当代研究生英语读写教程上课件Unit4TextA教案 Unit 4Book One ContentWarming-upWarming-upReadingReadingWritingWritingText AText AText BText BBook One Lead-in questionsn2. Indian Iraqn Jordann Kuwaitn Yemenn Libyan Nigerian Philippinesn Singaporen Sudann Tanzanian UgandaBook One Lead-in questionsnBritish Englishnaeroplanenbooking officencaratnChristian namenexhaust pipentrousersnqueuenrailway stationnmotorwaynground floornAmerican Englishnairplanenticket officenkaratngiven namentailpipenpants,slacksnlinentrain stationnfreeway, expresswaynfirst floorBook One Lead-in questionsnBritish Englishnmixed schoolngraduationnliftnfinancial yearnfish mongernprimary schoolntimbernsingle ticketnreturn ticketncompulsory subjectnpost-graduate studentnlorry, vannholidaynAmerican Englishnco-education schoolncommencementnelevatornfiscal yearnfish dealernelementary schoolnlumbernone-way ticketnround-trip ticketnrequired subjectngraduate studentntrucknvacationBook One Questions: 1) Which kind of English are you studying now, American English or British English? What are the differences between them?2) In which aspests does American English attracts you? Through what channels does American English spread to the rest of the world? Offer some exles.3) Chinese is increasingly popular outside China, do you see any possibility that Chinese will become the most prevailing language throughout the world in the future? Why/why not?Group discussion Book One THE FUTURE OF ENGLISHH. L. Mencken Book One Reading—Text AText StudyText StudyMain Idea & StructureMain Idea & StructureSentence AnalysisSentence AnalysisLanguage PointsLanguage PointsUseful ExpressionsUseful ExpressionsText TranslationText TranslationBook One Main Idea and Structuren First reading: Scan the text and try to catch the main idea. The following words are for your reference to organize the idea: English most prevailing succinctness and simplicity American English resisted developing conquern Second reading: read the passage again and try to identify the structure of this passage. For your referenceFor your referenceBook One English is the most prevailing language throughout the world and wins by its succinctness and simplicity. Though resisted by the English, American English is developing and surpassing British English, and it will eventually conquer the world.Main IdeaBook One Structure Para. 4-7 Main idea:English is the most prevailing language and it’s worldwide spread is due to the extraordinary dispersion of the English-speaking people.Main idea: English wins by its advantages in vocabulary, pronunciation and arrangment. Its succinctness and simplicity are especially attractive to foreigners.Main idea:Though resisted by the English, American English is developing fast. It's reasonable to predict that American English will eventually conquer the world. Para. 8-14Para. 1-3Book One Text StudyBook One n1 In the middle of the sixteenth century, English was spoken by between four and five millions of people, and stood fifth among the European languages, with French, German, Italian, and Spanish ahead of it in that order, and Russian following. Two hundred years later, Italian had dropped behind but Russian had gone ahead, so that English was still in fifth place. By the end of the Eighteenth Century English began to move forward, and by the middle of the nineteenth it had forced its way into first place. Today it is so far in the lead that it is probably spoken by as many people as the next two languages—Russian and German combined.n2 How many people speak it today? It is hard to answer. Besides those to whom English is their native tongue, there are people who, though born to some other language, live in English-speaking communities and speak English in their daily business. More importantly, English is now spoken as a foreign language throughout the world—very often, to be sure, badly, but nevertheless understandably. It has become a platitude that one may go almost anywhere with no other linguistic equipment and get on almost as well as in New York.Para.1-2Book One Para.3-4n3 In part, of course, its spread has been due to the extraordinary dispersion of the English-speaking peoples. They have been the greatest travelers of modern times, and