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1、 英语简单句五种基本句型英语简单句五种基本句型 句子成分句子成分n主主语（subject）：一句）：一句话的中心的中心nMy sister is a nurse. Her room is on the second floor.n谓语（predicate）：是主）：是主语的主要情况，可表示的主要情况，可表示动作、状作、状态nShe works in a hospital. She knows a little English.n宾语（object）：表示）：表示动作的承受者或作的承受者或动作的作的结果果nEverybody knows her. She is writing a letter
2、now.n表表语（predicative）:和系和系动词一起构成一起构成谓语nShe is a kind girl.n定定语（attribute）：修）：修饰名名词、代、代词等等nHer hospital isnt very big. But everyone in the hospital works hard.n状状语（adverbial）：修）：修饰动词、形容、形容词或副或副词nShe goes to work very early. She feels very happy.句子可以由主语，谓语动词，表语，宾语，定语，状语，直接和间接宾语，宾语补足语组成归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合
3、、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 基本句型一：基本句型一： + （主（主谓/不及物不及物动词） Everybody smiled. The sun is rising. 基本句型二：基本句型二： + + （主（主谓/及物及物动词宾）He knows everything. I like her.基本句型三：基本句型三： + + （主（主谓/系系动词表）表）The boy looks healthy.基本句型四基本句型四: + +InO +D(主主谓/双双宾动词间宾直直宾） I showed him my passport.基本句型五基本句型五: + + +O（主
4、（主谓/及物及物动词宾宾补）What made you angry?各种词类及其在句子中的作用：各种词类及其在句子中的作用： 1. Nouns (n.) 名词：名词： -主语主语(S)，宾语，宾语(O)，表语，表语(P)等等 2. Verbs (v.) 动词动词 -谓语谓语(V) （ vt. 及物动词及物动词 / vi. 不及物动词）不及物动词） 3. Pronouns （pron.) 代词：代词： -主语，宾语，表语主语，宾语，表语等等 e.g. Kate has a piano. She likes it very much. _ S _ V _ O _ S _ V _O 4. Adjec
5、tives (adj.) 形容词：形容词： -定语定语(At.) 表语表语 （P） e.g. The flower is very beautiful. This is a very beautiful flower.5. Adverbs (adv.) 副词：副词：-状语（状语（Ad.)6. Numerals (num.) 数词：数词： -定语，表语，主语等定语，表语，主语等 e.g. 25 (desks) _(be) enough. 7. Articles (art.) 冠词：冠词： 一般不单独构成句子成分一般不单独构成句子成分 (At.)(P) are8. Prepositions (pr
6、ep.) 介词（介词（in, at, on, ) prep. +n. 介词短语介词短语-状语状语 (Ad.),表语等表语等 e.g. We can see the bike under the tree. 9. Conjunctions (conj.) 连词连词 ( and, or, but, so) 一般不构成成分，仅起连接作用一般不构成成分，仅起连接作用10. Interjections ( interj.) 感叹词感叹词 (ah, oh, yeah) 一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用 基本句型基本句型 一一(subject)(subject) + +V V(v
7、erb)(verb)（主谓）（主谓）（主谓）（主谓） 特点特点: :句子的句子的谓语动词谓语动词都能表达都能表达完整完整的意思。的意思。 这类动词叫做这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词，后面可以，后面可以 跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 e.g.Hiswordsworks.Vs主主语+不及物不及物动词Its snowing.The train is arriving.The blind do not see.Can you read?It doesnt pay.May I go?We waited and waited.主主语+ +不及物不及物动词+ +状状语Did
8、 you sleep well?Dont drive so fast.She is studying hard at the university.She swims like a fish.She is trembling all over.You go first and I will follow behind.主语主语+ +不及物动词不及物动词+ +副词副词The meeting broke up in great confusion.The engine broke down.The bomb blew up.How did the accident come about?The c
9、oncert came off well.Sales have been dropping off badly.主语主语+ +不及物动词（有被动意思）不及物动词（有被动意思）The door blew open.Cheese cuts easily.She photographs well.The window wont shut.Silk stains easily.Her eyes filled with tears. 基本句型基本句型 二二 + + + +（主主主主谓谓宾宾） 特点：特点：谓语动词都是都是实义动词，但不能表，但不能表 达完整的意思，必达完整的意思，必须跟跟宾语，即，即动
10、作的承受者，才能使意思完整。作的承受者，才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做叫做及物及物动词。 e.g. We like the movie. S Vo主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +名词名词/ /代词代词1.主谓宾结构He loves poetry.He left school in 1988.They found a cure for cancer.We took the early flight to America.2.习惯用语（动词+名词）Dont catch cold. Take care! The ice is thin. 主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +反身代词反身代词I c
11、ant express myself English.Now Ill introduce myself.She saw herself in the mirror.I can support myself.I asked myself several questions.主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +不定式（作宾语）不定式（作宾语）Someone is asking to see you.We cant afford to pay such a price.I cant bear to see you like this.I didnt expect to find you here.I
