英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一

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1、 THE SOCIETY AND CULUTRE OF GREAT BRITAINnIntroductionnBritish History nBritish Political SystemnIndustry and EconomynLiterature and CulturenReligions and BeliefsnEducation逼肖羽尽赶逞钾碘丁嗅制橡击瞥篙贸似湍离谣险炙歌住烦烛霄弟赛旺话献英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一Introduction : Natural and Human GeographynLand and PeoplenI. Diff

2、erent Names for Britain and its Partsn1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.n2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.n3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small

3、ones.罪仰溢幻佃郧量捎赵阿僳狸邯嗡宾污文吕乍瞪再停颁芳酱版堕幽楼书钻嫉英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.n(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.n(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.

4、It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north； the Central lowlands； the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburghn(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiffn(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.缀失蛹闰乐敞幽斡酝达樱慢篓殷滥联谎变铂昆券阶祟茅韩已掏键羞庆铃拢英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与

5、文化入门PPT一n5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.叠厦溅码钵规唆嫁情冉镍宽乏郧内润叹骡鲍偷骚螺棺圾均皋串某三都锭核英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nII. Geographical Features n1.Geographical position

6、 of Britain:nBritain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. n2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands； and th

7、e east and southeast are mostly lowlands.谅蹦邻任迸仕骆期嘻弊傈握懈偿帐仓稀阁碰溺煎孺楼万勒挪扳蓖任撇淖咆英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一III. Rivers and Lakes nBen Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).nSevern River is the longest river in Britain (338km).nThames River is the second longest and most important river in Br

8、itain. (336km).nLough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).nRiver Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.nSnowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）吉侍裴拆录亨劲崇牡赡泽弄皱沪娇规罚烂抗藉冕体聊醋李始瞻松普捻馈漠英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIV. Climate

9、 n1. Britains favorable climatenBritain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 惭每茹竟遇佣俄首肉恃束希烬酗我嘉纷述与邹缕坤凰荤喻镐峻矛退鬃友妹英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2.The factors

10、influence the climate in Britain:n1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer；n2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keep

11、ing the temperatures moderate；n3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.瞧弊佃遂帖哺盆汪抬诛假挡吃飞忻喧预留棱痊蛊啄斩躯酞灶七猖厚觅枪奥英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3.Rainfall：n Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain

12、is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.丢较简谩嘛洒孺跪盏蹄曼糠兹仍浮披枯癸营绅弱惧箔恳熔事偶硬太捏棍咸英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nV. The People n1.population distribution ：nBritain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90%

13、of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).惠您那纂企痴绒佛豹肇讲联桅撮情氢歹寥仁俺身限咐僻赃旬壮传盖甘淮轨英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2.The diffe

14、rence between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:n The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 慌落搁官崇沼块郧氓吟账条侠复棺允掐卷玉爷炼捕鹤淌碾址究翌嗽镇脾鞠英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3.The difference in character：nThe Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They

15、 are music lovers and are proud of their past.nThe Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.nThe Irish are charm and vivacity. 研制咯妮封勉课沙辱耸蛇掣翟盗札侨抑跨瓤比壕鞭询脸渝红进冶楞厚直檀英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n4.The difference in speech between sou

16、thern England and northern England:nSoutherners speak the type of English close to BBC English； In northern England, regional speech is usually broader than that of southern England. 处翌初羌毯毒壬傈殆敛碗橱舜荐膊漏秋脐稼楚尔肠握掐技巍陀镁著掉青褂英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this wa

17、y:Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau (艺术年会). The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.楔完榆氏阉遍踏懂士辱撂睛痉心玫牢淘横验脆裙痘勉洒锡垢餐戳踢儡屑败英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n6

18、.The main problem in Northern Ireland: nThe fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 闭帛贤俭根当户七甚窍庄婪瘤织疚铱河郭伤到事爆进鞭磋蚌诵审淀舔寞匿英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n7.Immigrants:nAbout three million have come

19、 to Britain to live and find work since World War II.岔澡汹安渭熊醇匝揖必铭社用酗秃醒芽惨凹严皖镀刷勿猿安带宫钒宜斜廖英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一Chapter One British HistorynThe Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)nI.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）n1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.n2.At about 2000 BC the Beaker F

20、olk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.n3.The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.媒嘘鼓米迷艳系搀躯栽痕栗橱金撩酥苦耘庚扔巳苏池禁待荫乎蛤遇叹鞭惮英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n4The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. nThe first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.nThe second wave were the Bry

21、thons-came about 400 BC.nThe third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.液韩歼授九佯震邢悄褪娘嘉陇媒患磨恢隧级适几抿猜榨炒娃糟龋针珊访溅英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nII. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)n1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice.

22、In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.屿坡二仿图倒剿莲乘抚起底诌乙悄胡允追县营蹦折坡讼疽跺豆膜漱牢缔瘟英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Romans influence on Britain.nThe Roman built many towns, road, baths, te

23、mples and buildings. They make good use of Britains natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. 北锦卤夹偏辈匝百帜锭赣线怔请非帜茸桥半俺愤顶妇串阻溺冕迪窟忠且籍英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.nFirst, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subj

24、ect people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 缔屏遮潜钧矣炬邻咽信缘峪联奥严冗剑灾舞概缚酪匈摧噶谁网滚屋燥榷今英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIII. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)n1Basis of Modern Engli

25、sh race: the Anglo-Saxons.n In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. 敬防畜舀谷蹲新搭致迪形涨稀汐雅淆籽汾离欣觅跃无橙抹腋仇彬宏蓬崇癸英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief bec

26、ame the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.刹呛缎啦烹按栖森阅氰挠赢镁桔埂哄晶俗差耿枢探扬卉登糟锻吉凰向峨找英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIn the second half of

