《发表英文医学论文技巧ppt课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《发表英文医学论文技巧ppt课件（128页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、发表英文医学论文技巧ppt课件Stillwatersrundeep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深Wherethereislife,thereishope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Making An English Biomedical Paper:Why, What, and How 发表英文医学论文技巧发表英文医学论文技巧Session 1AGeneral Instruction nAccomplishtechnicallycompetent,thorough,andethicalresearchnEmployobjectivescientific judgmentandseek
2、appropriateadvice.nPublishhonest reportsinatimelyfashion.Obligations of a ScientistSession 1Not peer-reviewedPeer-reviewedlOriginalresearchpaperslReviewslMeetingabstractslConferencereportslGrantApplicationslFellowshipproposalslBooks,chapterslBookreviewslTeachingmaterialslTheses/dissertationslEditori
3、alcommentslLetterstotheeditorlResearchreports(sometimes)lWebpageslCorrespondencelConfidentialreportsPublicNot publicTypes of Scientific WritingSession 1HypothesisOverview: The Research ProcessSubmittheManuscriptPrepareaFinalDraftPrepareaRevisedDraftPrepareaDraftPrepareanOutlineRevisetheHypothesisCom
4、pletionofExperimentsandDataAnalysisExperimentalDesignSession 1Overview: The Publication ProcessSubmittheManuscriptAssignmentandPeerReviewEditorialDecisionRejectionRevisionAcceptancePublicationRebuttalTheResearchProcessResubmissionRe-reviewRejectionSession 1DefinitionCompare-contrastEnumeration/Illus
5、trationCause-effectMajor Techniques in Scientific WritingSession 1nEnglish:theuniversallanguageofsciencen-EugeneGarfield,1987nReader-oriented -SharinginformationThreeThingstoAvoidLaboratoryjargonInventedwordsNon-standardabbreviationsnPurposeful -Conveyinformation,ideas,conceptsnPrecise -Choosewordsm
6、eanttobesaidnAccurate -Conformity,actual(true)stateCharacteristics of Scientific Writing (1) Session 1nClearReachestheaudiencewiththesamemeaningithadShouldNOTbeinterpretedinmorethanoneway-AvoidWhensomethingissaidforthefirsttime,clarityisessential.nConciseExpresses,coversmuchinfewwordsThebestEnglishi
7、sthatwhichgivesthesenseinthefewestshortwords.InstructionstoAuthors,Journal of Bacteriology.nSimple-Easytounderstand,notelaborateorartificial,notornate,notcomplicatednIllustrated- “Apictureisworthathousandwords.”MakeuseofgoodfiguresandtablesCharacteristics of Scientific Writing(2)Session 1Sins of Lan
8、guageexcessmaliceignorancedishonestyomissionMisunderstandingMisleadingHarm Session 1nFirstreportofthedata(originalpaper)nOriginalresearchresults(notme-too)nAllowpeerstorepeatthereportedexperiments(notnecessarilytheresults)nPublishinajournalorotherpublicsourcedocumentnAvailabletothescientificcommunit
9、ynBereceivedandunderstoodCharacteristics of a Valid Manuscript (1)Session 1nCharacteristicformat-IMRAD(Introduction,Methods(&Materials),Results,andDiscussion)Introduction:Whatquestionwasstudied?Methods:Howwasitstudied?Results:Whatwerethefindings?Discussion:Whatdothefindingsmean?nThislogichelpstheaut
10、hororganizeandwritethemanuscript.TraditionalformatnCancer Research nPNAS USAAlternativeformat:Introduction,Results,Discussion,andMethods(&Materials)nEMBO JnOncogene LetterformatnNature nScienceCharacteristics of a Valid Manuscript (2)Session 1nIsthereastorytotell?nWhatwastherationalefortheproject?nD
11、idIperformathoroughliteraturereview?nWhatisthehistoricalcontextofthework?nDidIhaveaclearhypothesis?nDidtheexperimentstestthathypothesis?nIstheexperimentaldesigndefendable?nCanIjustifywhatIdid?nDidIuseappropriatecontrols?nHowdomyfindingsrelatetotheexistingknowledge?Ten (10) Key Questions Session 1Ste
