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1、国家地理摄影师兰迪的照片Stillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望EthiopiasOmoValleyAfricasLastFrontierNationalGeographicPhotographers:RandyOlsonThisisafairlysimpleandsadstoryasnapshotofculturesinsouthernEthiopiathatwilldisappear.Thenorth-southaxisofthestoryistheregionslife
2、-sustainingOmoRiver,whichwillbechokedbyadamin2013.Andtheeast-westaxisofthestoryisthearmstradetravelingacrossthisareabetweenSudanandSomalia.Soin2013whentheGibeIIIdamgoesonlinethisculturallydistinctareawillbestarvingandheavilyarmed.TheOmoRivertribesareonly200,000peoplestandinginEthiopiaswayofhavingste
3、adyelectricpowerfor11million.SteadyelectricpowerequatesdirectlytoGDPgrowthandsurprisinglyoftendecreasespopulation.Whenthereiselectricity,thereissomethingelsetodoatnight.ThedamthatwillprovideelectricpowerforEthiopiawillalsochokeoffthefoodsupplyforthesetribesthatrelyonfloodrecessionagriculture.Because
4、thearmstradebetweenSudanandSomaliagoesdirectlyacrosstheirterritory,everygrownmaninthisareaownsanAK-47.Theseculturesthatincludethelastofstickfighting,bulljumpingandlipplates,havealwaysbeenruledbyritualandrevenge.Thesetribeswerealreadykillingeachotheracrosstheriverovercroplandbeforetheirfoodsourcewass
5、tressed.AnelderoftheKaratribe,hisbodydecoratedwithcrushedminerals,peersoutovertheOmoRiveratdusk.Hispeopleoncecontrolledlandonbothsidesoftheriver,butanenemytribehasgraduallyencroachedontheirterritory.Thebariswalledinmud,itsflooracementofspit,sweat,andoldbottlecaps.ButforthisSuriwoman,drinkinghoneybee
6、roverhertraditionalclaylipplate,afrontiersaloonoffersnovelty.Asstrong,cheapalcoholistruckedtoareaswhereitwasoncescarce,excessivedrinkinghasbecomeaproblem.Contactwithtourists,missionaries,andmerchantsmeansOmotribesnowhaveincreasingaccesstoforeigngoodsfromclothingandweaponstonailsandwaterpumps.Onthemo
7、rningbeforealocalfestivaloneyoungKarawomandebatedwhethertoaddabratohercostume.Cattleandgoatshavepulverizedthedrought-proneOmoregionintodust.Theanimalsareprizedsymbolsofwealth;inmanytribesmencannotmarrywithoutpayinglargebride-pricesoflivestock.Facespaintedwithclay,neckswrappedincoilsofbeads,womenofth
8、eNyangatomtribepreparetodanceataceremonyalongthebankoftheOmoRiver.TheceremonyhadbeenorganizedtocelebrateanewpeacetreatybetweentheNyangatom,wholivewestoftheOmo,andtheKara,wholiveontheoppositebank.Inalandscapeofshiftingalliances,wherefiercenessisregaledandmostmenarearmedwithrifles,thetribeshadbeenbatt
9、lingoverlandandweretangledinbloodfeuds.Afterseveralyearsofintermittentfighting,theneighborsfinallyagreedtoacease-firewithhelpfromanNGOandpressurefromtheEthiopiangovernment.CrushedmineralsaredustedoveraHamargirlslocks.Mixingbutter,redmineralpigments,andsometimesincense,Hamarwomenrolltheirhairintothic
10、k,ropeystrands.AyoungKaraboysurveysthecrowdataweddingparty,whereguestsofallagesareofferedsorghumbeerbythefamiliesofthebetrothed.Celebrationsdependontheseasonandresourcesintimesofplenty,festivitiesaboundandcanlastseveraldays.Checkingtheflexofhiswhips,ayoungBannamanpreparestodeliverblowstoayoungwomand