12、 dont wish to leave my mother.He promised to see her home.主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +动名词（作宾语）动名词（作宾语）Would you mind waiting a few minutes?Why have they delayed opening the new school?I cant imagine lying like this.I prefer standing.I propose resting for half an hour.主语主语+ +及物动词及物动词+ +连接副（代）词引导的宾语连接副（代）词引导的宾语
13、从句从句I didnt know where they had gone.This shows how much she sympathized with him.Do you see now why I did it?He asked when we would be in London.You can discuss which is his best poem.I can tell you what I hear.基本句型 三 + +（主系表主系表） 特点：句子谓语动词都特点：句子谓语动词都不能不能表达一个完整的意思，表达一个完整的意思， 必须必须加上加上一个表明主语身份或状态的一个表明
14、主语身份或状态的表语表语构构 成成复合谓语复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。，才能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做这类动词叫做( (连连) )系系动词。动词。 系动词可分四类：系动词可分四类： 1 1）be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, ,只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和表语的 作用作用, ,后可接动词外的任何词；后可接动词外的任何词； 2 2）感官动词类）感官动词类 look, feel, smell, taste, sound等等 3）表示）表示变化：化：get, grow, become, turn, go等等 4）表示状）表示状态延延续：stay, keep, remain, sta
15、nd等等 主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词She felt a bit dizzy.Youre not looking very well.The dish smells good.When she saw this, she turned red.Things will come right in the end.He has fallen ill.His advice proved sound.主语主语+系动词系动词+名词名词/代词代词His dream has at last become a reality.He used to be a teacher till he turne
16、d writer.We can remain friends.He appeared a fool.It sounds a good idea.The affair rests a mystery.主语主语+系动词系动词+副词副词I have been out for a walk.But Ive got to be off now.Ill see if he is around.If he is not here, hes about somewhere.She had been away on a long trip.主语主语+系动词系动词+不定式不定式His plan is to kee
17、p the affair secret.Their aim was to modernize their agriculture.Your job is to make sure that the work is finished on time.My duty is to get you away, to save you.主语主语+系动词系动词+动名词动名词His hobby is collecting stamps.His occupation was teaching.My job is repairing cars.Her main interest is playing tenni
18、s.主语主语+系动词系动词+从句从句Their first idea was that he had hidden it.My opinion is that the plan wont work.His only fault is that he lacks ambition.主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词+介词短语介词短语Be/系动词+形容词+介词Be afraid of/ be short of/be fond of/be proud of/be tired of/be confident of/be worried about/feel confident of/remain i
19、gnorant of/fall short of主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词+不定式不定式Be glad to/be sorry to/ be happy to/be anxious to/be keen to/be ready to/be willing to/be afraid to/ be content to主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词+从句从句Afraid/sorry/glad/sure/certain/confident/surprised/hopeful/proud/clear/aware(of) 基本句型基本句型 四四 + +InO +D（主主主主谓谓间宾间宾直
20、直直直宾宾） 特点：特点：谓语动词必必须跟有跟有两个两个宾语才能表达完才能表达完 整的意思。整的意思。这两个两个宾语一个是一个是动作的作的直直 接承受者接承受者，另一个是，另一个是动作的作的间接承受者接承受者。 通常可改通常可改为 S +V+DO+prep.(to/for)+InO e.g. She gave me an apple. =She gave an apple to me.主语主语+双宾语动词双宾语动词+名词或代词名词或代词+名词名词1.动词后接to :give show send bring read pass lend leave hand tell return write
21、throw refuse phone 等She gave me her telephone number(gave a job to me).He handed me the letter(the letter to me).2.动词后接for: make buy do get play sing pay find order choose save cook 3.不能改为to或for的Fine cost kiss keep mean forgive setThey fined her 200 dollars. 注意：注意：1.如果直接宾语是人身代词宾格时，只能用加如果直接宾语是人身代词宾格时
22、，只能用加to 或或for 的形式。的形式。Eg：She often gives it to me.2.主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+疑问词疑问词+to do sth.(what to do/how to do it)Eg:He taught me how to read the words. 基本句型基本句型 五五 + + + + +O+O（主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补）特点：动词虽然是特点：动词虽然是及物动词及物动词，但是只跟一个宾，但是只跟一个宾 语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一 个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。个补充成分来补
