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1、修修饰名名词或代或代词(不定代不定代词或疑或疑问代代词)等的等的词、短、短语或者或者从句称从句称为定定语。一般。一般单个的个的单词作定作定语放在放在该修修饰名名词之之前前(前置定前置定语)，短，短语和句子放在和句子放在该修修饰名名词之后之后(后置定后置定语)。Period Four Grammar(1) & Grammar(2)1定语的概念定语的概念一、定语一、定语 2定定语的的类型型代代词Our government tries every possible means to satisfy our needs. What problem do you have in mastering a
2、 foreign language？数数词English is spoken as an official language in over sixty countries throughout the world.Over two hundred auto workers are out on strike.名名词或或名名词所所有格有格I still remember what I ate : a fish and cheese sandwich.In many homes，the willow pattern plates (named after the willow tree in t
3、he center of the design) are kept for special occasions，when important guests come to dinner.Where is the presidents office？分分词The rising sun in the early morning looks bigger than the one at noon.分分词Do you know the girl dancing over there？There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.The man badly wou
4、nded in the stomach lay on the ground，motionless.动词不定不定式式The letters to be delivered to the manager arrived five minutes ago.He is always the first person to leave the office.介介词短短语One evening he was entertaining the ruler of a small island in the Pacific.Antarctica is the coldest place in the world
5、.副副词(通通常后置常后置)The noise outside woke him up.The food here goes against the Chinese sense of beauty and style at the dinner table.词组或或合成合成词With a face all smiles he told me that he had done well in the experiment.Is there anything the matter with you？Who is that blueeyed girl?There are more welltodo
6、families now.从句从句The perfect host is the one who saves his guest from embarrassment whatever the cost.Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife，which has adapted to its extreme conditions.形容形容词I thought this vast wave of food was the total number of dishes to be served.His deeds moved everyone present.注意：注
7、意：不定代不定代词something，anything，everything，nothing的定的定语要放在后面，如要放在后面，如something interesting多个形容多个形容词作定作定语的的顺序：基本序：基本规则：评价性形容价性形容词表示大小、表示大小、长短、高低、新旧的形容短、高低、新旧的形容词表示表示颜色的形容色的形容词表示国籍、来源、材料的形容表示国籍、来源、材料的形容词【单项填空单项填空】Some_students in our class hope to be_doctors in the future.Agirls；womans Bgirl；womenCgirl；wo
8、man Dgirls；womensYesterday she asked me if there was_to read，but I happened to lend it to someone else.Aeasy enough somethingBenough easy somethingCsomething enough easyDsomething easy enoughThis_girl is Lindas niece.Apretty little Spanish BSpanish little prettyCSpanish pretty little Dlittle pretty
9、Spanish答案答案BDA二、定语从句二、定语从句表一定义及相关术语表一定义及相关术语定定义在主从复合句中，作定在主从复合句中，作定语修修饰句中某个名句中某个名词或代或代词的句子叫作定的句子叫作定语从句从句分分类又称又称为形容形容词性从句。定性从句。定语从句有限制性和非限从句有限制性和非限制性之分制性之分先行先行词定定语从句在句中做定从句在句中做定语，修，修饰一个名一个名词或一个代或一个代词，那么被修，那么被修饰的名的名词(词组)或代或代词就是先行就是先行词关系关系词引引导定定语从句的关从句的关联词称称为关系关系词。关系代关系代词：who，whom，whose，that，which，as等。
10、等。关系副关系副词：when，where，why等。等。关系关系词的作用有三个：的作用有三个：引引导定定语从句；从句；代代替先行替先行词；在定在定语从句中担当一个成分。从句中担当一个成分。表二关系代词引导的定语从句表二关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。who，whom，that这些些词代替代替的先行的先行词
11、是表示是表示人的名人的名词或代或代词，在从句中作主在从句中作主语或或宾语Is she the woman who/that wants to see you？她就是想她就是想见你的人你的人吗？ (who/that在从句中作在从句中作主主语)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他他就是我昨天就是我昨天见的那个人。的那个人。(whom/that在从句在从句中作中作宾语)whose用来指人或物用来指人或物(只只用作定用作定语，若指物，它，若指物，它还可以同可以同of which the互互换，whose相当于先行相当于先行词的所有格的所有格)Please