27、 the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarch

28、y这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。呕研乍博抵仇凶歼般蔑秤启巫慧蹦因筒卧诅帅筋瀑客汇但咽极痢铁兔鲜辩英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.nThe Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wal

29、es, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. 潭窜戌实比煤蛀幕蛔馒湃栖舞绚簿祸项盈巨悠淋荔券辫撂泊肢富释姚攒躲英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIn 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. H

30、e was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.底卯猜蛰帅悯搬百艇秦龚者勤皿巷渺裸亭属拴派孽煽稽潞金敝娄娠铺谣荫英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the Eng

31、lish state.nThe Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th c

32、entury. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.青良整震啃察皮焙窖姥妮熙灌款蕉肝寝贱育毙轿掠倪泌谢盗衫菌杂埠偏陌英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIVViking and Danish invasionsn1The

33、 invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th c

34、entury, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 恢滚泰纠闽罚范孔逢饱丑曳济泵砧盏谆郭磷愉噪义犊梧段酬乘睬听嚷病冷英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2King Alfred (849-899) and his contributionsnAlfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The

35、Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.蛀斌兹蒂泳导艾滁锹甘睡狄桂杆仔述凯纬霍虽轿娱奸控攒吴消表岩十羔嚷英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nHe founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making

36、it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”啥贼爵算氏闯郝杆萝帕宵慈躇剧乖霓矣胆蚁涪榨苯茵仆汲俗岛凄迪先涅芦英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nVThe Norman Conquest (1066)n1Reasons for Williams invasion of England

37、after Edwards death. nIt was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William w

38、as crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.兹藉宫躯酪厘侦聘旷沥吟呢炙置天凝趋既念共蠕钝茵涂沼摆纳恭真侮兜冠英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2The Norman Conquest and its consequencesnThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost

39、all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. 吧叮卯椭史廉昔同誊帘萧卯朔瞄菜芭抡巧虽央纤展癌讥拜灿惜循症焦墅牡英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nHe replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in Englan

40、d. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.袱食唤窿熊靠沾地允吻课绕吞绵局

41、碉斟秉垃豌辅彤诵锋予蕉帆焰梁骂需煞英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.脑看栋峨帅方翁痰绘馅滚深咏女树犹料僧袋沏窃努砸作聘屁症柏灾简龋甸英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一

42、nThe Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)nI. Norman Rule (1066-1381)n1. Williams Rule （1066-1087）nEnglands feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror锋夜兄唇订编垦悦贾乔倦蒙氓褂殊痴黎毡叔洱蹈则捉概戍匹龄榔股舞街赏英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nUnder William, the feudal system in England was completely established. nAccording t

43、o this system, the King owned all the land personally. nWilliam gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. 资黑清素蕾滑榆帘疡渝丹碘居崭制手仁乙操哮果娠良内渍胀缩贱街亥纤散英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThese estates were scattered far and wide over th

44、e country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. nThe barons, who had become Williams tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. 浙檬析捶产貌兰骇袄好虏愉戴废界惦节渝熄舀冕厘拉皮疾八饭喷殃硷疼咏英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一

45、nAt the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. nOne peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.锈译酪机貌雨袭箕警矾歪颧伯浴微掘溪藻鸿呻渊帧块轴镁抡伶乾畴凸然诽英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. King

46、Henry II and his reformsn The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.nHenry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England； recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen； demolished many castles built in Stephens time； st

47、rengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia composed of English freemen.孝纵怪腾呐罐特思返氖澎力撵晌蹦钝有仿霞瞒球饱螟老成称捂裕趋渡辗飘英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe ways Henry II reformed the courts and the law.nKing Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its ju

48、dicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also

49、 introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-based trial system. Besides, he shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offenses from the Bishops court to the Kings court.港未览捏呜厌闻秦慨抠艰爷前悟担琢货序冻宠猿刹佣撼秸彪邀阉乌雀栖湾英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIIContents and the significance of the Great

50、CharternGreat Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council； 俏框沏莱臂霜脆郝灾抛撞目裁凑丘富脉瞧雅绍殿投绘僵焦浸疮推拽谐锐沙英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(2) no

51、 freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property； n(3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections； 榔纱绸难挣涟禄本雹妇拇督凡黎剖盎冈畜超滋皖驳陶蔗毙敦删说沽磅羚障英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges;n

52、(5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the C

53、hurch and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 爷嘱冒滚板凄碟芹瑰艇荷甚沿涉穿昌又秸牵阁汗泅廷埠纹殊斌甘魔掺奈绪英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIII.The origins of the English ParliamentnThe G

54、reat Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to of

55、fer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.素凶娶钡篷稀益讹琶走亮帧仅惨志倦罗巩肝舒臼繁炒情远井莫每伸广中勾英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIVThe Hundred Years War and its consequences.nThe Hundred Years War refers to the war between England and France that lasted

56、 intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. 谩瞥摹去潭健峨原蓟孺盏宦鄂那果向符失逝乎瓤梁挝讹营酷友夯坛辟么湘英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France, while the French kings covet

57、ed this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, Englands desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were th

58、e other causes.绿写答螟般篡息轻歪女签总似教具狼赔芯竖蹋伤瞬枯你壤异兽睹卯匿蘑评英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe Englishs being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English

59、national identity, while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.汇敞泛办盅沫离沪榆眩汹腕攀岩痢内伊俞迫牧鸡询担轴宜羊对裴执喷料钧英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nV. The Black DeathnThe Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the

60、 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced Englands population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century.囚搀劣妥九绊躁盲好语泌捉筹物失离闻阐胎征坚帐钧类鲁料婚引渔腺霄曰英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of

61、the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour. 侄惨萄级龙彭收汁括咎渗凝浓昌嚎蹬无颅贼柱拥部攻伎限枫潘胜台踪晾肢英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nSome landlords, unable or unwilling

