterized by rising air, called updrafts. These updrafts supply the warm, humid air that fuels thunder
9、storms. But, in some cases, the column of rising air becomes a vortex - a funnel cloud or tornado. 9 One of the key questions that scientists are trying to answer about tornadoes is why updrafts in some thunderstorms become twisting whirlwinds while those in apparently similar thunderstorms dont. Th
10、e tornado is natures most violent wind. An average of 1,000 of these vortices spin up beneath thunderstorms year round in the USA and can generate wind speeds faster than 250 mph, at times devastating whole communities.102. supercell Many tornadoes, including the strongest ones, develop from a speci
11、al type of thunderstorm known as a supercell. A supercell is a long-lived, rotating thunderstorm 10 to 16 km (6 to 10 mi) in diameter that may last several hours, travel hundreds of miles, and produce several tornadoes.11II. General Comprehension of the Text1) Why do storm chasers have to go a long
12、way in pursuit of tornadoes?2) Why did the research team fail to acquire scientific data in New Mexico?3) How did the author feel about their one-day chase of the tornado in Oklahoma?124) According to the authors account of their experience in chasing tornadoes, what qualities are needed in tornado
13、research?5) The author remarks that “luck more than skill and experience is a storm chasers best friend on days when tornadoes seem likely to occur”. What role do you think luck plays in scientific discoveries and inventions?13III. Vocabulary Band 4 Vocabularylogwitnessshieldpeak Band 6 Vocabularyma
14、rginalprevalentrobustbatterriparrogantcontemplate14 更高要求词汇更高要求词汇tornadointerceptpoiseebbsiren Useful Phrasestake chancespose a challenge toall for naughtjust a coin tosssettle forat the heels of pick up (force)white out sb.s view ofinterfere with15IV. Difficult language points in the text1. That is
15、why we find ourselves taking chances on road trips even if there is only a slight chance a tornado will occur somewhere in the region. (L. 5) Paraphrase: Thats why we set out in our trucks in the hope that we might be able to witness a tornado, even when there is only a small chance of one occurring
16、 somewhere in the region. Translation: 这就是我们决定上路碰碰运气的理由，这就是我们决定上路碰碰运气的理由，即使在这个地区内遇到龙卷风的可能性微乎其微。即使在这个地区内遇到龙卷风的可能性微乎其微。162. Our efforts were rewarded with one marginally interesting storm and a long drive home. (L. 12) Paraphrase: Despite all our efforts, we only managed to see one slightly interestin
17、g storm and had to suffer a long ride home. Translation: 我们努力的回报是一场勉强我们努力的回报是一场勉强合格的风暴和一段长途归程。合格的风暴和一段长途归程。173. But the high terrain in the northeast corner of the state has all the ingredients for rotating storms, known as supercells, which develop into the most powerful tornadoes. (L. 16) Paraphra
18、se: But the northeast part of New Mexico, which is marked by high terrain, is an ideal site for the formation of rotating storms, known as supercells, which can become the strongest tornadoes. Translation: 但是，这个州东北部地区地势较高，但是，这个州东北部地区地势较高，具有形成旋转式暴风雨的一切地理特征，这种暴风具有形成旋转式暴风雨的一切地理特征，这种暴风雨被称作雨被称作“超级暴风雨超级暴风
19、雨”，它有可能最终形成最强，它有可能最终形成最强劲的龙卷风。劲的龙卷风。184. A scarcity of roads and the prevalence of hills that blocked our radar scans posed a challenge to our ability to intercept storms that were building. (L. 19) Paraphrase: There were not many roads but too many hills that prevented our radar from scanning the s