12、ps in Writing a Manuscript (1)Session 1Q: Professional Writing Service? ReadingThinking Writing Revising qEnsure that you are up-to-date on the literature in the field qConfirm that the results are “real”- i.e., they cannot be explained by experimental error and have been repeated qComplete the init
13、ial statistical analysesqSelect a target journal qLook over the “Instructions for authors”qDecide on the authors, and decide who will be the corresponding authorqVerify the current institution and address for each of the authorsqDecide who will be responsible for the various parts of the manuscript:
14、 Introduction:_Methods/Materials:_qResults:_Discussion:_qFigures:_Tables:_qReferences:_Overall formatting:_qDiscuss who will be responsible for other parts of the submission processqCover letter:_Online/mail submission:_qRevisions:_Letter for revision/rebuttal:_qDetermine who should be included in t
15、he acknowledgementsqSelect a targeted date for submissionqSelect major references to be citedqMake a list of the procedures and instruments used, along with the conditions for each experimentqVerify the details of the experiments (cell culture conditions, age of animals, duration of treatments, dose
16、s of agents used, etc.) qPrepare the figures and tables for the major data that you will presentqPrioritize the data (The most important? Supporting Data? Supplemental data (if applicable for the selected journal)?)Session 1Checklist for Preparing an OutlineSteps in Writing a Manuscript (3)nGeneral
17、Approach to generating first draft:TablesandFiguresResultsMethodsIntroductionDiscussionAbstractTitleReferencesOtherpartsSession 1nGeneral Approach to Revising first draft:ReadtheFirstDraft(FromthebeginningtotheendReaditagainReadliteratureagainRevisenIntroduction,ResultsandDiscussionnMethodsnAbstract
18、nTitleAbstractTitleandotherpartsActual Writing (Turtle or Rabbit Writer?):Steps in Writing a Manuscript (4)nGeneral Approach to Revising 2nd and nth drafts:2ndCompleteDraftSendtoallauthorsNthDraftSemi-finalversionSendtoOutsidereader/consultant/editingserviceFinalversionSendtoallauthorsSession 1nGene
19、ral Approach to preparing the final version:Reading,reading,readingChecking,checking,checkingSubmissionpackagenCoverletternSuggestedreviewers,ifneedednSubmissionnApprovesubmissionnWaitingforthenewsActual Writing (Turtle or Rabbit Writer?):Making An English Biomedical Paper:Why, What, and How 发表英文医学论
20、文技巧发表英文医学论文技巧Session 1BTargetJournalsDataPreparationandEvaluationnHaveajournalinmindasyoudesignandperformyourexperiments.nBasisforselectionofatargetjournal:Whoisthetargetaudience?nGeneralnMultidisciplinarynSpecificHowimportantisthecontribution?Ifitis“earth-shaking”andofinterestinseveralscientificfie
21、ldsorifitisamajoradvanceinaparticulardiscipline,submitthemanuscripttoNature, Science, Cell, or PNAS. Session1Select an Appropriate Journal (1)TargetJournalNotSure?Askatrustedcolleague!nWhatistheprestigeofthejournal?nIsitaprimaryjournal?nIsitanopenjournal?nWhatisthecirculationofthejournal?nWhatisther
22、eviewtimeforthejournal?nWhatisthepublicationtimeforthejournal?Session1Select an Appropriate Journal (5)MorethanIFMostJournalspublishthedatesofsubmission,review,andacceptance.Youneedtocheckthepublishingdate:Epubaheadofprint;InpressMS;Openaccess;onlineonly;PubMEDsubmission;etc.nWhowillbeinterestedinre
23、adingthepaperbasicscientists,clinicians,orboth?nWhomdoyouwanttoreadthepapermembersofthefundingcommittee,thepromotioncommittee,orthecompetitors?nIsthepaperwithinthe“Scope”ofthejournal(inthe“InstructionsforAuthors”).nBefamiliarwiththejournal,especiallypaperspublishedinthelast6-12monthsSession1Select a