12、pass me the book whose (of which the) cover is green. 请递给我那本我那本绿色封面的色封面的书。which与与that所代替的所代替的先行先行词是表示事物的名是表示事物的名词或代或代词，在从句中可，在从句中可作主作主语、宾语等。等。A tiger which/that had never been seen before has appeared in the area.一只从没一只从没见过的老虎在的老虎在这个地区出个地区出现了。了。(which/that在句中作主在句中作主语)The box (which/that) you are car
13、rying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的盒子快散了。你拿的盒子快散了。(which/that在在句中作句中作宾语)表三表三as作关系代词的用法作关系代词的用法关系代关系代词as常出常出现在在such.as，so.as，the same.as，as.as等等结构中构中This is not such a book as I expected.这不是我所希望得到的那本不是我所希望得到的那本书。Here is so big a stone as no man can lift。这么大一么大一块石石头，没有人能，没有人能举起来。起来。as引引导非限制性定非限制性定语从从
14、句，指代整个主句，可句，指代整个主句，可置于句首或句末。置于句首或句末。As is known to all，the earth is round.众所周知，地球是众所周知，地球是圆的。的。as指代整个主句和指代整个主句和which指代整个主句的指代整个主句的用法区用法区别：由由as，which引引导非限非限制性定制性定语从句从句时，as和和which可指代整个主可指代整个主句，相当于句，相当于and this或或and that。as引引导的非限制性定的非限制性定语从句常用来表示从句常用来表示说话人关于某事的依据、人关于某事的依据、态度、解度、解释或或评论等，等，含有含有“正如正如”的意思，
15、通常出的意思，通常出现在一些在一些固定短固定短语之中，一般放在句首，也可放在句之中，一般放在句首，也可放在句末。末。As we know，smoking is harmful to ones health.我我们知道，吸烟知道，吸烟对我我们的身体有害。的身体有害。as has been said before如上所述如上所述as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那正如可以想象出来的那样as is well known众所周知众所周知as was expected正如所正如所预料的那料的那样as has been already pointed out正如已正如已经指指出的那出的
16、那样as指代整个主句和指代整个主句和which指代整个主指代整个主句的用法区句的用法区别：由由as，which引引导非限制性定非限制性定语从句从句时，as和和which可可指代整个主句，相指代整个主句，相当于当于and this或或and that。which引引导的非限制性定的非限制性定语从句，一般从句，一般表示某事的状况或表示某事的状况或结果，只能出果，只能出现在在主句之后。主句之后。The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.太阳太阳给地球地球热量，量，这对我我们来来说非常非常重要。重要。The man died last
17、night，which is a lie.那个男人昨晚死亡的消息是个那个男人昨晚死亡的消息是个谎言。言。特特别提醒提醒I have bought the same watch as you have.我我买了一了一块和你的一和你的一样的手表。的手表。(我的手表和你我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一的手表很像，但不是同一块)This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我就是我丢的那的那块手表。手表。(这手表和我手表和我丢的手表的手表是同一是同一块)表四关系副词引导的定语从句表四关系副词引导的定语从句关系副关系副词when，where，why可代替的先行可代替的先行
18、词是表示是表示时间、地点或原因的名地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状，在从句中作状语。其含。其含义相当于相当于“介介词which” 结构，因此常常和构，因此常常和 “介介词which” 结构交替构交替使用。使用。There are occasions when (on which)one must give up.任何任何人都有不得不放弃的人都有不得不放弃的时候。候。Jinan is the place where (in which) I was born.济南是我的南是我的出生地。出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our off
19、er？这就是他拒就是他拒绝我我们帮助他的理由帮助他的理由吗？表五关系代词或关系副词的判断表五关系代词或关系副词的判断用关系代用关系代词还是关是关系副系副词完全取决于完全取决于从句中的从句中的谓语动词。及物及物动词后面无后面无宾语，就必，就必须用关系用关系代代词；而不及物；而不及物动词则要用关系副要用关系副词。This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是去年我呆是去年我呆过的山村。的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永我永远不会忘不会忘记
20、和你一起工作的那些和你一起工作的那些日子。日子。准确判断先行准确判断先行词在定在定语从句中的从句中的成分成分(主、主、谓、宾、定、状、定、状)，也能正确也能正确选择出出关系代关系代词/关系关系副副词。This is the movie that/which we talked about.(先行先行词the movie在定在定语从句中作从句中作talk about的的宾语，故用关，故用关系代系代词that/which)I dont know the reason why John is absent from the meeting.(先行先行词the reason在定在定语从句中作原因状从句
21、中作原因状语，故，故用关系副用关系副词why)特特别提醒提醒定定语从句引从句引导词的的选择要由引要由引导词在从句在从句(注意：注意：不是主句不是主句)中所作的成分决定。先行中所作的成分决定。先行词在从句中作在从句中作主主语、定、定语、宾语，选择关系代关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；先行；先行词在从句中作状在从句中作状语，应选择关系副关系副词(where为地点状地点状语，when为时间状状语，why为原因状原因状语)。表六经常使用非限制性定语从句的场合表六经常使用非限制性定语从句的场合先行先行词为独一独一无二的物体无二的物体时The sun，which rises
22、 in the east，gives us heat and light.太阳从太阳从东边升起，升起，给我我们发出光和出光和热。先行先行词是指物是指物的的专有名有名词时The Great Wall，which is called in Chinese “The Ten Thousand Li Great Wall”，is actually more than 6，000 kilometers long.长城，中国人称作城，中国人称作“万里万里长城城”，实际上上 6，000多公里。多公里。先行先行词指物且被指物且被指示代指示代词或人称或人称代代词所修所修饰时This is her house，w