20、torms, so that we had great difficulty intercepting the storms that were developing. Translation: 能行驶的道路非常有限，地形以山能行驶的道路非常有限，地形以山为主，山脉阻挡了雷达的扫描，这给我们追踪正为主，山脉阻挡了雷达的扫描，这给我们追踪正在形成的风暴带来了困难。在形成的风暴带来了困难。195. Luck - more than skill and experience is a storm chasers best friend on days when tornadoes seem like
21、ly to occur. (L. 28) Paraphrase: Whether a storm chaser can successfully witness and intercept tornadoes depends more on his luck than his skill and experience. Translation: 在龙卷风可能形成的那些日子里，在龙卷风可能形成的那些日子里，运气是追赶风暴者最好的朋友，而不是技能和运气是追赶风暴者最好的朋友，而不是技能和经验。经验。206. Its tornado sirens were blaring. (L. 93) Para
22、phrase: In the town of Stigler in Oklahoma, sirens were still on to warn its residents of the tornado. Translation: 龙卷风警报器还在响。龙卷风警报器还在响。7. An old metal lawn chair sat upright in the middle of a road. (L. 95) Paraphrase: An old metal garden chair stood in the middle of a road, blown there by the torn
23、ado from the lawn. Translation: 一把原来安置在草坪上的旧金属一把原来安置在草坪上的旧金属椅子横立在路的中间椅子横立在路的中间 21V. Key to exercisesI. 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B II. 1但是新墨西哥州东北部地区地势较高，具有形但是新墨西哥州东北部地区地势较高，具有形成旋转式暴风雨的一切地理特征，这种成旋转式暴风雨的一切地理特征，这种 暴风雨被暴风雨被称作称作“超级暴风雨超级暴风雨”，它有可能最终形成最强劲的龙，它有可能最终形成最强劲的龙卷风。卷风。 2能行驶的道路非常有限，地形以山为主，山脉阻能行驶的道路非常有限，地形以山为
24、主，山脉阻挡了雷达的扫描，这给我们追踪正在形成的风暴带来挡了雷达的扫描，这给我们追踪正在形成的风暴带来了困难。了困难。 3但这一切已毫无意义，我们一直监视风暴不停地但这一切已毫无意义，我们一直监视风暴不停地旋转，最终却没有形成龙卷风。因此，我们没有获得旋转，最终却没有形成龙卷风。因此，我们没有获得任何科学数据，看到的却是美丽壮观的风暴渐渐地消任何科学数据，看到的却是美丽壮观的风暴渐渐地消失在地平线上。失在地平线上。 4在形成龙卷风的条件已经成熟的那几天里，可能在形成龙卷风的条件已经成熟的那几天里，可能会有多股强劲的风暴可以成为追逐的目标，最终决定会有多股强劲的风暴可以成为追逐的目标，最终决定追
25、逐哪一股风暴有时纯属偶然。追逐哪一股风暴有时纯属偶然。 22Key to the Reading-Skill ExercisesExtract 1 1. “yet” and “but”, showing contrast; “for”, indicating a reason; “in addition to”, additive; “indeed”, restating an assertion. 2. All of them make the paragraph highly cohesive.Extract 2 1. C 2. B 23Text 2. The Nature of ManI
26、. Information Related to the Text1. Woody Allen ( 1935 -) Woody Allen is an American motion-picture director, actor, and writer, many of whose films are humorous depictions of neurotic characters preoccupied with love and death. Allen frequently stars in his own movies. 24 Allens first major critica
27、l success came with Annie Hall (1977), which won Academy Awards for best picture and best screenplay and Allen won the Academy Award for best director. Allen received Academy Award nominations in various categories for many of his films.25 Crimes and Misdemeanors is Woody Allens most mature, most pr
28、ofound film. It is a marvel of complexity, with fascinating, well-written characters, deep, complicated relationships, and thought-provoking examinations of religion, infidelity, morality, murder, comedy, and tragedy. 26 Hannah and Her Sisters is Woody Allens 1986 masterwork about the changing relat
29、ionships among three sisters living in New York City. It is Allens most fully realized, optimistic adult comedy. He won a well-deserved Oscar for his marvelous screenplay, filled with his trademark sharp, witty dialogue, his undying passion for New York (its culture, architecture, music, romance), a
30、nd some of his most well developed characters. Taking place over the course of a few Thanksgivings, Allens insightful, wonderful film is a thoroughly enjoyable mature look at the trials, tribulations, and triumphs of family life. 272. naturalism Naturalism is a metaphysical theory which holds that a