11、uringaninitiationritual,whileinthebackgroundhiscounterpartwindsuptowhipanotherwoman.AmongtheBannaandHamartribes,itiscustomaryforwomentobewhippedduringtheceremonytoinitiateaboyintomanhood.Femalerelativesoftheinitiateplayacrucialsupportingrolesinging,dancing,andpreparingfood.Thescarsresultingfromthewh
12、ippingareamarkofprideforthewomen,showingsolidaritywiththeboywhoisenduringhisowntrialstobecomeaman.Womensometimessingsongs,tauntingthewhippersandurgingthemtostrikeharder.Bleedingfromagashonhishead,aSuriboylockseyesonhisopponentduringastickfightnearthevillageofTulgit.Calledsagine,traditionalpolebattle
13、sareoftenheldbetweenthemenofrivalvillagesorclansattheendoftheharvestseason;theycanincludedozensofcombatantsandhugecrowdsofspectators.AustriantravelersclicksouvenirsnearthetownofJinka.Withitsrichculturestillintact,theOmoregionhasseentourismboomandtensionsbetweenvisitorsandresidentsrise.Theyknowthatto
14、uristswanttocomeseethembecausetheyareviewedassavages,saysoneanthropologist.Theyareangrywiththis.ThevillageofDusiswashedindustasmenandwomenoftheKaratribegatherforaneveningdance.Inremotevillages,hoursawayfromroadsandelectricity,celebrationslikethisprovideasharedmomentforgossip,courtship,andrelaxation.
15、Dancesareespeciallycommonunderafullmoon,whenthedaysheatbreaksandlightpoursontothesavanna.Chantingsongsofvictory,youngSurimenparadewithweaponsinhand.Aftertheharvest,crowdsofmenfromSuriclanscompeteinbloodyceremonialpolefights.Thisparticularbattleoutofseasonwascalledbyrivalsvyingforagirlsfavor.Ahalf-mo
16、onoffresh,ornamentalcutsoozeonaSurigirlinthevillageofTulgit.Madewithathornandanoldrazorblade,thisgirlswoundswillhealinaraisedpatternofscars,likethoseaboveherotherbreast.AmongtheSurisuchscarsareconsideredattractive,andmanygirlsdesiredesignsoftheirown.Menscarthemselvestoo,thoughthepatternsareusuallydi
17、fferentandmaytellstoriesofthenumberofenemiesamanhaskilled,forexample.DespiterecentpeacedealsbetweenOmotribes,mostremainwellarmedandproudoftheirfierceness,asrevealedinscarsrunningdownthecenterofthisNyangatommanschest.Thescars,andothersonhisshoulder,offerawarning:Hehaskilledatleasttwoenemiesfromothert
18、ribes.Cloudsofdustfloodingthelungs,coatingthemouth,burningtheeyesdontstopKarawomenfromdancingoutsideanimprovisedbeerhallastheirsonsprepareforinitiationintomanhood.MarriedKarawomensharerelativelyequalstatuswithmenbutoftenperformmorephysicallabor.Cowbloodandmilk,andsorghum,keepthesepeoplealive.Nyangat
19、om(Bume)arepastoralistswhokeeptheirlivestockinboma-like,thorn-fencedareas.Theyshootthecowswithanarrowandthencollecttheblood,whichistheirmajorsourceofprotein.Theysometimesmixthebloodwithmilk.ThisisapeaceceremonyinaNyangatomvillagecalledLokulan,whichisnextdoortoLumalecamp.Nyangatomaresedentaryagricult
20、uristswhopracticefloodrecessionagricultureonthebanksoftheOmo.TheywerefightingtheKaroacrosstheriverupuntillastyearuntilapeaceagreementwasreached.TheNyangatomarehavingavillagemeetingandhaveinvitedtheKarotocelebrate.Thisisalsothetimeoftheircommunitymeetingandfestival.AnotherargumentfornotchokingtheOmoi
21、sthattherearelongperiodsofdroughtalloverEastAfricaandmanyoftheriversdryupduringdroughtsandtheonlyoptionsforwaterbecomestheOmoRiver.Babygettingdrunk:Thisisapre-weddingcelebrationinKorchoVillage.Theentirevillageevenchildrenweredrunkonsorghumbeer.Thischildisdrinkingsorghumbeerbysuckingontheheadofasorgh