23、hich was built last year.这是她的房子，是去年建的。是她的房子，是去年建的。定定语从句修从句修饰整整个主句个主句时He is from Australia，which I know from his accent.他是美国人，他是美国人，这一点我从他的口音可以一点我从他的口音可以断定。断定。【定语从句对比练习定语从句对比练习】This is one of the most interesting plays_shown last week.This is the very one of the most interesting plays_shown last week
24、.Awhich was Bthat wasCwhich were Dthat were He has two brothers，_are college students.He has two brothers，and_are college students.A.both of which Bboth of whomCboth of them Dboth of it 12He still lives in the apartment_window faces to the east.He still lives in the apartment，the window_faces to the
25、 east.He still lives in the apartment_is in the north of the city.He still lives in the apartment_there is a beautiful table.Awhich Bwhose Cwhere Dof which 3_leaves the hall last ought to turn off the lights._who leaves the hall last ought to turn off the lights._who leave the hall last ought to tur
26、n off the lights.AAnyone BWhoCThose DWhoever4_we all know，China is abundant in natural resources._is wellknown that China is abundant in natural resources._is wellknown，China is abundant in natural resources.AWhich BAs CIt DThat 答案答案1.DB2.BC3.BDAC4.DAC5.BCB5最近某高中最近某高中拟开展以开展以“校园拒校园拒绝零食零食”为主主题的活的活动。假如
27、你是假如你是该校学生会主席，校学生会主席，请你以学生会的名你以学生会的名义，参考下，参考下面的内容提示，面的内容提示，给全校学生写一封倡全校学生写一封倡议书。内容提示：内容提示：1描述吃零食的描述吃零食的现象；象；2阐述吃零食的影响；述吃零食的影响；3提出合理化的建提出合理化的建议。倡议书倡议书 注意注意：1.词数词数100左右，开头已为你写好左右，开头已为你写好(不计入总词不计入总词数数)； 2参考词汇：参考词汇：snacks零食；零食；phenomenon现象现象Dear fellow students， There is a serious phenomenon in our schoo
28、l._【写作分析写作分析】第一步：认真审题第一步：认真审题一审体裁：本文要求写一篇倡议书，属于记叙文范畴。一审体裁：本文要求写一篇倡议书，属于记叙文范畴。二审格式：倡议书不同于演讲稿，格式一般按照书信二审格式：倡议书不同于演讲稿，格式一般按照书信格式就可以，时态多用一般现在时，用第一人称较合适。格式就可以，时态多用一般现在时，用第一人称较合适。三审结构：这类文章一般是提出问题，阐述这种问题三审结构：这类文章一般是提出问题，阐述这种问题的影响，再提出解决问题的建议。可以适当使用祈使句，的影响，再提出解决问题的建议。可以适当使用祈使句，以增强倡议书的号召力度。以增强倡议书的号召力度。第二步：提炼要
29、点第二步：提炼要点1a waste of2in addition3lead to fatness and illness4What is worse.5not.any more第三步：扩点成句第三步：扩点成句1Eating snacks is a bad habit as well as a waste of money.2Eating snacks improperly may lead to fatness and illness.What is worse，some students throw the wrappers everywhere，which is a bad behavio
30、ur and pollutes our campus.3Remember that three regular meals a day as well as a balanced diet are essential for us. 【品味佳作品味佳作】Dear fellow students， There is a serious phenomenon in our school.We find many students will crowd in the school store to buy snacks after each class.Some students even eat
31、snacks in class. Eating snacks is a bad habit as well as a waste of money.In addition，most snacks are unhealthy food，for they contain too much fat and sugar.Eating snacks improperly may lead to fatness and illness.What is worse，some students throw the wrappers everywhere，which is abad behaviour and
32、pollutes our campus. Dear fellow students，we shouldnt act like kids any more.We high school students should develop good habits.Remember that three regular meals a day as well as a balanced diet are essential for us.Lets form good eating habits and say no to snacks!Students Union【名师点津名师点津】1本文是一封倡议书。
33、作者按照提出问题，分析问题，本文是一封倡议书。作者按照提出问题，分析问题，解决问题的思路呈现观点。文中运用了很多经典短语：解决问题的思路呈现观点。文中运用了很多经典短语：as well as，in addition，lead to，what is worse等。作者巧妙等。作者巧妙地添加句式结构，使文章流畅自然。如：地添加句式结构，使文章流畅自然。如： In addition，most snacks are unhealthy food，for they contain too much fat and sugar.Eating snacks improperly may lead to fa