31、ll phenomena can be explained mechanistically in terms of natural (as opposed to supernatural) causes and laws. Naturalists argue that the universe is a vast machine or organism, devoid of general purpose and indifferent to human needs and desires. 28theism Theism refers to the belief in the existen
32、ce of a god or gods. In Christianity, Jesus Christ is believed to be sent to his followers by God to reveal His purpose.pantheism In contrast to theism, pantheism is the view that God is identical with the world or is completely immanent, pervading everything that exists in the world.293. Sigmund Fr
33、eud Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939), an Austrian doctor and father of psychoanalysis, is generally recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. He elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy system, the structural investigation of which is pro
34、per province of psychology. 30 He articulated and refined the concepts of the unconscious, of infantile sexuality, of repression, and proposed a tri-partite account of the minds structure (consciousness, subconsciousness and unconsciousness). Further, Freuds innovative treatment of human actions, dr
35、eams, and indeed of cultural artifacts as invariably possessing implicit symbolic significance has had massive implications for a wide variety of fields, including anthropology, semiotics, and artistic creativity and appreciation in addition to psychology. 314. B.F. Skinner B. F. Skinner (1904- 1990
36、) was an American psychologist. Skinner was the leading exponent of the school of psychology known as behaviorism, which explains the behavior of humans and other animals in terms of the physiological responses of the organism to external stimuli. Like other behaviorists, he rejected unobservable ph
37、enomena of the sort that other forms of psychology, particularly psychoanalysis, had studied, concerning himself only with patterns of responses to rewards and stimuli. 325. existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), French philosopher, dramatist, novelist, and political journalist, was a leading
38、exponent of existentialism. In his early philosophic work, Being and Nothingness, Sartre conceived humans as beings who create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions, unaided by society, traditional morality, or religious faith. 33 D
39、istinguishing between human existence and the nonhuman world, he maintained that human existence is characterized by nothingness, that is, by the capacity to negate and rebel. His theory of existential psychoanalysis asserted the inescapable responsibility of all individuals for their own decisions
40、and made the recognition of ones absolute freedom of choice the necessary condition for authentic human existence. 34II. General Comprehension of the Text1) What important themes are Woody Allens films concerned with?2) How do Christian theism, naturalism and pantheism view the nature of things in g
41、eneral respectively? What do you think of their views?3) How do naturalists view the nature of man? Do you agree with them?354) Is man really free to act, according to naturalists? How do you view this issue?5) How do you understand the assertion “Human destiny is an episode between two oblivions”?
42、Do you agree with this assertion?36III. Vocabulary Band 4 Vocabularyinfluentialcomiccondition (v.)mighttheme Band 6 Vocabularyaffirmdestinestimulusrecur37更高要求词汇更高要求词汇preoccupydiversifyUseful Phrasesbe destined toat largemutually exclusivechance resultstrike a balance between duty-bound38IV. Difficul