22、umplantthatissoakedinthegourdofbeerthathisparentsaresharing.ManywomeninthevillageoutsideTulgithavelipplatesalthoughthetraditionisdyingandismostoftenfoundinremotevillages.Theoriginoflipplatetraditionisdebated,butmostlikelyitwassimplyforadornment.Mostagreethatthelipplatesarestayinginfashionnowbecausei
23、tisaprimetoolforgettingphotographedandmakingsomemoneyfromtourists.MaasaiLostInTheStampedeTheSerengetimaybeoneofthehealthiestecosystemsontheplanet.Butwhilemanyworktirelesslytosavethelandanditswildlife,almostnonearelookingoutfortherightsofthelocalindigenouspeople,theMaasaiinparticular.TourisminSerenge
24、tiisaseriousbusiness.TouroperatorsawaitvisitorswhoarriveinLearjets,canpay$2,000anight,andwanttoobserveaninfiniteseaofwildlife.Aprivatearmyownedbyoneofthetouristcampsdoesroutineandillegalhouse-to-housesearchesforpoachedmeat,squeezingthelocalandhungrypopulationtoinsurethewildlifelevelsremainhigh.Butth
25、ereistoomuchunnecessaryhumansufferingandangerisrisinginneighboringcommunities.TourismemployedonlythreeMaasaiin1995withonlyaslightimprovementsince.ThecraterisTanzaniasforemosttouristattraction.Lionscrawlunderyourcar.Youhavetoslapzebrasonthebutttogetthemtomoveoutoftheway.Andthereareserioustrafficjams.
26、Thereisaplacewhereyouareonlyallowedoutofthevehicletoopenthehatchesonthetopofthelandcruiser.Maasai,whoaresupposedlyinthecraterona“daypass”togetsaltfortheircows,hitupthetouriststhere.Withspearsinonehandandcellphonesintheother,theystandandwatchthesolidlineoftraffic,andallthecomparativelylarge,whitepeop
27、lejammedinto,orhangingoutthetopsorsidesoflandcruisers.Maasai.AseminomadicethnicgroupindigenoustonorthernTanzaniaandsouthernKenya,theMaasaipeopleownherdsofcattle,sheep,andgoats,whichtheyfollowseasonallyinsearchofnewgrazinggrounds.Tribesmenareadornedinred-checkedblanketscalledshukaTourists,NgorongoroC
28、onservationArea.Camera-wieldingvisitorspourintoNgorongoroCratertostalklions,elephants,andothersurvivorsofawildAfricathatisfading.Atopattraction,thisextinctcalderabringswelcomerevenuetoTanzania,oneofthepoorestnationsonEarth.Butthetouristsalsocrowdnarrowroads,strainscarcewaterresources,anddisruptwildl
29、ife.ShatteredSudanHopingForPeaceSudanisthelargestcountryinAfrica.TwoandahalfmillionSudanesehavediedthemostcasualtiesanywheresinceWWIIinaseeminglyendlesscivilwarthatfinallyledtodivisionin2011.Duringtherecentcivilwar,northernerskidnappedsouthernAfricansandforcedthemtofighttheirownpeople.MostintheNorth
30、actedasiftherewasntevenawargoingonbecauseitjustdidntaffectthem.Meanwhileinthesouth,brotherwaskillingbrother.RebelSoldiers|RuwengCounty|SouthernSudanRuwengCountyisanislandsurroundedbyenemies.Itisthelaststandfortherebelsintheexistingoilfieldarea.Theyhikeinplasticshoesthataretapedandtiedtogetherandslog
31、thruswampswiththegoalofputtingputamortarshellortwointoanexistingoiloperation.ArmedwithKalishnikovs,theypreparetofight.GovernmentofSudanBombsRuwengCounty|SouthernSudan.InFebruary,GovernmentofSudan(GOS)droppedbombsfromanAntonov(aRussianplaneandoneofthelargestaircrafteverbuilt),wipingoutanentirevillage