23、足宾语，才能使意思完整。 判断原则：能表达成判断原则：能表达成宾语宾语 是是/做做 e.g. We made him the monitor. SVOOC1.常跟复合宾语的动词有：常跟复合宾语的动词有：call name make think find leave and so on.Eg:I will make you captain.I found the film interesting.2.如如see watch look at listen to hear feel let make have后面跟不定式作宾语补足语时，常后面跟不定式作宾语补足语时，常省略省略toEg：He list
24、ened to the boy cry. Let me go. The teacher made the students laugh.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+形容词（作宾补）形容词（作宾补）He found his new job rather boring.He got his clothes wet.She dyed her hair brown.Finally they set him free.I like my tea very hot.She pushed the door open.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+名词（作补语）名词（作补语）They cal
25、led their daughter Mary.They named the city London.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+不定式（作补语）不定式（作补语）What do you advise me to do?Dont allow yourself to indulge in false hopes.I wish you to be happy.Permit me to explain.1.Plants need water. S+V+O ( 主主 + 谓+ 宾 )2.The flower
26、is so nice. S +V +P (主主 + 系系 + 表表)3.They work hard. S +V (主主 + 谓 )4.He gives me some books. S +V +In O + DO (主主 + 谓 + 直直宾 + 间宾)5.We should keep the plants in the shade. S+V +O +OC (主主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补)7.Her father looks young.7.Her father looks young.8.She teaches us English.8.She teaches us English.9.T
27、he children are jumping and laughing happily.9.The children are jumping and laughing happily.10.Our teacher asked us to talk about the questions 10.Our teacher asked us to talk about the questions in pairs.in pairs. 11. He often tells me some interesting stories.11. He often tells me some interestin
28、g stories. 12.The students must keep their eyes closed.12.The students must keep their eyes closed. 主主主主 + + 系系系系 + + 表表表表主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 + +间宾间宾间宾间宾 + +直宾直宾直宾直宾主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 + + 宾宾宾宾 + + 宾补宾补宾补宾补主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 + +间宾间宾间宾间宾 + +直宾直宾直宾直宾主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 + + 宾宾宾宾 + + 宾补宾补宾补宾补1.Plants need water.
29、2.The flower is so fresh. 3.The sun rises in the east. 4.He gives me some flowers.5.We should keep the room clean. 6.Many animals live in trees.主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓+ + 宾宾宾宾主主主主 + + 系系系系 + + 表表表表主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 + +间宾间宾间宾间宾 + +直宾直宾直宾直宾主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 + + 宾宾宾宾 + + 宾补宾补宾补宾补主主主主 + + 谓谓谓谓 基本句型的扩展基本句型的扩展
30、: e.g. We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。我们发现礼堂坐满了。 We found the great hall full of students and teachers. We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师，在听一个重要报告。告。 同一个动词使用的句型也不尽一样，因此在学习动词时，同一个动词使用的句型也不尽一样，因此在学习动词时， 应应掌握
31、动词的类型掌握动词的类型。以。以 get 为例：为例： Hes getting angry. (S V P) Youll get a surprise. (S V O) He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C) 在句子中在句子中词类和词的位置词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思也影响句子的句型和意思: I found the book easily. 我很容易地找到了这本书。我很容易地找到了这本书。( S V O ） I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。我觉得这本书很容易。 （S V O C） 按结构英语句子主要可以分成三
32、种：按结构英语句子主要可以分成三种： 简单句，简单句， 并列句，复合句并列句，复合句 1) The teachers name is Smith. 2) The teachers name is Smith and the students name is John. 3) He is Smith who likes going hiking. 4) He is Smith and he likes going hiking. 5) Hurry up, or youll be late. 6) I saw him when I walked past the street. 7) He oft
33、en gets up early because he wants to catch the early bus.简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句并列句并列句并列句并列句 复合句复合句 复合句复合句 Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：态变化。如： 现在有现在有 there is/are 过去有过去有 there was/were 将来有将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有可能有 there might be. 肯定有肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be