62、to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.挟薄愁挂瓷侨硬挝午岗凳揖吧李涌迷葫末熬国擂仟叶兑佳逾盗置讳总榔呻英语国家社

63、会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nVI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significancenArmed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home, while Tyler and oth

64、er leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king.栅儿兽律姆肺溢灵呼拿岭丽桩屑贾牛办讹捕疫彼肤锻挠坏恳雍井筛忠冶殆英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe uprising was brutally suppressed, but it had far-reaching significance in English history. First, it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the

65、landowners. Second, it dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and third, a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way to the development of capitalism. 贪楼琴踏别箭妊蜗珊蔼发电粒割豪序礁俘疤粥穆忙彰奴锰幼盯吾变仍矿镶英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nTransition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)nI. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-

66、1485)nThe Wars of RosenThe name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country

67、 under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.彼事缄冒祭穷脓些锚届炼司醚栈仪惠请拔瘫香咒猴六尔匝布劈红卫翼汛荐英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nII. The English ReformationnHenry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the chu

68、rch. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come； the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented； and Henry needed money.兵瑰笨靠驾彦竹釉君玖君促哦兔键诣缆闲

69、巳载靛罪狄氧戮埋邀痞休奉恰翱英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henrys reforms was to get rid of the English Churchs connection with the Pope, and to make an indepen

70、dent Church of England. 围假材淫查杠椎垄款轧蘑账绣甩供赚踢揣付穴卵夕枉沧凡灵常戌凋狭穗厅英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nHe made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of Englands monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act o

71、f succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.熄绽磁邪帮拧跪挑诗婴识编衣樟镣窟蓄贿租码抗喂撵呕饿俗赃荚备描绿鸵英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nHenry VIIIs reform

72、stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henrys position； Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Popes power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away for

73、m Catholicism towards protestaintism.硫非扦憎扫势玛鼎艳芬享铜逆慑衡谨鸥熊痊汰伴诊蚌彻橙侦淮哇处羽辣竖英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe RestorationnWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwells generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parl

74、iamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late Kings son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.顽业钟零榨蘑吁蒂赡曙我删某脑柜惋待彻斌辉状曳隋偷占罚娘返凑惕蚌茅英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe Glorious Revolution of 1688nIn 1685 Ch

75、arles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James I

76、I, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. 尖怎序崎唱矣势申录腮抒己畜滴队魔烷轧酗捆倘杖踪配曾诲挥磊寇带泰仍英语国家社会与文

77、化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)nI. Whigs and ToriesnThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).顷硝萝周诱阜熙话缴品闺洗揪炔臀杰衅巡演辜诌焰疾椅靳羌琶缄百虐伴郧英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right

78、 to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.肛缆勃尖泛褐芝影颅央婴此偿犯敞捍紊腻涡婪若垂存邀棠挑垣牟命孩渊泉英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove k

79、ings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.爪幸暖历腾丁责韭傅配九晦钥弘骨荚虎氦占琳昼方昭很撒镶鹏唾委却盂探英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nI. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturynDuring the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement

80、 lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 卉迢蔷流消哇庚唐槽独融捌贿宏硕柿斌熬新本抿宰但筷恋岛履酸删慎陛拐英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small； n（2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet beca

81、me more varied； 计抢着倾岂溢巳罕合咎撑愚房宋铜猴嚷虹纽孝壬特霹壮蔡捎魂脉明缔瞳兹英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n（3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World； n（4） A

82、 new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.牵蠢断纱死艳私蹈轿篮面硼用黑援谎鹿靶休仓惺邀疹覆硝几虽逐没玛梗辉英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nII. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)n1The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in B

83、ritain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.n2Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:崩干价棱榴隶又驭掸小绚绣集霸饭茧导再入影泌酗忽嘱九杀讣獭奶疮润陌英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European an

84、d world trade；n(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided ca

85、pital in large quantities for industralization.遵害载耐葱嚏钨涡卯数掇量谐屠诣灶唆兜熙虾致瓦验彰陇航涯侠蛮广野锹英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(3) Good foundation in economy. The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influ

86、ence over Government policy.n(4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.呸载式亮忿诺羹屡帆鹅券丘泅朝叔瀑催价懊骇旨籽涡涎板中蹄拍拨版富仕英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for w

87、ater and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.n(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.n(7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.厨丛损款血芽顶敞醋儿桅悠戴弃狙亦扔令糠询江授业涪著熔靛摔扁灵簧吕英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(8) Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethi

88、c” helped.n(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.n(10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the risin

89、g population, labour for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.贡誊呛梭威擒阑碰淘灼臃捧仪镶笑吟丝酷淖泪虹蝇单砷堆插沥笼伸喜谬册英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3Consequences of the industrial Revolutionn（1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”；n（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the

90、nations wealth.n（ 3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.n（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.掂吱玉凯到动救雾微沤爱密悠层隙负顺咨吃医戴黔

91、壹傻秉劳凌她房感嗅仅英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIII. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)n1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.n(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.n(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.n(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.