32、andallofthelivestock.Theytargetlivestockbecausetheyknowitisthelastresourceintimesoffamine.ThegoaloftheGOSistoforcesouthernersfromtheirvillagesintogarrisontownswherethepeoplecanbecontrolled.Theyalsokidnapthechildren.ElKurruCemetery|NorthernSudanEgyptianempirebegantodecayin1000BCandin660BCKingdomofKus
33、hruledanempirestretchingfromcentralSudantothebordersofPalestine.ThisistheTombofaruler,innorthernSudanwhocontrolledEgyptinthe25thdynasty.RomeandGreecewerelittlebittyplayersatthistime.El-KurruwasoneoftheroyalcemeteriesusedbytheNubianroyalfamily.WarTornSudan|BoysCoveredinMudOnlyHaveLeavestoEatLivingint
34、hedust-Inwar-tornsouthernSudan,boyswhohaveonlyleavestoeatpackmudontotheirhairtokilllice.SouthSudaneseHidefromNorthSudaneseMilitaryAfricanshideinacaciaforestsfromnorthernforces.Theyknowtheacaciaforestharborsaflesh-eatingparasitethatwillkillthem,buttheyprefertheirchanceshereratherthanonthesavannah.Iti
35、seasiertoescapemotorizedgroundtroops-thetreesslowthemdown.SudanOilFields|WarRefugeeServesTea|SouthernSudanTherearelittleencampmentsofrefugeeslivingaroundRig15andmovingwithitasitmoves.Theserefugeesaremostlywomenlivingunderscrapsofplasticwithapottoboilwaterand3or4teaglasses.Thetrytomakealittlemoneybys
36、ellingteatotheoilworkers.RuwengCountyWarZone|OnlyLeavesandSwampWater|SouthSudanThiswarzoneinSouthSudanhasbeensohammeredbytheNorthernGovernmentthattheyhavenosupplies.TheyhaveeatenalltheleavesoutofthebottomareasofthetreesnowtheyareinthetopsofthetreestogetthelastleavestoeatTheyonlyhavethisandsomerancid
37、swampwatertoboilthem.RebelsWithAncientMachineGun|RuwengCounty|SouthSudanRuwengcountyisanislandsurroundedbyenemiesitisthelaststandfortherebsintheexistingoilfieldarea.Theyhikeintheirplasticshoesthataretapedandtiedandslogthruswampstryingtoputamortarshellortwointoanexistingoiloperation.PerilousRefugeDri
38、venfromhishomenearBiembyfighting,aDinkaboyseeksshelteramongacaciatreessixhourswalkaway.Hisfamilysfewremaininganimalssupplycowsmilkand,occasionally,goatmeatorbeeffromanimalsthatdieofdisease.Iftheboykeepsuphisstrength,hemaysurvive.Ifhebecomesweakandmalnourished,hewilllikelycontractkala-azar,aparasitic
39、diseasethatkillsmanysouthernSudanese,whousuallyhavenowaytogettreatmentinthecountryswarzone.MostofthetwomillionpeoplewhohavediedinSudanscivilwarhavebeensoutherncivilianswhoperishedfromdiseaseandfamine.StarvingDinkaGirlinJubaGarrisonTown|SouthSudanAstarvingDinkagirlcametothegarrisontownofJubaasalastre
40、sort.Stilllivinginfear,shehideswithherfamilyonthisislandinthemiddleoftheNile.ShehopestoescapeharassmentbythenortherngovernmentofSudan.IturiForestPygmies“Pygmy”referstoanyhumangroupwhoseadultmalesreachlessthan150cm(4feet11inches)inheight.Theycanbefoundinmanyplaces,butthehighestdensityanywhereinthewor
41、ldexistsintheIturiRainforestinthenortheasternDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(formerlycalledZaire).Pygmiesarethe“canaryinthecoalmine”forforestecologyinthelastforestsofAfrica.Astheforestgoes,sogothePygmies.MostpeoplebelieveAfricaisfullofTarzan-stylejungles.Thetruthisthatthereisonlyonestripleftinthemiddle
