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1、English-Stylistics1English-Stylistics1The Study of Stylistics Chapter One1.1TheDefinitionofStylisticsThedevelopmentofstylistics:1.IthasdevelopedonthebasisoftraditionalrhetorictracedbacktothetimeofthegreatGreekcivilizationwithPlatoandAristotleaspioneeringfigures.2.Beforethe1950s,itwasmainlyconcernedw
2、iththestudyofliteraryworks.1.1TheDefinitionofStylistics3.Inthelate1950s,itbecameafieldofacademicinquiry.4.Inthelastthreeorfourdecades,theobjectofanalysisexpandsintothestudyofnon-literarytexts.1.1TheDefinitionofStylisticsDefinition:Thestudyofstyle(Wales,1989:437)Thestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalingui
3、sticorientation(Widdowson,1975:3)Thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature,ameetinggroundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy(Leech,1969:1-2)1.1TheDefinitionofStylisticsNowstylisticscanbedefinedas“thestudyofdiscourseortextonthebasisofmodernlinguistictheories”.LinguisticallyInitiatedby:Chomskystransformational
4、generativegrammarHallidayssystematicfunctionallinguistics1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics 1.StylisticstudyhelpscultivateasenseofappropriatenessEnglishisnotahomogenousphenomenon.Ithasawiderangeofvarieties.Peoplehavetorespondtoagivensituationwithanappropriatevarietyoflanguage,andastheymovethroughtheday
5、,theychangethetypeoflanguagethey1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics areusingwiththechangingsituation.Onlyinthiswaycantheycommunicateonarangeofsubjects,withpersonsinvariouswalksoflife,andgaintheirunderstandingaswellasunderstandthem.1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics ExamplesofdifferentvarietiesofEnglish:Reg
6、ionaldialectRegionaldifferencesSocialdialectDifferencesinsocialstatusKachrus English Language Circlesl lTheTheinner circleinner circle:traditionalbasesofEnglishasprimary:traditionalbasesofEnglishasprimarylanguage:UK,Ireland,USA,Canada,SouthAfrica,Australialanguage:UK,Ireland,USA,Canada,SouthAfrica,A
7、ustraliaandNewZealand.andNewZealand.l lTheTheouter outer ororextended circleextended circle:representtheearlierspreadof:representtheearlierspreadofEnglishinnon-nativecontexts;EnglishispartofthecountrysEnglishinnon-nativecontexts;Englishispartofthecountrysleadinginstitutions;playsasecond-languagerole
8、inaleadinginstitutions;playsasecond-languageroleinamultilingualsociety,e.g.Singapore,India,Malawi,and50othermultilingualsociety,e.g.Singapore,India,Malawi,and50otherterritories.territories.l lTheTheexpanding circleexpanding circle:countriesthatrecognizetheimportance:countriesthatrecognizetheimportan
9、ceofEnglishasaninternationallanguage,butwithnohistoryofofEnglishasaninternationallanguage,butwithnohistoryofcolonization;Englishhasnospecialadministrativestatusincolonization;Englishhasnospecialadministrativestatusinthesecountries,e.g.China,Japan,Sweden,Polandandmanythesecountries,e.g.China,Japan,Sw
10、eden,PolandandmanymoremoreKachrus Model1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics Forexample,“干杯”mayhaveseveralequivalentsinEnglish:Bottomsup!(onaninformaloccasion)Allowmetoproposeatoastto(grand)Heresto(common)Cheers!(casual)1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics Thechoiceofaparticularspeechstylehassocial implication
11、s.Forexample,choosingaformalstyleinacasualcontextmaysoundfunny,andusingaverycolloquialstyleinaformaltext,suchasinasermon,atafuneralservice,mayoffend.1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics 2.StylisticstudysharpenstheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworksThreeprocessesofliterarycriticism:DescriptionInte
12、rpretationEvaluation1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics Theeventualthrustofliterarycriticismistoevaluateworksofliterature.Butinterpretationcomesbeforeevaluation,anddescriptioncomesbeforeinterpretation.Stylisticanalysis,bystartingwithlinguisticfacts,relatesdescriptiontointerpretationandformalfeaturestoth
13、eirartisticfunction.Itthusformsanessentialpartofliterarycriticalactivity.1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics Eg:a grief ago(DylanThomas)Itbreakstworules:1)Syntacticallyaftera,thereshouldbeacountablenounwhichcanbepluralized.2)Semanticallyagousuallymodifiesanountodowithtime,suchasday, month,etc.Griefisate
14、rmconcerningemotion.1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics adayagoaweekagoamonthagoayearagoNormal abnormalagriefagoajoyagoatendernessagoahappinessago1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics Bycomparison,wecanseethatThomasappearstobemeasuringtimeintermsofemotion.deviationforegrounding1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