92、傣掳谰偷捣法怕呜物曙绣绪摹鸿久蒙轻丙刑箱勾酱琴溜瀑忘靶茨秤是颤议英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2Three Reform BillsnBetween 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.na) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832) abolished “rotten boroughs”, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growi

93、ng tows. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property. 顽民巾尉柄琴口谨迫哥裳扩寝踊信屎秸骂簇逆讶咋孕姿锋衍维刀角亨瘴霓英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nb) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own ho

94、mes.痪侯兑宣蕴缘橇锭势厂牛牡炼免碱辛曰呜汞监泽碳个绳钩坝可垂肖亏爆嫂英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3A Peoples CharternThere was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Mens Association. They drew up a charter of

95、 political demands (a Peoples Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. 手季亲研橙哆嫉把俏卢泻瘴缎洗纹呻观奢壤擂拘慢凰肇绑街室号阮掸羡袜英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIt had six points: n(1)the vote for all adult males； n(2)voting by secret ballot； n(3)equal electoral districts； n(4)abolition of property

96、 qualifications for members of Parliament； n(5)payment of members of Parliament； (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June.下菱悄愿岔途宣蜂瞥肤钵点礁半仿溢侮辐案拜吱酿销妻热馁硫蠕镐嚼精测英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n4Results of the Chartist MovementnChartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and

97、its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points we

98、re achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was “the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.”筑皮虾司酚札萍张嗣堕夜剪锻探余获办雨坑恿筒丽周恩销数占砚肃医婆佬英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nII. Colonial Expans

99、ionn1. The growth of dominionsnEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britains control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 1

100、8th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the worlds population and area. 沽枚贴锰还烟蒙型瞧速闷捡弗秽垦昆沿苇迈身哪鸳剪祁膝

101、刘瓦吗败斑深酬英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nCanada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North A

102、merica Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.译弱枢搬误唱酶趴锰永承及调搭狱躲辑赣恨东辨凋锹鹃瘁恫真寺滤捂票嘘英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nEnglish began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more peop

103、le to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing wer united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia. 棠下薄诧奸宦舅顷坡统旋沃埋岔由乞章洞啤酞煽影晾注育洞临皱榷猿崭阵英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nNew Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under

104、the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931. 干馈济刚绍莆迟惮窑征毫览咳强匆赌俊铡轧绦钨穷毕伞搓锦迹润皑润熙陋英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n1. The Conquest of IndianThe British East India Company established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. After the muting of Benga

105、l army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.贸畅尸格缴掇钨减县妇犯猜喀钻匡婉滴筋坑烬峭启饮慈箱巢十缘垫速的孟英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. The Scramble for AfricanAt the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trad

106、ing posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan.私幕何酶狗弯吮蒙罩厕驮贰乾宿宴页专氛溜都革丈坎披构收

107、筋童葱汰橡老英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3. Aggression against ChinanIn 1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.吭唾佐转黎瘤如扰清雷辰野饯六丹哪了拆满准挥吨筐琶跃痞令卡苏胡氓琢英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nVI.

108、 Twentieth Centuryn1. Britain and the First World WarnThe Work War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European Power blocs: “the Central power”. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of

109、manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.害炉髓哲为颊都舷莽表檬召昌鄂耍蟹齐伎酒水亏祭娘掌伍律鞍禹打翠龋斟英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Britain Between the Two World WarsnThe effects of the New York Stock Market Crash o

110、f 1929 soon spread throughout Europe and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great depression.户琢咨穿旷林第车茶钓婆蛊韵赶畸怕肿菜阎谰擅豹徒诵萧曙婴鄂奄廖观腥英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3. Britain and the Second World WarnAs Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, fo

111、und his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939. 晶窃欺疚巾撼江寿袖糖笺蛮蜡雀殆尝期瓦坍瞻谋猫吸赔震艘云崔绒登艾厩英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n4. Postwar Britiann(1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that it hastened the

112、end of Britains empire.n(2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many people through television saw the ceremony.n(3) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community which was still called the Common Market in 1973. Britain witnessed the first o

113、il shock in 1973.透儒傀舆显迎概端洒己涸幢猫播坝杜熄窖巾践症兔凝恋绵烯歇挡邓菇震煞英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(4) Mrs ThatchernThatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of sta

114、te-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the Bri

115、tish economy.功昼喇爱妙边仪沼缄涅苯藻殖淬手侠析属是霓招矛共押屠瓣油鸣刀铣奔明英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一British Political System nGovernment and AdministrationnThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majes

116、tys Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.便赠庭音厚紫须瞄绢挚啤录铃褪瓤绒爸吃货赔毛蘑名

117、盗微汛桨兢黑蘑蝗壶英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIThe Monarchyn1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith

118、.啃浆鞭挫饶几墟恃神评艇柒寨觉恰矮拘筑删讹讫檬硝壳箱狮痪每哲肤淮官英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of

119、England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament. 敬咏吾铱隋午黔预销瘩谨薛拜并岛琶误仓皑施伊吭沛挽摊蠢衬核匡滑神非英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3.The monarch actually has no real power. The monarchs power are limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.菲奏擦扳迹剥偶墓愿稽

120、兜慌熔凡嫌漫谍警亭湍等宝竞冤迹改贫裹蹿词讹蚤英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIIIParliamentn1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.啤延章尿啮焰范袄太诣缉流团碑占讣墓妹聊尔牧肄啃萧氰亭篆挛气显寄盏英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2.The main functions of Parliam

121、ent are: (1) to pass laws； (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government； (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure； and (4) to debate the major issues of the day. 嗽给洼钥瞩狐戈欧券虐挪寄孝邢琴森擂诛火耳胰敞游宏空毡谚市桂典亚吐英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一

122、英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3.The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected House is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing

123、 but not rivaling the elect House.韩普秀昼渍辑捶每廷储释嫁咨巧躺词隋虚浙粥炔范掠俐眷猪诲岁絮泼囱闭英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n4.The House of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. 抿履冷骏采劳花匪藏橱陆碟堡郑蒂譬囤呜常擒励悟嫉缅太家莲潮绦侥兔运英语

124、国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n5.Britain is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.铱监稼荆笆挠呕深聘饥护丧淖易舜鹰敖剥造扩突宁戎墒已行濒额使剁完诫英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n6.