42、oftheentirecontinent.ThemostpristineforestinthatstripistheIturi.DancingPygmyBoysWearingCircumcisionSkirts|DRCongoTheseboysaregoingthroughtheendofthecircumcisionceremonycallednKumbi.Theboysalwaysweartheceremonialskirtsfortheircircumcisionceremoniesandwhentheskirtsaretakenoffattheendoftheceremonytheyw
43、illbehunginthetreesattheentrancetotheirvillage.BlindPygmyinManhoodRitual|Epulu,DRCongo,AfricaThisblindPygmyboyisnotexcludedfromthenKumbimanhoodtraining.Liketheotherboys,heiswhippedeverymorningforfivemonths.Whentheboysrunalongthetrailshedoesalso,withhishandsonthebackoftheboyinfrontofhim.PygmyBoysinnK
44、umbiManhoodRitualwearaleafmouthpiecetokeepthemquietnearEpulu,DRCongo.PygmyBoysinManhoodRitualMarchThroughIturiForest|DRCongoThenKumbiPygmygroupgoesoffintotheforesttoaccompanythenethunters.ThesePygmykidswillhavefivemonthsoftrainingandthentheywillhavetosurviveontheirownandfeedtheirfamilies.Itslikewhen
45、theydropoffthemarinesinsomeremotejunglewiththreematchesandaforkandtheyhavetosurviveforaweek,butthisisnotaweek-longexercise,itisfortherestoftheirlives.PygmyGirlsUseWhiteClayBodyPaint|Epulu,DemocraticRepublicofCongoPygmygirlspainteachotherinsupportoftheirbrotherswhoaregoingthroughamanhoodinitiationcer
46、emony.PygmyLeafHutDoubleLeafConstruction|DRCongoThisisthedoubleleafconstructionofaPygmyleaf-hut,whichmakesitmoreimpervioustorain.Thesefolksallbuiltsheltersforthenightinabouttwohours.PygmyBoysLearntoFish|ForestHuntingCampinIturi|DRCongoTheseboyspullasmallhookoutoftheirskirtsandgetavineandasticktheykn
47、owwheretodigforworms.Theycatchfiveorsix2inchlongfishandeatthemrawforlunch.NetHuntingPygmySmokingDope|IturiForest,DRCongoMedicineManBantuFakePygmyinSalateinnKumbi|DRCongoGirlPygmiesHideFromWhippinginSalateVillage|IturiForestThenKumbiisalsoacourtshipritual.Theboysaresetfreefromthewoodlandcampperiodica
48、llytocomeintothetownwheretheytrytosneakupongirlsthattheylikeandwhipthem.Thissomehowshowsaffection.ThesePygmygirlsaretryingtohidefromtheboysthatarerunningthroughthetown.BantuLeaderWhipsPygmyBoy|ManhoodRitual|IturiForest,DRCongoThewhippingismoresevereonthelastdayofthenKumbiandincludesaceremonywherethe
49、boysaresecludedwithinaphalanxofmenallcarryingwhips.Themenaremethalfwaythruthevillagewithwomencarryingwhipsandameleeensues,theintentistocontrolthedestinyofthechild.Thewomenwanttheboytostayaboyandthemenwanttheboytobeacknowledgedasaman.Themenwin.Theboyisnowamanandcannotbeclaimedasachildanymorebyhismoth
50、er.Thereisalsoritualscarificationonthisdayandeachboyisparaded,onebyone,thruthevillageaccompaniedbyamaskedelderandsomeonetocollectthemoneybeingthrownathisdancingfeet.PygmyBoyExaminesScarringafter5MonthsofWhipping|IturiForestScarificationisPartofthePygmyManhoodRitual|IturiForestIhadbeenpreppedforthewh
51、ipping,butthentheypulledouttwodirtyrazorbladesandrituallyscarredalineofcutsaroundthePygmyboyschests.TrioofPygmyBoyswaitingforWhipping|IturiForest,DRCongoThesearephotosfromSalateattheendofthenKumbiPygmymanhoodritual.ThePygmyboyshavebeensecludedfor5monthstheyarewhippedeverymorning.castNationalGeographicPhotographers_RandyOlsonimagescreditwww.MusicBobMarleyAfricaUnitecreatedo.e.thanksforwatchingend