43、t language points in the text1. His continued popularity might be partially explained by humanitys need to deal with these issues as they relate to the meaning of life. (L. 6) Paraphrase: Woody Allen has stayed popular partly because all his films deal with the meaning of life, and this echoes mans
44、curiosity about the same subject. Translation: 他还受人欢迎，也许部分原因是人他还受人欢迎，也许部分原因是人类需要解决这些问题，因为这些问题关系到生活的类需要解决这些问题，因为这些问题关系到生活的意义。意义。392. Allen himself admits to a preoccupation with the notion of death. (L. 9) Paraphrase: Allen himself says that he keeps thinking about the meaning of death. Translation:
45、艾伦自己承认死亡问题一直艾伦自己承认死亡问题一直困扰着他。困扰着他。 403. These worldviews hold to mutually exclusive ideas about the nature of things in general, and specifically about the nature of man. (L. 37) Paraphrase: These outlooks involve completely different ideas concerning the nature of things in general, specifically ab
46、out the nature of man. Translation: 这些世界观对一般事物的本质这些世界观对一般事物的本质和人的具体本性有彼此不相容的看法，彼此互和人的具体本性有彼此不相容的看法，彼此互不相让。不相让。 414. There is no place in the naturalists view for a spiritual reality. (L. 42) Paraphrase: The naturalist does not believe at all that a spiritual reality exists alongside physical reality
47、. Translation: 对自然论者来说，根本就不存对自然论者来说，根本就不存在任何精神实体。在任何精神实体。425. The process of evolution is sufficient to explain all that man is, even if difficulties exist in its application. (L.73) Paraphrase: Despite some difficulties in applying the idea, evolution is all that is needed to account for what man i
48、s. Translation: 进化过程足以解释人是什么，进化过程足以解释人是什么，即使其应用过程仍然存在困难。即使其应用过程仍然存在困难。436. A recurring theme of naturalism is that man is not duty-bound to adhere to a set of moral rules. (L. 103) Paraphrase: Naturalists constantly assert that man has no obligation to follow a set of moral rules. Translation: 自然论中一
49、个永恒的主题是：自然论中一个永恒的主题是：人没有义务遵循一套道德规范。人没有义务遵循一套道德规范。44V. Key to exercisesI. 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A II. 1他回忆到，他很小的时候夜间常常躺在床上，想他回忆到，他很小的时候夜间常常躺在床上，想像生命会怎样终结、什么是虚无、为什么死亡是无法改像生命会怎样终结、什么是虚无、为什么死亡是无法改变的。变的。2随着美国进一步走向多民族化，对人的本性产生了新随着美国进一步走向多民族化，对人的本性产生了新的认识，进而影响到我们原有的个人观点。的认识，进而影响到我们原有的个人观点。3我们对涉及人类本性的问题的回答，在很大程
50、度上影我们对涉及人类本性的问题的回答，在很大程度上影响我们对子女的教育方式，以及对犯罪、贫困等社会问响我们对子女的教育方式，以及对犯罪、贫困等社会问题的处理方式。题的处理方式。 4即使是弗洛伊德也相信：为了平衡其即使是弗洛伊德也相信：为了平衡其(动物动物)本能和本能和文明社会的要求，人类能超越其纯动物性的存在。文明社会的要求，人类能超越其纯动物性的存在。 5如果我们能够意识到，人类没有道德选择的自由，如果我们能够意识到，人类没有道德选择的自由，需要的是设计者来创造一个完美的环境规范人的行为，需要的是设计者来创造一个完美的环境规范人的行为，那么，我们就能创造一个完美的社会。在那么，我们就能创造一
51、个完美的社会。在沃尔等第二沃尔等第二一书中，斯金纳对此进行了描述。一书中，斯金纳对此进行了描述。 45Text 3. DadI. Information Related to the Text1. About the author: Andrew H. Malcolm, a former foreign and national correspondent, editor, government and campaign spokesman, is a member of the Editorial Board of the Los Angeles Times. At The New York
52、 Times he was a correspondent, editor and columnist. 46 He was also Executive Assistant and Communications Director for Governor Marc Racicot of Montana and Deputy Communications Manager of the Bush presidential campaign. He has written 10 books, including Final Harvest and The Canadians.472. Clevel
53、and Indians: A professional baseball team and one of five teams in the Central Division of the American League (AL). Cleveland Indians cap refers to the team cap the baseball players wear 48II. General Comprehension of the Text1) The author says “The relationship between a son and his father changes