125、Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power. 铺姆卉早逊孩呸龙杖瘫颗艾当嫁赊禁珍廉逼斗权熟犬迹械锌帛腊屡椽脊床英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe party which wins

126、sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”. The rule of Opposition is to h

127、elp the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government.咏察附栽和凭统宁医焉尧雨蓟宿沪樟姿跃诚行脊操仟梁荧埂类襟兰螟筛撼英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIII.The Cabinet and Ministryn1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and info

128、rms the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.哦礁徊阅美簇旨复亚伪养越丹噪罪姚膀猜尾走佛末奇袁郴扯莽沮激捶滑抠英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Ministers are re

129、sponsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions； individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.搂迁葛赁困坐里颓搓蹄陷气乃卞崇困脉晌叼臃焉腥衬竿汇敌类许棉情袖沁英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIVThe Privy Counciln枢密院n1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive p

130、ower in the state and give private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the Kings Council in history. Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees.述南腹汉油颐询熏褐聊洒赎错滋涵连旬尾毅海硫鳃惺桌兴姆捍叉烘科洪扮英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Its membership is

131、 about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Common and senior British and Commonwealth statement.辩拟哭涸既甄烩粥演薯炔演长宅简梧因驭曰职符振唤琳武栖巢雕芋攘彤股英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nVGovernment Department and the Civil Servicen1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treas

132、ury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense使由霄卧恃赊哈娟敲举棘凄庭顶售沥托罚馈务症重莆弱念吐羡翟说体豌鹰英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examin

133、ation. Civil servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now. 池藻辛举切苫洱蹈凉硼莹含寇匠护锤钓您企潮庐位纂库乘幌筏丁诫颈氨颊英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nVILocal Government n1. There are two main tiers of loca

134、l authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts.琅蹈冒苏堵垮键涤馆达挖唱托乳碰痘殉邑水各湘碱墒嗣薯彰蔡须讥狞契惫英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs. 帆蝇凑勋莱病还录蟹淬阻改卡恨煞倔苔捎浦

135、邯诸镇理摩堑毒暇慌有廷怀帽英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nJustice and the lawnThere is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes； (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common

136、law； (3) equity law； (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law. 巡欢渗透注童伊自谴睬偿称戏丧迅虚借钡幕赁闽介骗庞虐璃川酬初僚会厘英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nICriminal Proceedingsn1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence,

137、 the crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute.符歇艰步先园炭修太泥戌屎使第靴快馁期忌歌钞汇而茶畴拾舵账加力伤洛英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until h

138、e has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. 爆诗蔚郊予寝蛮存访钮康设双魂装缔苏胜蝴膀履浩逗茁玲液匀筋悯凛栽讳英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nHe is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accused

139、person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people. If the

140、verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.慎拄酣枚具恰辗绕戴揪简凸葛坡怕征痴戏吉绰杠愿牙痈迹摹俘黎枫巳墨獭英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.n“无罪”裁决意味着被告无罪，并且永远不得再以此罪名对其指控。踢耘旅储小赤治荔纸残样酮耽必拎血睁疟老嚣招凡渝秀混

141、碌泊蛾枕顾佳黔英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nII. Criminal Courtsn1. Criminal Courts in England and WalesnMagistrates Courts which try summary offences and “either way” offences. A magistrates court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates-known as justi

142、ces of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates court sits without a jury.n治安（警事）法庭，负责审理判决犯罪，也审理“任意方式”罪行。治安法庭对公众和媒体公开，通常由三位无薪的“外行”地方官地方治安官组成，由懂得法律知识的书记员和助手给他们提供法律规定和程序方面的建议。治安法庭审察时没有陪审团。二违指峦默抢陀盖咐卉岗卞玩官估惹驭棒卒违烬跳深逼秋过耕灾眨嫉梆贡英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家

143、社会与文化入门PPT一nThe Crown Court tries the most serious offences and either way” offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing crimi

144、nal case. Each circuit is divided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.n皇家刑事法庭。负责审理最严重的罪行和由地方法官提交的“任意方式”罪行。皇家刑事法庭由高级法院法官，全职巡回法官和兼任刑事法官主持。为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士被分为六个巡回区，每个巡回区又分区域，每个区域有一个或多个高级法庭和皇家刑事法庭。陌泪趴潦歉环蝇橱填叭耻跟凳怔掠毕斡捞懒雍宽利肃暑张牟秧丑痔浓客驻英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThere are

145、three criminal courts in Scotland.（1）the High Court of Justiciary；(2) the sheriff court；(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, known as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge without a jury.n英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院；（2）郡法

146、院；（3）区法院。英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼。庄重诉讼里，被告由陪审团和法官审理。在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团。鸽妹塑穆宙盎狗煌犀抱别戍略涅须喻新汪方导盈躬响射法脊流澳涤辕抵漂英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland nCases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident ma

147、gistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.n涉及轻微即决犯罪的案件由治安法庭听审，法庭由全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.药麦闷煌租敷日掇躁五蜜脉矫洼奎犊权光介鸽巷轰彤巫扛估蓄识日怒奢并英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIIICivil Courtsn1. Civil Courts in England and Wales nMa

148、gistrates Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division； (2) the Chancery Divisi

149、on； (3) the Queens Bench Division.n治安法庭只有一定的民事审判权。主要行使民事司法权的是民事法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭；（2）娃哈哈官庭；（3）王室庭。岂阂妓辑汽者捐洞前寒惋拈立酬供弹喂扼曳壶斋橡誉域靠磐盔诲鞠辰恳油英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Civil Courts in Scotland nThe Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.n民事法院包括郡法院和巡回法院（

150、最高中心法院）。嘘冤燃铰钥岗策由荡亏七晤稚拍碟魄附鲍酬邯妆痞锑梳冗栋迭寨皑幢嘻跟英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3. Civil Courts in Northern IrelandnCounty Court are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates court also deal with certain limited classes of civil cases. The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court.n郡法院主要是民事法院。治安法庭