the most adventurous merchants, and the most assiduous colonists. Moreover, they have been, on the whole, poor linguists, and so they have dragged their language with them, and forced it upon the human race.n4 But there is more to the matter than this. English, brought to close quarters with formidable rivals, has won very often, not by force of numbers, but by the sheer weight of its merit. “In wealth, wisdom, and strict economy,” said the eminent Jakob Grimm a century ago, “none of the other living languages can vie with it.” To which the eminent Otto Jespersen was adding only the other day: English is simple, it has clear sounds, it packs its words closely together, it is logical in their arrangement, and it is free from all pedantic flubdub. Book One Para. 5-6n5 When American pedagogues speak of the virtues of English they almost always begin by hymning its enormous vocabulary, which is at least twice as large as that of any other language. But this is not what enchants the foreigner; on the contrary, the vast reaches of the vocabulary naturally alarm him. The thing that really wins him is the succinctness and simplicity of the language. We use, for all our store of Latin polysyllables, a great many more short words than long ones, and we are always trying to make the long ones short. What was once puniligrion is now pun; what was gasoline only yesterday is already gas. No other European language has so many three-letter words, nor so many four-word sayings. “First come, first served”—that is typically English, for it is bold, plain, and short.n6 The English psychologist, Dr. Ogden believes, indeed, that 850 words are sufficient for all ordinary purposes, and he has devised a form of simplified English, called by him Basic, which uses no more. Of his 850 words no less than 600 are the names of things, which leaves only 250 for the names of qualities and actions, and for all the linguistic hooks and eyes that hold sentences together. Book One Para.7-8n7 Does this seem too few? Then it is only to those who have forgotten one of the prime characteristics of English—its capacity for getting an infinity of meanings out of a single word by combining it with simple modifiers. Consider, for exle, the difference between the verbs to get. To get going, to get by, to get on to, to get wise, to get off, to get ahead of, and to get over. Dr. Ogden proposes to rid the language of a great many verbs—some of them irregular, and hence difficult—by substituting such compounds for them. Why, for exle, should a foreigner be taught to say that he has disembarked from a ship? Isn’t it sufficient for him to say that he has got off? And why should he be taught to say that he has recovered from the flu, or escaped the police, or obtained a job? Isn’t it enough to say that he has got over the first, got away from the second, and simply got the third?n8 But as English spreads, will it be able to maintain its present form? Probably not. But why should it? Every successful effort at standardization seldom succeeds. The schoolma’am has been trying since the Revolution to bring American English to her rules, but it goes on sprouting, and it will eventually conquer the English of England.Book One Para. 9-10n9 This guess indeed is rather too easy to be quite sporting. English has been yielding to American for fifty years past, and since the turn of the century it has been yielding at a constantly accelerated rate. The flow of novelties in vocabulary, in idiom, even in pronunciation, is now overwhelmingly eastward. We seldom borrow an English word or phrase any more, though we used to borrow many; but the English take in our inventions almost as fast as we can launch them. The American movie, I suppose, is largely responsible for this change, but there are unquestionably deeper causes too. English is still a bit tight, a bit stiff, more than a little artificial. But American has gone on developing with almost Elizabethan prodigality. All the processes of word-formation that were in operation in Shakespeare’s England are still in operation here, and they produce a steady stream of neologisms that he would have relished as joyfully as he relished the novelties actually produced in his time.n10 