15、3.StylisticstudyhelpsachieveadaptationintranslationThetranslatedtextmustbeadaptedtotheoriginalintermsoflanguagetypeandgeneraleffect.1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics For example:油漆未干：WetPaint危险，此处有炸药：Danger:ExplosivesChinese English vs. ChinglishChinglish 2Chinglish 3Chinglish 41.2 The Necessity of St
16、ylistics Priortotranslating,thetranslatorshouldreadandstudytheoriginaltext,soastograspitsoverallstyle,includingitswordinginclination,itssentencefeatures,itsrhetoricaldevices,itspatternsofpresentation,itsgeneralmoodormodality,itsmannerofparagraphing,etc.1.3 The Theories of Stylistics2.3.1 Types of St
17、ylistic TheoriesIntermsofscopeofstudy:Literary stylistics:theobjectofwhichcanbeonlyliteraryworksandtheirstylisticcharacteristicsandestheticvaluesGeneral stylistics:studiesalltypesoftexts,includingliterarystylistics,suchasnewsreport,legallanguage,advertisement,etc.1.3 The Theories of StylisticsInterm
18、sofpurpose ofstudy:linguistic stylistics:toimprovethemodelofstylisticanalysisinordertoenactthedevelopmentofstylistictheoriesthroughtheanalysisofthestylisticfeaturesoflanguageliterary stylistics:toprovideevidenceforbetterunderstanding,interpretingandappreciatingliteraryworksfromtheperspectiveoftheaut
19、hor1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriessocio-historical stylisticscultural stylisticsTheaimofsocio-historicalstylisticsandculturalstylisticsistorevealtheunderlyingideologyandpowerrelationswithintexts.(Carter&Simpson,1989:1-7)1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesIntermsoftheoretical background: formal stylisticsfun
20、ctional stylistics discourse/text stylistics1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesFormal stylistics1.Theoretical basisChomskystransformationalgenerativegrammarCompetence:theinternalizedknowledgeoflanguage,includinggrammar,ofthenativespeakersinacertainspeechcommunityPerformance:theactsofusingtheknowledgeinact
21、ualspeechorwriting.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesTransformationalgenerativegrammarfocusesonthestudyofcompetence,andlanguagegenerationisconcernedwiththetransformationofthedeepstructureofthelanguageinthecompetenceofthespeakertothesurfacestructureasperformancethroughasetoftransformationalrules.Sothemain
22、taskofthelinguististofindoutthegenerativeandtransformationalrules.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories2. Ohmanns studyThedeepstructureisthesemanticresourceofthetextandthepurposeoftransformationcannotchangethemeaningofthedeepstructure.Stylerepresentsamodeofwriting.Thesamedeepstructurecanbetransformedintodif
23、ferentsurfacestructures,resultingindifferentstyles.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriese.g.Heclosedthedoor.Thedoorwasclosedbyhim.Deep structure:Heclosedthedoor.Stylistic features:activevspassive1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesHis study of Hemingway and FaulknerHemingway:usemoredeletionrulesStyle:terse,concise
24、andeconomical,fullofshortandsimplesentencesFaulkner:usemoreadditionalrulesStyle:complex,prolific,withmanylongandcomplexsentences1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories3. Limitationsa.Asanexactscience,itwillsnuffoutthehumanisticelementsfromtheconceptofstyle.b.Itsconcentrationonlanguageuniversalsleadstothenegle
25、ctoftheliterarinessoftextscharacterizedbyindividualityanduniqueness.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories3. Limitationsc.Italsoclaimsthatthestyleofatextcanonlyberevealedbytheexplicitformalfeatures,neglectingtheconstrainingsocialandculturalaspects.d.Stylisticsismoreconcernedwithlanguageuse,sotheformalistsfoc
26、usoncompetencetendstohinderthedevelopmentofmodernstylistics.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesFunctional stylistics1.Theoretical basis2.1)thelinguistictheoriesofthePrague3.School4.2)systematicfunctionalgrammar1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories1)ThelinguistictheoriesofthePragueSchoolHavranek:Hestudiesthefuncti
27、onalstyleoftexts.Hethinksthatfunctionalstyleisdeterminedbythespecificpurposeofanutterance,anditisthefunctionofthelinguisticbehavior.JanMukarovsky:Hestudiesthecharacteristicsofstyle.Hespeaksofstyleasforegrounding,astheviolationofthenormofthestandard.“Itssystematicviolationiswhatmakespossiblethepoetic
28、utilizationoflanguage;withoutwhichtherewouldbenopoetry.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories2)Systematicfunctionallinguisticsconsistsmainlyoftwoparts:systematic grammarfunctional grammar1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesSystematic grammar seeslanguageasmeaningpotentialconsistingofasetofintricatesystemnetworks.It