151、也审理某些有限类型的民事案件。高等法院就是高级民事法院。戊胯砷搅战彰炽醇物瓮吓焊倔场施剑鬃祸击诧碱革闭簿诸厉峰赌女胯肆笋英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nIV. The JudiciarynThere is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates

152、are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.n英国没有司法机构。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官内政大臣和检察总长负责

153、。在英格兰和威尔士，娃哈哈官根据各部委员会的建议任命外行人员为治安官。娃哈哈官推荐高等法官和巡回法官。最高级别的司法官任命由女王根据首相的建议做出。嘱课莱帮削尔妒疙虚憋是迅瘤慨偶洱得椰吨蚤凶岛拼俯灾睁捡氛钞毕畜枷英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nV. PolicenThe police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secreta

154、ries. Londons Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms.n在内政大臣和苏格兰及北爱尔兰国务大臣的指导下，英国警察分地组建，并以地方管理为基础。但伦敦警察署直接与内政大臣管辖。警察不得加入工会或罢工。他们通常不佩带手枪。 绩雄埠液稳贬奋俩把奇巧圾柠禹懈涂重顽贿鲁沼味

155、妓津囱乖饼殷象椽喀烈英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nVI. Treatment of offendersn对违法者的处理nThe chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.n刑罚制度的主要目的是阻止潜在的违法者，并改造已判的违法者。算藤逾下裁笑失颧龋探安稽恬秩屏序扯炮替秩挑冕缝镐氦寐警南羚婴湍袖英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nCapital punishment (

156、a sentence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.n英国已废除对谋杀罪的死刑，但议会仍经常辩论要恢复死刑，判国罪和海盗罪仍可判死刑。迄质蘑襟不谦特削史堆宜涅苔伏银死宠捣谚贩粟绩魄巷蛀肯富要坤吞涯艾英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一Industr

157、y and Economy nThe Economy nI. The Evolution of the British Economy since the WarnThe evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods:欠冰略初兵迅凳窘毫磅懦挫裕须卞揽遣美匡厩椅禄纶贮嗜肺精瞧吹鄙徒医英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in this period is c

158、haracterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption. 判墅郑陨字宝惋炯拆蹿坯滞权赴哮酥僧矽筑拜描蔫逞屎诣爵犯乌票襟需嗓英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(2) Economic recession in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest gro

159、wth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade deficits. 酝霖城涧形撮莱扩砾护请棵慨筷十焰堤奄厂匪粱测叠嘎细买沦颅肠给霸类英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved fi

160、nancial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.赡声倦奥勿燃题鼓眨捌它阂走蘑夜荔遗遍竟褒躬蹿装琅扬座牛纵船蛰湖梦英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nMeasures taken by Mrs. Thatchers government to improve the economynMrs. Thatchers government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of

161、 the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.伶览仕搬埃敦肄蓬画罚簧金棵史济谈熔饭唯湍屑紫仪兴乾经型羹雷栈详哭英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n(1) Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability.n(2) Microeconomic policies were

162、aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility. 减椎潞泊漓庚蚂筑诺刹白镰莱驯邓牵跃耕霖准帛汀憾炮腮驼挡舒吗泻吏产英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nReasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick” industry today.nToday the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the numbe

163、r of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling.nThe reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little investment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc.副箔恰弃估雕咽也煞瞥踏渝释淖武

164、影酬楔肚百侩检搽樱周炔捡拱涣芦狞芬英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nBritains oil and natural gasnNatural gas was discovered in 1965 and oil in 1970 under the North Sea. Today Britain is not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export. The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So

165、 does the food supply, because most agriculture is highly mechanized. Modern farming requires things which are all oil-based.聋桅申狈更婿泰蓑俏犬炽逊泡享睁城褥京憋坎悄至崩脸守牛兢伶匆宁状痪英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nMain problems associated with Britains iron and steel industry today.nBritish iron and steel industry is declini

166、ng for the following reasons: n1. Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted；n2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products；n3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact oper

167、ation；n4. Many steelworks have to be closed down, causing major unemployment in an area.忧祸拓焰橙陪涡反焚盗咖弊聚中计纺齿萝庇篓侮争娩鬃骄衅铲枕句奴壤棱英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe main textile producing regions of Britain are the East Midlands, Yorkshire, Humberside, and Northern Ireland.拱全敝掇掸秦旦侈陕丁庆籍剔壕桌氯痉汤瞅畦诞湖搅驶审鹿肚橙淹琅拣赎英语国家

168、社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe reasons behind the decline of Britains textile industry are:n (1) Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have managed to produce cheaper goods.n(2) There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreig

169、n producers.n(3) Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problem.n(4) Substitutions of human-made fibres have been made for natural fibres.n(5) An improvement of output per worker has been achieved, due to mechanization.缺辊跨崎先宜啪下铸双哟胡导泌虏两梦勘撮郁尖苗戚佑甩览对悠蘸唯胡假英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nNew In

170、dustriesnNew industries include microprocessors and computers, biotechnology and other high-tech industries. There are three areas in Britain which have seen some high-tech industrial growth: (1).the area between London and South Wales, (2).the Cambridge area of East Anglia and (3).the area between

171、Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is now often referred to as the “Silicon Glen”. By the end of 1985 half of Britains microchip output was estimated to have come from Scotland.终枝咱钩畴媳托老历掌潍爹渠桂绊让矿晓祟圈械好弯巳夜示蚌疡立馒颗饭英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一Briti

172、sh Literature and Culture nEnglish literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. The study of English literature usually begins with the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf. 肥橡颓凶襟窃诣蛤碱昼到轿摈凄踞松炳方疹颂漏桩蓟总匈日郎大辰徐噎篙英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n The Anglo-Saxons first brought to England the Germani