34、tness and illness.2文章使用一般现在时，条理性强，很有说服力。文章使用一般现在时，条理性强，很有说服力。3亮点句式：亮点句式：We find many students will crowd in the school store to buy snacks after each class.Eating snacks is a bad habit as well as a waste of money.What is worse，some students throw the wrappers everywhere，which is a bad behaviour and
35、pollutes our campus.Remember that three regular meals a day as well as a balanced diet are essential for us. 【写作模板写作模板】Dear fellow students， There is a serious phenomenon in _ourschool.We find_(发现的的问题)Eating snacks is_as well as_(危害一危害一)In addition，_(危害二危害二)Eating snacks improperly may lead to_(危害三危
36、害三)What is worse，_(危害四危害四)Dear fellow students，we shouldnt_(倡倡议一一)We high school students should develop good habits.Remember_(倡倡议二二)Lets_(倡倡议三三)！ “介词关系代词介词关系代词” 考点分析考点分析 总的的说来，来，选择介介词不外乎三条：一是根据句子意思不外乎三条：一是根据句子意思表达的需要；二是根据从句中表达的需要；二是根据从句中动词或形容或形容词与介与介词的的习惯搭配；三是根据先行搭配；三是根据先行词和介和介词的的习惯搭配。搭配。考查定语从句中谓语部
37、分的搭配习惯考查定语从句中谓语部分的搭配习惯(1)看定看定语从句中从句中动词与介与介词的搭配的搭配The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.1This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music.注：有一些介词为固定搭配的一部分，此时它们的位置应注：有一些介词为固定搭配的一部分，此时它们的位置应注意。如：注意
38、。如：The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better.不能不能说成：成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.(2)看定看定语从句中形容从句中形容词或分或分词与介与介词的搭配的搭配 He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.【即时训练即时训练】I saw a woman running toward me in the dark.Before
39、I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction_she had come.Aof which Bby whichCin which Dfrom whichHe was educated at the local high school，_he went on to Beijing University.Aafter which Bafter thatCin which Din that考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。如：这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介
40、词。如：This is our classroom，in the front of which there is a teachers desk.Ill never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me.【即时训练即时训练】We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us _we gave some bells and glasses.Ato which Bto whomCwith whom Dwith which2考查根据句
41、意确定介词考查根据句意确定介词Tom，by whom the window was broken，has been criticized by his teacher.I am looking for my glasses，without which I cant watch TV clearly.【即时训练即时训练】Eric received training in computer for one year，_he found a job in a big company.Aafter that Bafter whichCafter it Dafter this3考查表示所属关系的考查表示
42、所属关系的of which whomOn the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence，the meaning of which I dont understand.【即时训练即时训练】It is reported that two schools，_are being built in my hometown，will open next year.A .they both Bwhich bothCboth of them Dboth of which4考查表示整体与部分关系的考查表示整体与部分关系的of which whomI have five
43、English dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.The buses，most of which were already full，were surrounded by an angry crowd.I met the fruitpickers，several of whom were university students.【即时训练即时训练】I was given three books on cooking，the first_I really enjoyed.Aof that Bof whichCthat Dwhich56考查表示同位关系的考查表示同位关系的of which whomHer sons，both of whom work abroad，rang her up this morning.【即时训练即时训练】Last week，only two people came to look at the house，_wanted to buy it.Anone of them Bboth of whomCnone of whom Dneither of whom答案答案DABBDBD