The English, from the Age of Anne onward, have resisted the march of American with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness and moral indignationindignation, albeit with steadily decreasing effectiveness...Book One Para.11-12n11 The English travelers who began to swarm in America after 1800 gave willing aid in this benign work, and scarcely one of them failed to record his horror over the new American words that he encountered, and the unfamiliar American pronunciation. Captain Basil Hall, who was here in 1827 and 1828, went to the length of making a call upon Noah Webster, then over 70 years of age, to lodge his protest. “Surely,” he said, “such innovations are to be deprecated.” “I don’t know that,” replied Webster stoutly. “If a word becomes universally current in America, why should it not take its station in the language?” “Because,” answered Hall, with a magnificent resort to British complacency, “there are words enough already.”n12 This hostility continues into our own day. At regular intervalsintervals the London dailies and weeklies breakbreak into sonorous complaints against the American invasion. Even the relatively cautious and plainly useful simplicities of American spelling (as in the -or words, Book One for exle) are sometimes denounced with great rancor. But it is really too late for the English to guard the purity of their native tongue, for so many Americanisms have already got into it that, on some levels at least, it is now almost an American dialect. There are hundreds of them in daily use in England, and many have become so familiar that an Englishman, on being challenged for using them, will commonly argue that they are actually English. 13 There are Englishmen who believe that the time has come to compromise with the invasion, and even to welcome it. The father of this pro-American party seems to have been the late William Archer, who was saying so long ago as 1899 that Americans had enormously enriched the language, not only with new words, but with apt and luminous colloquial metaphors. The late Dr. Robert Bridges, Poet Laureate from 1913 until his death in 1930, was of like mind with Archer.Para.12-13Book One n14 I turn to Dr. Ogden’s list of fifty “international” nouns for the Basic vocabulary, and find that no less than nine of them are American, not English. I turn to Professor Ichikawa’s list of English words that have been taken into Japanese, and Americanisms bristle from every page. Plainly enough, the conquest of the world by English, if it ever comes off, will really be a conquest by American.Para.14Book One Sentence AnalysisBook One 1. English, brought to close quarters with formidable rivals, has won very often, not by force of numbers, but by the sheer weight of its merit. (Para. 4, Line 1-2)bring to close quarters with: bring into contact withformidable: difficult to defeatformidable rivals: 劲敌merit: a quality deserving praise or approval Paraphrase:When English had to compete with other languages (like French and German) which were also very strong, it had very often won, and its victory was not because it had a greater number of speakers, but because it had great advantages over other languages. Translation：：英语在与其劲敌的竞争中取胜，往往不是因为数量原因，而完全是因为其优点。
Book One 2. When American pedagogues speak of the virtues of English they almost always begin by hymning its enormous vocabulary … (Para. 5, Line 1-2)Pedagogue: a schoolteacher, an educatorvirtue: a particularly good qualityhymn: to praise, glorify, or worship in or as if in a hymn Paraphrase:When American educators speak of the advantages of English, they almost always begin by speaking highly of its enormous vocabulary...Translation：：当美国的教育工作者谈及英语的优点时，几乎总是以赞美其词汇量之庞大为开头 Book One 3. But this is not what enchants the foreigner; on the contrary, the vast reaches of the vocabulary naturally alarm him. (Para. 5, Line 3-4)enchant: to attract and delight reaches: the extent or distance something can reach; scope alarm: to fill with alarm; frightenParaphrase:But the large size of the vocabulary of English is not what the foreigner is really interested in; on the contrary, the great variety of meanings and implications frighten him. Translation：：然而，吸引外国人的并不是词汇量大，相反，浩瀚的词汇很容易令外国人担忧。