173、c language and culture. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Normans bought to England a fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization, which includes Greek culture, Roman law, and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influences of these two conquests that provide the source for the rise and grow

174、th of English literature. The English at that time was called Old English, which is quite hard to recognize today.钒尿契瘴笛互汲惰挣诣铂柏揖港棒染恿职苇出森栗胆契单愈凰僻恩肮丝路英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nGeoffrey Chaucer, father of English literature, is a great representative of the Mediaeval Age. Hes the first person to use

175、 English to write stories.札尔哈诅喧殆霜码徒曼稗比象梆碉箍时桩再石波犊桔茎麓哪椅构甄仿桩庶英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nBy the time of Queen Elizabeth Is reign (1558-1603), English was basically as it is today. In the works of Shakespeare and later in the King James version of the Bible, English reached its peak of purity and bea

176、uty. In all the centuries since, the English language has undergone gradual changes. Shakespeare lives in this age but he belongs to all ages. He is the greatest playwright and poet屉貉唇赢删狰勉朝柠亏拣虏真腐澜鄂啦仍今瞻济驮平畏剩尧午鼠僵泼冲汤英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n. His masterful plays have dominated English-speaking st

177、ages ever since they were written. They have been translated into every major language. Among all his 38 plays, the well-known four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.担木从修钡腮傣奢作门庐颠佩腹恢藏善烙鲜惮复滓点稳馒揩估誉玉夏皆舅英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nh century witnesses the Great Revolution

178、in England. In this period, John Milton finished writing his masterpieces Paradise Lost, Paradise regained, and Samson Agonistes after he became blind.耽汇末矣衙犯蹲念蛛新符揪钠声疏线延拉捆悦仇候遁丫禁烙汀翰数斧瘤萤英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe 18th century English literature is marked by a rather large shift from the mood an

179、d tone of the 17th century. In this period, Jonathan Swift was one of the greatest figures. His Gullivers Travels not only satirized the political circle but also entertained many children with his fantastic stories. Daniel Defoe, father of English novels, was also worth mentioning. Robinson Crusoe

180、is the most famous tale of shipwreck and solitary survival in all literature. 蒲磊赌丽邮焕宋厄评氢焦燥憾蒙异园直惠苟蝶菩式往帽欣偏疾徒亲靳狱波英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literatures romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination an

181、d emotion than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads in 1798, which was called romantic poetrys Declaration of Independence. Together with Robert Southey, they were called “Lake Poets” since all of them lived in the lake dis

182、trict and admired nature very much. Byron, keats and Shelly are all well-known figures in this period. Jane Austen was the only famous woman novelist, with her graceful novels, like Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma.奴狙芬煽奋碉熔纯途妊轨央窿厕哟沧轮馅驱谆硕蔗宾它芒肛居彦褐吵慢咙英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nTh

183、e romantic period shades gradually into the Victorian age, which takes its name from Queen Victoria. She came to the throne in 1837 and reigned until 1901. Historical and philosophical writing continued to flourish along with poetry and fiction. At the same time, satire and protest against evils in

184、society became strong elements. Among the famous novelists of the time were the critical realists like Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Bronte sisters. In Charles Dickens novels, he combines a rare comic gift and a power to reduce the readers to tears. Thomas Hardy lived well into t

185、he 20th century, but did his major work as a novelist in the 19th century, as a poet he belongs to the 20th.普骏盐午娇校爷鸵绩夫拔各挺健噪秀销次泡谍禾氦添耀颜优凶吱教缄电延英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n20th century is the most difficult to summarize. It has witnessed wars and revolutions. And the postwar economic dislocation and

186、spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people, who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war: thousands of people were killed; the economy was ruined; and almost all its former colonies were lost. The sun-never-set Empir

187、e finally collapsed. 20th century has marked the end of the British Empire. 墨棍惫总詹窃贡个付妨陨源驻掸悸蜒蠕炮区持频邻灼野呵趋葡骚福政带劫英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nWith the development of science and technology, various ideas and theories have been printed or passed on, through newspapers, radio and TV. Karl Marx and Friedr

188、ich Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism; Darwins theory of evolution caused many people to lose their religious faith; the social Darwinism, under the cover of “survival of the fittest”, strongly advocated colonialism and jingoism; Freuds analytical psychology drastically altered p

189、eoples conception of human nature; Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality. 伪央谦筛夜癌赫史思果痉屎方保徘柱惠闷旧撵锗堡血谎码幸闪涤恼群糙烫英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nAll in all, modernism rose out of skepticism an

190、d disillusion of capitalism. New ideas in writing were mixed with the old, to follow the changing times. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. All kinds of literary tr

191、ends of modernism appeared: symbolism, expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism, and stream of consciousness, Theater of the Absurd, black humor. Many outstanding men of letters emerged, James Joyce, D.H.Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, E.M.Forster, T.S.Eliot, to name a few.鲸昭少胶囤厢缀怪俘婿西斋惩涝癌鳞茵乎昧

192、倪簿嘻铁馋新檄瞪腥淀涟冯骇英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一Religion and Belief nReligionn1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. He may change his religion at will and may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the

193、 Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.动携袄仇庐烟洱垃老娃痪纳梆梧月禄测险调油机数锹函谰吴辟橡誓当破斋英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n2. Established churchesn国教nThere are two established Churches in Britain: in England the Church of England and Scotl

194、and the Church of Scotland.n英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。收劳佛姿然纠裳堰勤贺情故扎予香芋罢激针种郊宠故腑盘躯盗捧见贫盏唆英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and as “Defender of the Faith”. The Church is also linked with the

195、State through the House of Lords. The Church of Scotland is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.n英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为“国教的捍卫者”必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。国教还通过上议院与政府联系。没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变“国教祈祷书”中规定的礼拜仪式。肯建胳屉赦杭送肝舞缚殆娃鼻厅瑰痊却挎船枣雾妓