29、ismainlyusedtoshowtheunderlyingrelationsbetweentheelementsoflanguageatdifferentlevelsanditservesasaresourceforpeopletochooseintheiruseoflanguage.Functional grammaristhegrammarwhichdescribesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuseintheirsocialinteractions.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories2. Hallidays StudyHispaper:L
30、inguisticFunctionsandLiteraryStyle:AnInquiryintoWilliamGoldingsThe InheritorsInthispaper,Hallidayconsideredstyleas“foregrounding”ormotivatedprominence”,andanalyzedthestyleofthenovelintermsoftransitivitystructureswhichrealizetheideationalmetafunction.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories2. Hallidays Studythr
31、eemetafunctionsoflanguage:ideationalfunctioninterpersonalfunctiontextualfunction1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesAccordingtoHallidaysfunctionalstylistictheory,thelinguisticstructuresaredevelopedoutoffunctions,andallthelinguisticstructurescanbeinterpretedintermsofthethreemeta-functions.Thetheoryoflinguis
32、ticfunctionrelatesthelinguisticformwiththecontextofsituationandcanmakeusknowthestylisticfeaturesofthetextfromaprofoundlevel.1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesvariables of context of situationSystematicfunctionallinguisticslaysspecialemphasisonthecontext of situation,andisrelatedtothethreemeta-functions.H
33、allidaydevelopsaframeworkforthecontextofsituation,consistingofthreevariables:field tenor mode1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesDiscourse/text stylisticsItisaschoolofstylisticsdevelopedbyusingthemodelofdiscourseanalysisforstylisticanalysisalongwiththedevelopmentofpragmatics,textlinguisticsanddiscourseanal
34、ysis.1.4 Modes of Linguistic ProminenceHalliday,inhispaper“LinguisticFunctionsandLiteraryStyle:AnInquiryintoWilliamGoldingsThe Inheritors”consideredstyleas“foregrounding”,or“motivated prominence”.Therearedifferentwaystoachieveprominence:1.4 Modes of Linguistic Prominence1. Incongruity:Thelinguisticf
35、eaturesdepartfromthenormaluseoflanguage,breakingtherulesofgrammar,spelling,pronunciation,etc.irregularity:Thelinguisticfeaturesdrasticallydepartfromtheestablishedrulesandprinciples.e.g.Whenevershebetiredshebecross.(AmericanblackEnglish)1.4 Modes of Linguistic Prominenceirrationality: Thelinguisticfe
36、aturedoesnotconformtologic.Thefiguresofspeechsuchasoxymoron,paradox,circumlocution（婉转曲折的说法）,tautology（同义反复）,pleonasm（冗语句）,etc.areofthistype.e.g.Goodnight,partingissuchsweet sorrow.aliving death1.4 Modes of Linguistic Prominencetransference:Themeaningofonelinguisticexpressionistransferredtothatoftheo
37、ther.Metaphor,metonymy,simile,synecdocheandsymbolismareofthistype.e.g.Heisatiger.1.4 Modes of Linguistic Prominence2. Deflection:Thelinguisticfeaturesdonotdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence.1.4 Modes of Linguistic Prom
38、inenceIrregular recurrence:Thelinguisticfeaturesaredistributedrandomlyandinhighfrequencyinatext.Forexample,For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime, Young Lycidas, and has not felt his peer. Who would not sing for Lycidas? He knew Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.(Milton,Lycidas)1.4 Modes o
39、f Linguistic ProminenceRegular recurrence:Regularrecurrenceconsistsofseveraltypes,suchasparallelism,antithesis,anaphora（重复）,etc.Where theres marriage without love, theres love without marriage. 1.5 The Criteria of Relevance Thecriteriafordeterminingwhethertheprominentfeaturesarestylisticfeaturesorno
40、tare:1.Whethertheyareappropriatetothecontextofsituation2.Whethertheyhavecertainfunctionsinit3.Whethertheyarerelatedtotheexpressionofthetotalmeaninginliteraryworks1.6 The Purpose and Procedure of Stylistic Analysis 1.6.1 Purpose1.concernedwiththenatureofthetext:toshowwhyandhowthetextmeanswhatitis2.co
41、ncernedwithevaluation:toshowwhythetextisvaluedasitis1.6 The Purpose and Procedure of Stylistic Analysis 1.6.2 Procedure description-interpretation-evaluation1.Recognizethesituationalcontextofthetext:2.fieldofdiscoursetenorofdiscourse3.modeofdiscourse4.Forliterarytext:genredeepthemesocialandculturalm
42、eaning1.6 The Purpose and Procedure of Stylistic Analysis 2.Studyhowthemeaningorthemeisrealizedinthetext.Analyzethethematicstructure,informationstructure,transitivity,linkage,logicalrelationsofclauses,intonationandmetricstofindoutthelinguisticallyforegroundedfeaturesonalllevels.1.7 Choice of Aspects for Stylistic Analysis Three categories:OnefeatureonlyMorethanonefeatureAllthefeaturesofthetext结束！结束！