Book One 4. The English, from the Age of Anne onward, have resisted the march of American with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness and moral indignation, albeit with steadily decreasing effectiveness. (Para. 10)indignation: anger aroused by something unjust, mean, or unworthy albeit: although“with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness and moral indignation” is a adverbial clause of result (方式状语从句 ); “with steadily decreasing effectiveness.” is adverbial clause of manner (结果状语从句 ). Paraphrase:From the Age of Anne up to now, the English people have been against the development of American English with a mixture of patriotic watchfulness and moral indignation, although their resistance has been less and less effective.Book One Translation：：自安妮时代以来，英国人就以一种带有爱国者的警惕和义愤的复杂心情，来拒绝美语的进入，尽管效果在日渐下降。
Book One 5. At regular intervals the London dailies and weeklies break into sonorous complaints against the American invasion. (Para. 12, Line 1-2)at regular intervals: regularly, once in a specific period of timeat intervals: from time to timesonorous: having or producing a full, deep, or rich soundParaphrase:From time to time the London newspapers and weekly magazines publish articles to complain vigorously against the Americanisms in the English language.Translation：：每隔一段时间，伦敦的日报和周报便对美语侵入提出大声抗议。
Book One 6 . …who was saying so long ago as 1899 that Americans had enormously enriched the language, not only with new words, but with apt and luminous colloquial metaphors. (Para. 13, Line 3-4)enrich: to make fuller, more meaningful, or more rewardingapt: exactly suitable; appropriateluminous: easily comprehended; clearColloquial: characteristic of the spoken languageParaphrase:He said in 1899 that Americans had greatly enriched the language by introducing new words as well as appropriate and clear metaphors with the features of spoken language.Translation：：他早在1899年就说过，美国用语大大丰富了英语语言，不仅为英语增加了新词，而且增加了一些恰如其分、通俗易懂、带有口语特色的比喻用法。
Book One Language PointsBook One vi. to (cause to) move faster (使)加快，加速 反义词decelerate e.g. The car accelerated as it overtook me. 那辆汽车一加速就超越了我 The leader is losing ground as the rest of the runners accelerate. 领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐渐失去了优势 vt. fml to cause to happen faster or earlier than expected (正式)使加快，促进，提前e.g. China is accelerating its economic development. 中国的经济发展速度正在加快 to accelerate the educational system reform 加快教育体制改革 accelerated promotion 提前晋升accelerateBook One apt adj. having a natural or habitual tendency to do something; likely 有..倾向的，易于……的 近义be inclined to/tend toe.g. This kind of shoe is apt to slip on wet ground. 这种鞋在湿地上容易打滑。
It's apt to rain this afternoon. 今天下午可能下雨 adj. exactly suitable; pertinent 适当的，恰当的e.g. an apt remark 适当的话例题例题:The words were all __ and well chosen. A. suitable B. appropriate C. apt D. fitC. aptBook One benignadj. kind and gentle 慈祥的，和蔼的，亲切的，温和的e.g. a benign nature/smile 和善的性情/微笑 The benign weather brought North America a bumper crop. 温和的气候给北美带来大丰收 adj. med (of a disease) not dangerous to life; not malignant (医) 疾病无致命危险的，非恶性的，良性的e.g. a benign tumor 良性肿瘤 A benign tumour will not cause you any fatal harm. 良性肿瘤不会对你有致命的伤害。
例题：例题： This is a __ tumour, so you don’t have to be worried about it. A. good B. king C. benevolent D. benign C. benevolent Book One bristlen. short stiff hair 短而硬的毛发e.g. His chin was covered with bristles. 他的下巴长满了胡子茬v. (hair or fur) to stand up stiffly (e.g. because of anger, distrust, etc.) （因愤怒等原因而毛发）竖立，硬挺; （比喻义）怒发冲冠e.g. The dog’s hair bristled (up) when the visitors came to the door. 访者走近大门时,那条狗的毛都竖起来了 They bristled (with anger) at his denigrating description of their activities. 听到他在污蔑他们的活动，他们都怒发冲冠。
Book One bristle with sth: to have plenty of (something especially unpleasant or unattractive); be full of 到处都是，尤指不愉快的事e.g. The street bristle with armed guards after the latest terrorist attack. 最近一次恐怖分子攻击后，街道上武装警卫遍布例题：例题： Paint brushes are usually made of pig’s ___. A. fur B. bristle C. wool D. feather B. bristleBook One complacentadj. pleased or satisfied with a situation, often unreasonably; not worrying, even though one perhaps should be 自满，自鸣得意(n. complacency)e.g. a complacent smile 洋洋自得的微笑 He had become complacent after years of success. 成功多年后他变得自我满足起来。