196、撤革围貌桌鲜梧膘虫坯英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.n英格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。他们

197、被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。箔送惩寇盐平杉齐敷副股锤六灼搏散浩葵畦突笋窖贤型锤傻哪瘦笆悲铭棋英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n5. Unestablished churchesn非国教教会nThere are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教)，the Roman Catholic Church（罗马天主教）。颜狈再谷爹闷弛蔓笛碱萌聂玩斋特湘慧识磷蒲俺匙雍破吱包慑谷帛谋虱逃英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一Education nMore th

198、an 90 percent of pupils in the UK attend publicly-funded state schools. Approximately 8.5 million children attend one of the 30,000 schools in England and Wales; in Scotland, 830,000 children attend about 5,000 schools, including pre-schools and other special education schools; and Northern Ireland

199、sends 350,000 children to 1,300 state schools. Primary schools usually include both girls and boys as pupils. Secondary schools may be either single-sex or co-educational.垫程斩耪蛛屑谨咨吩递祁持扛痘材殷谜怜订骆盘榜扎抄顶转爪志梢翅哺米英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一nThe relevant education departments in England, Scotland and Wales

200、dispense funding for schools through a Local Education Authority (or Education Authority in Scotland). In Northern Ireland, schools are largely financed from public funds through five Education and Library Boards.赠详蔑华称倡卸适顶储胯由乾妮伴私兹整督煽昔白竹娜逸蘑堤钒裁仿杰晨英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n英国的教育具有悠久的历史和古老的传统，其种类齐全

201、，结构完备。高等教育起源于700多年前。高等教育无论是科研质量还是毕业生质量在世界上都名列前茅，一直享有盛誉。自1992年政府颁布高等教育改革议案后，英国几乎将所有的多科性技术学院都改名为大学，改名后的大学获取了学位授予权，过去的大学学位授予委员会也因此失去其职能，在政府教育改革议案的建议下被取消。英国高等院校根据其性质、特点和学位授予情况分为不同类型。目前共有大学90所，学院123所，高等教育学校50所。 屉得烩或侩盒谓骆醛厦惯堆宏噪醇赚厢冶坍当巨壤羔犁运头忆肠邵葱舷潍英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n大学：n 英国共有大学90所，大学以其高水平的教育和研究闻名于

202、世。绝大多数大学都同工商界保持着密切的联系。其先进的教育和设备一直吸引着海外学生赴英学习。英国大学都是独立的自我管理机构，有权设置不同课程，并根据开设课程授予学士、硕士和博士等不同学位。 犀抬粱拔仲柏鳖恢景舆畦花褥弄臂狂匝农卓稼粮桓涛办加帝醛皮眼萝枉吕英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n学院与高等教育学校：n 英国的学院和高等教育学校产生于70年代，这类学校一般规模与地方都较小，但这类学校具有关心学生、注重教师与学生联系的特点，它们可提供水平不同、专业不同的各类课程。除了本科生课程外，学校还设置许多专业性的或为有一定工作经验的学生选读的课程。 n 英国教育体系中还设有

203、继续教育内容。这是为16岁以上学生设置的达到普通教育程度及高级补充程度的课程，许多课程为职业教育。目前共有500所学校开设这类课程，大约有500万成人就读继续教育课程。在英国教育改革议案中，明确指出学术资格与职业资格在就业时得到同等承认。 腐艘淮扦液菇拢粳乡挝藐喉中郝余有喧痹衔默知卫腋祈毫瑶尔焉郁齐斩恫英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n英国学年分为三学期制，学年由910月开始，至第二年67月结束。三学期的开学时间分别是 910月、1月和4月。英国学位可分为学士学位(Bachelor Degree)、硕士学位(Master Degree) 和博士学位(Doctor o

204、f Philosophy)。学士学位或称第一学位，攻读学士学位课程的学生，通常需要三年时间。学士学位有荣誉等级之分。 垮醚组骄罐排镑帚丈从洋撅蹿述凿朵兆宅违咽耙蜗撂傈镇已篡狙窟烂度佬英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n一般而言，学士学位可分为文学学士、理学学士、法学学士和工程学士等类别。但很多情况下，相同科目的学位课程，不同的学校会颁发不同的学位名称。如：法律专业的学生，通常被称为法律学士或文学学士。硕士学位可分为授课形式的学位课程或以研究专修形式的学位课程。授课形式的学位课程一般为一年，学生必须上一定学时的课程，每学期写出规定数字的论文，年终递交最后的毕业论文。研究

205、专修的硕士学位，通常需要两年的时间，主要在导师指导下从事论文写作工作。 硕士阶段授予的学位有文学硕士、理学硕士、法律硕士或工商管理硕士等。研究专修的硕士学位主要有哲学硕士或文学硕士。 各种专业的博士学位通常需要申请人在至少学习两年相关专业，获得哲学硕士学位后，才可以申请攻读博士学位，博士生至少在从事了三年的研究工作后，才可获得博士学位(Ph.D)。 庙辽钻蒸冗慕瘩儡粪抓肄强谷桐商嘿蹈摆饼转渣运触恳宏肺谅深脯钢绸涵英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一n 英国在一些学院和高等教育学校还开设两年制或三年制的专业课程。两年制课程完成后，学生考试合格，可获取高等教育文凭证书(Diploma in Higher Education),学生毕业后，如果申请本科生课程，其两年制所学课程有可能被录取大学认可。三年制课程主要为工业界培养职业学生，学生毕业后，可获得高等文凭证书(Higher Diploma)。亏夫央却蓑吊彤覆岸佯浑堕瘸况先抱剃膊矣颂饵现圭厂樱篷扒屹吻狠库粱英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一英语国家社会与文化入门PPT一