54、 over time.” Can you identify the different stages of the father-son relationship as illustrated by the authors experience? How did the relationship between you and your parents change as you grew up?492) Is it still important today for a man to display a firm handshake and a steady gaze into someon
55、es eyes? 3) How do you feel about Malcolms father crying with his son when the boys dog was killed?4) As you grew up, did you ever shift from trying to please a parent to trying to impress that parent? If so, when?5) The last two paragraphs deal with how the father ended his life. How does this impr
56、ess you?50III. Vocabulary Band 4 Vocabularyyawnsourshake Band 6 Vocabularymortalbattercontradictjerkscar51 更高要求词汇更高要求词汇incumbenterrandailmentcrave Useful Phrasesswing (a child) up to ones shouldersdefuse the anger ofthrow up sores and scarsa two-way street52IV. Difficult language points in the text1
57、. It may sour in resented dependence or independence. (L. 9) Paraphrase: The son may want to become independent and the father may want the son to be dependent upon him. This conflict may make the relationship between them less agreeable. Translation: 父子关系可能在儿子反抗父子关系可能在儿子反抗(对父对父亲的亲的)依赖或走向独立的过程中变得不愉快
58、。依赖或走向独立的过程中变得不愉快。 532. None of those fishy little finger grips, but a good firm squeeze accompanied by an equally strong gaze into the others eyes. (L. 28) Paraphrase: Fathers handshake is not cold holding of the others fingers, but firm grasping of his whole hand, with an steady look into his eyes
59、. Translation:父亲的握手，不是那些冷冰冰父亲的握手，不是那些冷冰冰的捏捏手指的做法，而是仅仅地握住对方的手，的捏捏手指的做法，而是仅仅地握住对方的手，同时眼睛炯炯地看着对方。同时眼睛炯炯地看着对方。 543. When my cat killed a bird, he defused the anger of a nine-year-old with a little chat about something called instinked. (L. 35) Paraphrase: One day when I was nine years old, my cat killed
60、 a bird and I was very angry. My father told me that it was the cats instinct to eat a bird. In this way, he lessened my anger. (Note: The nine-year-old boy did not know how instinct is spelled.) Translation: 我九岁时，我的猫杀死了一只鸟，我九岁时，我的猫杀死了一只鸟，于是，他同我谈到于是，他同我谈到“本性本性”这样的东西，驱散了我这样的东西，驱散了我的怒气。的怒气。554. Imposs
61、ible that he could be wrong, but there it was in the book. (L. 61 ) Paraphrase: He could not be wrong, but what was in the book contradicted what he said.Translation: 他不可能错，但这又明明写在书本里。他不可能错，但这又明明写在书本里。5. I never threw these up at him. (L. 67)Paraphrase: Though I could see his blind spots, his prejud
62、ices and his weaknesses, I never pointed these out to him.Translation: 我从来也没有当面向他挑明这些东西。我从来也没有当面向他挑明这些东西。 566. No amount of love could make someone else care about life, I said: it was a two-way street. (L. 93) Paraphrase: No matter how much love you gave to another person, you cannot persuade him t
63、o take an active attitude to life, because, I told him, a change in his attitude to life depends not only on other peoples advice but more on his willingness to change. Translation: 无论你怎样爱一个人，你都无法使无论你怎样爱一个人，你都无法使他关心自己的生命，我认为：这是一个双向过程。他关心自己的生命，我认为：这是一个双向过程。57V. Key to ExercisesI. 1C 2D 3A 4AII. 1他当时他
64、当时33岁，我岁，我4岁，他有力的大手一把握住我岁，他有力的大手一把握住我细小的双臂，轻而易举地把我扛上肩头，使我能居高临细小的双臂，轻而易举地把我扛上肩头，使我能居高临下地看到我想看到的一切。下地看到我想看到的一切。 2但是，对一个生活在二战后的小男孩来说，父亲就但是，对一个生活在二战后的小男孩来说，父亲就像一个具有神秘力量和威力的神，超乎凡人之上，无所像一个具有神秘力量和威力的神，超乎凡人之上，无所不能，无所不知。不能，无所不知。 3每天晚上他下班回来以后，我们都会练习握手。戴每天晚上他下班回来以后，我们都会练习握手。戴着克利夫兰印第安球队的旧帽子的着克利夫兰印第安球队的旧帽子的 我，蹒跚地跑向身我，蹒跚地跑向身材高大的父亲，一遍又一遍地同他握手，直到能够握得材高大的父亲，一遍又一遍地同他握手，直到能够握得很紧。很紧。 4第二年，我的狗被车压死，我感到悲痛难忍。这时，第二年，我的狗被车压死，我感到悲痛难忍。这时，父亲来到我身边，用他有力的双臂抱着我，陪我一起流父亲来到我身边，用他有力的双臂抱着我，陪我一起流泪，告诉我生与死都是自然规律。但是，我总是不明白，泪，告诉我生与死都是自然规律。但是，我总是不明白，一辆超速行驶的汽车没能及时刹车怎么也能算是自然而一辆超速行驶的汽车没能及时刹车怎么也能算是自然而然的事。然的事。 58