After so many wins we grew complacent and thought we’d never lose—so of course we lost the next match. 赢了许多场以后，我们得意忘形了，以为我们决不会输，因此我们 在接下来的比赛中当然就输了Book One denouncevt. to express strong disapproval, esp. publicly; condemn (尤指公开)职责，谴责，告发e.g. The minister’s action was denounced in all the newspapers. 这个部长的行为在各个报纸上遭到强烈谴责 She was denounced as a traitor. 她被告发为叛徒例题:The mass rally at the Town Hall ___ him as a traitor. A. scolded B. denounced C. censured D. criticized B. denouncedBook One disperse v. to scatter or spread in different directions, so as to be no longer present 分散，消散，驱散 近义词scatter, distributee.g. After school the children dispersed to their homes. 放学后，孩子们都四散回家了。
Police used tear gas to disperse the crowd. 警察用催泪弹驱散人群 The airplane dispersed the leaflets over the city. 飞机在城市上空散发传单例题：例题：Groups of police were __ all along the street where the Queen was to pass. A. scattered B. dispelled C. dispersed D. compelled句意：一排排警察分布在女皇将要经过的街道两旁C. dispersedBook One adj. (of a person) famous and admired; distinguished (指人)卓越的，杰出的，出名的近意词distinguishede.g. Even the most eminent doctors could not cure him. 甚至连最杰出的医生都治不好他的病。
an eminent schoolar 知名学者例题：例题：Churchill was one of the world’s most ___ statesmen. A. eminent B. imminent C. illicit D. explicableA. eminenteminentBook One indignation n. feelings of surprised anger (because of something wrong or unjust) (因错事和不公正的事情而感到的)愤怒近义词：outragee.g. I expressed my indignation at being unfairly dismissed. 我对遭到不公正的解雇表示愤慨 He was blazing with indignation. 他勃然大怒例题:The men were full of __ because they thought their friends had been unjustly punished. A. diagnosis B. indigestion C. indignation D. aggression C. indignationBook One resort n. a place where people regularly go for holidays 度假地，旅游胜地 e.g. a health resort 疗养地n. the action of resorting to something 诉诸，求助，采取e.g. If this can’t be settled reasonably, it may be necessary to have resort to force. 如果这个问题不能得到合理的解决，诉诸武力可能是必要的了。
As a last resort, we could borrow more money from the bank. 作为最后的手段，我们可以向银行再借点钱vi. to make use of; turn to (often something bad) for help 采取，诉诸，求助于(通常为不好的事物)e.g. You should resort to your parents. 你应该求助于你的父母Book One Useful ExpressionsBook One force sth on/upon sbto cause to be accepted by an unwilling person(使)被迫接受e.g. You shouldn’t force food on children. 你不该强迫孩子吃东西 He didn’t want to be paid, but we forced the money on him because we knew he needed it. 他不想要报酬，但我们强迫他收下这笔钱，因为我们知道他需要钱。
The war was forced upon us by powers that needed our coal and iron. 战争是那些需要我们的煤和铁的强国强加给我们的Book One go to any length(s)to be willing to do anything, however difficult, dangerous, unpleasant, or morally wrong 不遗余力，竭尽所能，不折手段e.g. He will go to any lengths to get his child back from his ex-wife. 不管花多大力气都要把儿子从前妻那要回来 They went to unprecedented lengths to limit press coverage of the trial. 他们竭尽全力限制新闻界对这次事件的报道 Book One intervalsØ at intervals: now and then; with short period of time between 不时；时时；每隔一会儿e.g. at regular intervals 每隔一定时间 Rain fell at intervals throughout the night. 雨断断续续下了一整夜。
Ø at intervals of: thappening regularly after equal periods of time or appearing at equal distances 每隔……时间/距离e.g. The bell rang at intervals of half an hour. 钟每隔半个小时敲响一次 There seeds are planted at intervals of three inches. 这些种子的播种间隔为3英寸Book One come offØto take place, happen 举行，进行，发生e.g. The wedding came off as planned. 婚礼按计划举行了Øto succeed; have the intended effect 成功，达到预期的效果e.g. It was a clever joke but it didn’t quite come off. 那消化不错，可惜没有达到预期的效果。
Øto finish in the stated way; have the stated degree of success 结果是……，成为……e.g. She came off rather badly in the debate. 她在辩论赛中输的很惨ØCome off it! 别胡说了，别撒谎了，别装蒜了e.g. Now come off it. I never said that. 行了，别胡说了，我从来没那么说过Book One take in Øto receive into one’s home; provide lodgings (for a person) 接待(某人)留宿e.g. He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他没有地方可睡于是我们提出让他留宿Øto include 包含，包括e.g. This is the total cost of the holiday taking everything in. 这是度假的全部费用，一切都包括在内。
Øto make (clothes)narrower 把（衣服）改窄e.g. My dress is a bit loose round the waist—could you take it in for me? 我衣服的腰围有点宽松，你能帮我改窄一些吗?Øto understand fully; grasp 充分理解，掌握e.g. It took me a long time to take in what you were saying. 我费了好长时间才弄明白你所说的话Øto deceive 欺瞒，欺骗e.g. Don’t be taken in by his promises. 不要被他的许诺所蒙骗 Book One dropØdrop behind: fall behind 落后e.g. John and Jack had dropped behind in order to be alone and have a talk. 为了能单独在一起谈谈，约翰和杰克故意走在别人后面Ødrop by: stop in for a short visit 顺便看望(某人)，顺便到(某处)e.g. Don't forget to drop by at the gas station. 别忘了到煤气站去看看。
Ødrop in: come in for a short visit 来访，到……家里来e.g. Let's drop in on Nick when we're in Bristol, shall we? 咱们在布里斯托尔的时候，去看看尼克，好吗？Ødrop off: decrease; fall asleep 下降；脱落，掉下；打盹e.g. Business dropped off sharply during the recession. 在经济衰退期间，生意大大减少了Book One dragØdrag in: bring sth. irrelevant into discussion 硬扯进(不相干的话题) e.g. No matter what we talk about, Jim drags in politics. 无论我们谈什么，吉姆总要插嘴谈及政治 Ødrag into (doing sth.): bring sb. into doing sth. forcibly 勉强某人做某事 e.g. She had to be dragged into seeing the dentist. 要她去牙科医生那里看病非得生拉硬拽不可。
Ødrag on: move slowly or with effort 缓慢进行，沉闷无味地进行 e.g. Let's not drag on this discussion, we've got to reach a decision. 这场讨论别拖下去了，我们得作个决定Ødrag up: introduce into a discussion gratuitously; bring up (children) with difficulty (无端地)提起往事；马马虎虎把孩子拉扯大e.g. The newspapers keep dragging up the politician's mistake. 报纸小题大做，一再提起那位政治家的过失 Book One breakØ break away (from): leave suddenly; give up 突然离开；放弃，改掉(习惯)e.g. Can't you break away from old habits? 你不能戒除旧习惯吗?Øbreak down: fail to function; have physical or mental collapse 出毛 病；(健康或精神)崩溃e.g. Negotiations between the two sides have broken down. 双方谈判已经破裂。
Øbreak in(to): enter forcibly or suddenly; interrupt 突然闯入；打断e.g. The thieves planned to break into a bank. 行窃者计划洗劫银行Øbreak off: stop suddenly 突然停止，中断e.g. He broke off in the middle of a sentence. 他一句话只说了一半就停住了Book One Text TranslationBook One 译文译文 英语的未来英语的未来n1 在16世纪中叶，有四五百万人说英语，说英语的人数在欧洲的语言中名列第五前四位依次是法语、德语、意大利语和西班牙语俄语排在英语之后两百年以后，意大利语排名落后，而俄语的排名靠前了，英语依然处于第五位到了18世纪末，英语的地位开始上升到19世纪中叶，英语已经跻身于第一位了。
今天，英语的地位遥遥领先，说英语的人数可能达到说后两种语言，即俄语和德语人数的总和n2 今天到底有多少人说英语？这个问题难以回答除了把英语作为母语的人以外，还有一些人虽然出生在说其他语言的地方，但现在生活在说英语的社会，这些人在日常工作中说的是英语更重要的是，英语目前在世界范围里作为外语广泛使用——当然，在这些地方英语往往说得蹩脚，但是也可以让人理解你几乎可以去世界的任何一个地方，不会任何别的语言，也能像在纽约一样过得顺利，这已成为司空见惯的事情 Book One n3 当然，英语得到普及，部分原因是说英语的人分布极广他们是现代最热衷旅行的人、最敢冒险的商人、最执着的殖民主义者除此以外，他们总体上学语言的能力很差，所以，他们走到哪里，便把自己的语言带到哪里，并将之强加于人n4 但是，问题远不止如此英语在与其劲敌的竞争中取胜，往往不是因为数量原因，而完全是因为其优点在丰富性、所包含的智慧、以及严谨的精炼程度方面，”著名的雅各布·格利姆在一个世纪之前说，“没有一种现存的语言能与英语媲美而著名的奥托·耶斯佩森就在前几天对此加以补充说：英语简单，发音清晰，词与词之间的结构紧密，词的安排组织有逻辑性，而且英语中没有迂腐的废话。
n5 当美国的教育工作者谈及英语的优点时，几乎总是一开始就赞美其词汇量之庞大英语的词汇比任何其他语言的词汇至少多一倍然而，吸引外国人的并不是词汇量大，相反，浩瀚的词汇很容易令外国人担忧真正赢得外国人的是英语简练和纯朴的特征尽管英语中有大量的源于拉丁文的多音节词，但我们却更多地使用短词，少用长词而且，我们Book One 总是努力把长词缩短以前使用的puniligrion现在缩短成了pun；昨天还是gasoline，今天已成为gas欧洲没有任何一种其他语言有这么多由三个字母构成的单词，也没有如此多由四个单词构成的格言First come, first served”（先到先供应）便是典型的英语，因为它一目了然、朴实无华、短小精悍n6 英国心理学家奥格登博士认为，在一般的交流中，850个词就足够了他把英语改编成简单的形式，将这种形式叫做基础英语基础英语中的词汇不超过850个在这850个词中，有至少600个词表示事物的名称，剩下的250个词包括说明事物的特征和动作行为的词、以及将句子连接在一起的语法词和小品词n7 这些词的数量是不是显得太少了？只有那些忘记了下面这一英语基本特征的人才会这么认为：英语中同一个词与不同的小修饰词结合，便可以产生无数多的意思。
例如，我们可以想一想动词get 在下列组合中的不同意思：to get going, to get by, to get onto, to get wise, to get off, toBook One get ahead, to get over等奥格登博士建议去掉英语中的大量动词——其中一些是不规则动词，因而难以掌握，这些动词可以用上述短语动词来取代例如，为什么要教外国人说他已从船上“上岸”（disembark）？难道说他已“下船”(get off)不能表达同样的意思吗？为什么要教他说从流感中“复原”（recover）、“逃避”（escape）了警察,“获得”（obtain）了工作？难道说“流感好了”（ get over the flu）、“甩开警察”（get away from the police），或者简单地说“找到工作”（get a job）不足以表达同样的意思吗？n8 但是随着英语的广泛传播，它是否能够保持现在的形式？也许不能但为什么要保持现在的形式呢？每次使英语规范化的所谓成功的努力其实很少成功自从大革命以来，学校女教师一直努力使美式英语遵守语法规则，但是，美式英语依然在不断发展，最终必将征服英国英语。
n9 这种结局很容易猜出，甚至是可以肯定的在过去的50年里，英语一直屈从于美语自世纪之交以来，英语屈从美语的速度不断加快新词汇、新习语、甚至新发音都以无法抗拒的势力源源不断传入东方从Book One 前我们常常借用很多英语词或短语，但现在很少这样做但英语却吸纳我们创造的词，我们创造有多快，其吸纳的速度几乎就有多快我认为，美国电影固然对这一变化起了很大作用，但毫无疑问，还有更深刻的原因英语依然有点太严格、有点僵硬，且过于矫揉造作而美语的发展却像伊丽莎白时代一样繁荣所有那些在英国莎士比亚时代应用的构词方法，现在依然在美国应用着，新词源源不断地产生如果莎翁健在，这些新词一定会使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的时代产生的新词曾使他欣喜若狂一样10 自安妮时代以来，英国人就以一种带有爱国者的警惕和义愤的复杂心情，来拒绝美语的进入，尽管效果在日渐下降11 1800年以后开始蜂涌来到美国的英国游客也心甘情愿支持这一有益的工作他们当中很少有人不对碰到的美国新词和陌生的美国发音感到惊恐当海军上校巴赛尔·霍尔1827年和1828年来到这里时，甚至打 向70多岁的诺亚·韦伯斯特提出抗议 Book One “毫无疑问，”他说，“这种发明创造应该受到蔑视。
“我不这么认为，”韦伯斯特坚决地回答，“如果一个词在美国普遍流行开来，为什么不应该收入语言中呢？” 霍尔只好以英国人典型的自满态度回答说：“因为现有的词汇已经足够了 n12 这种敌对情绪一直持续到今天每隔一段时间，伦敦的日报和周报便对美语侵入提出大声抗议就连相对谨慎而又绝对实用的美式简单拼写（如以or结尾的词）有时也遭到极其强烈的指责但是，英国人现在来维护其本族语的纯洁性实在为时太晚了，因为已经有太多的美式用语进入英语，英语至少在某种程度上已成为一种美式方言在英国，数以百计的美语应用于日常生活中，许多英国人对这些用语极其熟悉，因此在使用时，如果有人质问他为什么用美语，他往往会辩解道，这些用语其实是英国英语 Book One n13 有些英国人认为，现在已是向美语妥协的时候了，甚至应该欢迎美语了美语支持者的鼻祖好像是已故的威廉·阿切尔他早在1899年就说过，美国用语大大丰富了英语语言，不仅为英语增加了新词，而且增加了一些恰如其分、通俗易懂、带有口语特色的比喻用法已故的罗伯特·布里奇博士，从1913年到1930年去世为止，享有英国桂冠诗人的称号，他也与阿切尔持同样观点。
n14 我看了看奥格登博士的基础英语里列出的50个“国际性”名词表，发现至少9个是美语，而不是英语我再看了看市川教授列出的已纳入日语的英语单词表，只见每一页都有美语显而易见，如果有朝一日英语征服世界真的成为现实，征服世界的必将是美式英语Book One Key to Questionsn1. French had the largest number of speakers in the middle of the sixteenth century, and Russian had the second largest number of speakers at the time the writer wrote the article.n2. Speakers of English have three groups: 1) native speakers of English; 2) those who are born to some other language but live in English-speaking communities and speak English in their daily business (speakers of English as a second language); 3) those who speak English as a foreign language.Book One Key to Questionsn3. On the one hand, the English-speaking peoples have been the greatest travelers, the most adventurous merchants and the most assiduous colonists. On the other hand, they are, on the whole, poor linguists. Therefore, wherever they go, they force their language upon the people there.n4. It is the succinctness and simplicity of English that win the foreigner.n5. No, it should not.Book One Key to Questionsn6. English has been constantly taking in American words, phrases, idioms, and even pronunciations while American now seldom borrows English words or phrases.n7. New words and phrases have been formed and produced all the time in American English.n8. The captain made a call upon Webster to lodge his protest against new American words.Book One Key to Questionsn9. The hostility toward Americanism still exists. But some English people think that it is time to compromise with it, and even to welcome it.n10. The author took him as an exle of those who support new American words and colloquial metaphors.Book One Characteristics (Virtues) of Englishna. It is rich in vocabulary. It uses simple words, phrases, or sayings to express ideas. No other European language has so many three-letter words and four-word sayings. Its sayings contain the wisdom of the people.nb. English is simple, it has clear sound, it packs its words closely together, it is logical in their arrangement, and it is free from pedantic flubdub.nc. It is capable of getting an infinity of meanings out of a single word by combining it with simple particles. Book One Reviewn勤勉的n妥协，让步n征服n谴责，斥责n使着迷n敌意，恶意n义愤n新颖，新鲜感n爱国心n学究似的，卖弄学问的n怨恨，恶意n简洁n竞争nassiduousncompromisenconquerndenouncenenchantnhostilitynindignationnnoveltynpatriotismnpedanticnrancornsuccinctnessnvieBook One Reviewn每隔一定时间n落后n将…强加于n不遗余力（做某事）n摆脱n吸收n向…让步n起作用；工作中，运转中n遥遥领先nat regular intervalsndrop behindnforce sth. Onngo to the length of nrid …ofntake in nyield tonbe in operationnfar in the leadBook One Text BBook One ReadingText BText BLanguage PointsLanguage PointsSentence AnalysisSentence AnalysisBook One Sentence AnalysisBook One 1. I will argue that a line can be drawn and should be drawn to use gene transfer only for the treatment of serious disease, and not for any other purpose. (Para. 1, Line 4-6) argue：除了“争论”、“辩论”外，还有 “主张”、“认为”的 意思，在议论文里argue经常被用来表明或提出观点。
e.g. He argued that man was descended from apes. 他论证人类的祖先是猿draw a line：set a limit to what will be done 限制 e.g. We would like to invite everybody to our party, but we have to draw a line somewhere. 我们愿意邀请所有人参加晚会，但我们必须有所限制译文：译文：我认为可以并且应该限制基因移植仅用于严重疾病的治疗， 而不能用来做别的Book One 2. The most obvious exle at the moment would be in the insertion of a growth hormone gene into a normal child in the hope that this would make the child grow larger. (Para. 3, Line 4-6)in the hope that: 寄希望于，希望能寄希望于，希望能……类似用法：类似用法：in the hope of sth.e.g. A man saves money in the hope that inflation will not wipe it out. 人们之所以存钱就是希望它不至于被通货膨胀吞没。
人们之所以存钱就是希望它不至于被通货膨胀吞没译文：目前最明显的例子就是将某种生长激素基因注入一个正常孩子译文：目前最明显的例子就是将某种生长激素基因注入一个正常孩子体体 内希望他能长得更高内希望他能长得更高Book One 3. And it would be morally precarious, in that it would require moral decisions our society is not now prepared to make, and it could lead to an increase in inequality and discriminatory practices. (Para. 6, Line 3-5) precarious: dangerously lacking in security or stability 不稳当的，不安全的 e.g. a precarious posture 不稳当的姿势 precarious footing on the ladder 在梯子上没站稳 He was unable to get down from his precarious position on the rocks. 他无法从危险的岩石上下来。
Book One in that: for the reason that; because 由于；因为 e.g. Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak. 人不同于禽兽，在于人会思考、会说话 He didn't attend the negotiation in that he was ill. 他因为生病，没有参加谈判译文：译文：这在道德上很危险，因为它要求我们这个还没有准备好的 社会在道德上进行判断，同时它将加剧社会不公和歧视行 为Book One 4. What if a human gene were cloned that could produce a brain chemical resulting in markedly increased memory capacity in monkeys after gene transfer? (Para. 10, Line 4-6) what if: 如果……将会怎样? e.g. What if you go intstead of me? 如果你代替我去会怎样？ What if Jack scores a touchdown? 如果杰克底线得分，该怎么办？ “that could produce a brain chemical” 是修饰human gene的定语从句，resulting in是修饰were cloned的结果状语从句。
译文：译文：如果克隆能产生大脑化学物的人类基因并把它移植到猴子的大 脑，使得猴子的记忆能力显著增强，那会怎样呢?Book One Language PointsBook One n. a joint that holds two parts together so that one can swing relative to the other 铰链，关键，枢纽，合页铰链，关键，枢纽，合页 e.g. The door opens easily because the hinges were oiled. 这门开起来很容易，因为合页上了油这门开起来很容易，因为合页上了油 A casement is a window that opened by means of hinge at the side. 竖铰链窗是一种用边上的铰链开启的窗户竖铰链窗是一种用边上的铰链开启的窗户 vi. attach with a hinge, depend on 装上合叶；用铰链接合；取决于装上合叶；用铰链接合；取决于 e.g. This door is not well hinged. 这扇门的铰链不灵活。
这扇门的铰链不灵活 He hinged his action on future sales. 他的行动取决于将来的销路他的行动取决于将来的销路hingeBook One hinge on 取决于，随取决于，随…………而定，以而定，以…………为转移为转移e.g. His acceptance will hinges on the terms. 他接受与否将视条件而定他接受与否将视条件而定 This plan hinges on her approval. 这个计划取决于她同意与否这个计划取决于她同意与否 off the hinges 脱节；损坏；脱节；损坏； 混乱；身体欠佳；惊慌失措混乱；身体欠佳；惊慌失措e.g. All business hear appears to be off the hinges. 这里的一切事情都显得失常这里的一切事情都显得失常Book One awen. an overwhelming feeling of wonder or admiration 敬畏敬畏 e.g. The children stared at the teacher with awe. 孩子很敬畏地凝视着老师。
孩子很敬畏地凝视着老师 We all listened to the venerable scholar with awe. 我们都怀着敬畏之心倾听着这位德高望重的学者的讲话我们都怀着敬畏之心倾听着这位德高望重的学者的讲话 be struck with awe hold sb. in awe 畏惧，敬畏畏惧，敬畏 对某人敬畏；望而生畏对某人敬畏；望而生畏 stand in awe of / be in awe of 对对······望而生畏；对望而生畏；对······感到害怕感到害怕vt. inspire with awe 使敬畏，使害怕使敬畏，使害怕 e.g. The silence awed the boy. 寂静使这个小男孩害怕了寂静使这个小男孩害怕了Book One awe into: force (sb.) into (a state) through fear and respect 威吓，使敬畏威吓，使敬畏 e.g. The children were awed into silence by the new teacher’s commanding presence. 新老师来了，他的样子很威严，吓得孩子们都不敢吱声了。
新老师来了，他的样子很威严，吓得孩子们都不敢吱声了Book One n. special skills or knowledge in a particular subject 专门技能专门技能/知识知识e.g. We are amazed at his expertise on the ski slope. 他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已 A foreign coach has special knowledge and expertise. 外国教练具有专门的知识和专长外国教练具有专门的知识和专长例题：例题： The areas of our mutual cooperation continue to expand. We have already agreed to cooperate more closely in trade, technology, investment, and exchanges of scientific and managerial ___. A. result B. knowledge C. principle D. expertise句意：我们彼此合作的领域还在不断增加。
我们已经商定在贸易、技术、句意：我们彼此合作的领域还在不断增加我们已经商定在贸易、技术、投资以及科学与管理专门知识的交流等方面更密切地合作投资以及科学与管理专门知识的交流等方面更密切地合作principle expertiseBook One n. unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice 歧视，区别对待歧视，区别对待 近义词：近义词：favoritisme.g. We are strongly opposed to racial discrimination. 我们强烈反对种族歧视我们强烈反对种族歧视 the ability to distinguish two things 辨别力，识别力辨别力，识别力e.g. He has a fine discrimination in choosing wine. 他有很好的品酒的鉴别力他有很好的品酒的鉴别力 cultivate a sort of discrimination 培养一种鉴别能力培养一种鉴别能力 train artistic discrimination 培养艺术鉴赏能力培养艺术鉴赏能力discriminationBook One detractvt. take (sb.’s attention) away (from) 分散，转移（注意）等，使分心分散，转移（注意）等，使分心 e.g. detract sb’s attention from the real issues 转移某人对实质性重大问题的注意转移某人对实质性重大问题的注意vi. (~ from): 减损，诋毁，贬低减损，诋毁，贬低e.g. A little crack detracts from the value of the vase. 花瓶上的小裂痕降低了它的价值。
花瓶上的小裂痕降低了它的价值 That does not detract from his merit. 那无损于他的优点那无损于他的优点 detract from the work of other people 诋毁他人的工作诋毁他人的工作Book One adolescent n. a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity;in the state of development between puberty and maturity青少年，青春期青少年，青春期近义词：近义词：stripling, teenagere.g. Overgrowth is common in adolescents. 青少年成长过快是普遍现象青少年成长过快是普遍现象adj. relating to or peculiar to or suggestive of an adolescent 青春期的，青少年的青春期的，青少年的e.g. Many people believe their adolescent periods are their good old days. 很多人认为青少年时期是他们一生中的美好时光。
很多人认为青少年时期是他们一生中的美好时光Book One Book One 。