24、n Appropriate Journal (6)MorethanIFStillnotsure:Askatrustedpeer,and,ifpossible,beacquaintedwiththeeditor.nCheckrecentarticlesinvariousjournals;examinetheirformatandcontent.nExamineseveralarticlesinpotentialjournals.Howmanyfiguresandtablesdotheyhave?nReadthe“TableofContents”ofrecentissuesofpotentialj
25、ournals.nConsider:AmIqualifiedtowriteanarticleforthisjournal?nConsider:Wherewerethepapersyouwillciteasreferencespublished-weretheypublishedinasimilarqualityjournal?nReadthe“InstructionsforAuthors”andexamplesofpublicationsinthesejournals.Session1Select an Appropriate Journal (7)KnewWhatYouWishForKeep
26、inMind:Topic,Contents,Format,andStyle.nIfyousubmittoawrongjournal:Yourmanuscriptmaybereturnedtoyouwithoutreview.Itmaybereviewedinadequately.Itspublicationmaybeunnecessarilydelayed.Yourworkmayremainunknownbecauseitisnotreadafterpublication.Session1Select an Appropriate Journal (8)WrongJournalorWrongP
27、aper?Stillnotsure:AsktheEditorofthepotentialjournal.DonotoverlydependonProfessionalEditingService”DataPreparationandEvaluation(1)Checklist for finalizing data for a manuscriptqMakesureyourresultshavebeenrepeated/confirmedqSelectresultsthatarerepresentativeofyourrepeats(forWesternblots,photographs,sp
28、ectra,etc)orprepareaveragesandstandarddeviationsforyourdata(clinicalparameters,animalstudies,etc.)qEnsurethatyourdataarestatisticallysignificant,andthatyouindicatethisinthetextandfigures.qPrepareanappropriatenumberoffiguresand/ortables(manyjournalshavealimitof6figures)qConfirmthatyourfiguresandtable
29、saresupportedbyrawdataqMakesurethattherawdataisretrievable(inlaboratoryrecords)qOrganizedatabyimportance(keydata,supportingevidence,and/orsupplementaldata)qDeterminetheytypeofillustrationthatwillbestshowcasethedata(Figure?Table?Photograph?)qGeneratefiguresofsufficientqualityforyourselectedjournal(jo
30、urnalsfrequentlyrequirefigurequalityof600dpi)qFormatyourillustrationsaccordingtotheinstructionsforauthors(fontstyleandsize)and,ifpossible,useaconsistentsizeandstyleforeachfigureandtableqAvoidredundancybetweentables,figuresandthetextqThecorrespondingauthorneedstocheckthequalityandaccuracyofthedata,an
31、dthatthedataissupportedbyrawdataqThefiguresandtablesshouldindicatestatisticalsignificance(ifapplicable)qPreparesupplementalillustrations(ifapplicableforyourjournal)qWritefigureandtablelegends(thelegendsshoulddescribethefigureandmethodsinsufficientdetailsothatthereaderknowswhatthedataindicateandhowth
32、eywereobtained)qCheckallthematerialsandmethodsand/orkeyreferencesSession1DataPreparationandEvaluation(2)Q: Do I need All the data before beginning the writingqNoqButYouneedqAllKeydataqMostsupportingdataqSomesupplementaldataqYouneedALLthedatabeforethecompletionofthefirstdraftqYoustillcanadddatabefore
33、finalsubmissionSession1Youshouldevaluateyourdataperiodicallyandprepareyouroutlineandkeydataassoonaspossible.DataPreparationandEvaluation(3)Q: Who should evaluate and check the data?qAlltheauthorsqKeypersonsqPrimaryauthorsqCorrespondingauthorqTechnicalstaffqCollaboratorsqYoumayasktrustedcolleaguestoe
34、valuatethedataSession1Hottopic:Canyoutrusttheinternettosendyourunpublisheddata?DataPreparationandEvaluation(4)Q: Does the format of the data presentation matter?qYesqYoucanpresentyourdatainvariousmannersqTableqSimpleqComplexqNumberofthetablesqFigureqColor?qNumberofthefiguresqNumberofpanelsinafigureq
35、TextqThebestwayistousealltheabove,butnotredundantSession1HotTopic:TheartofscientificdatapresentationDataPreparationandEvaluation(5)Q: Why is statistical analysis so important? qThefollowingstatementsarefrequentlybasedonstatisticalanalysis:qSignificantqEffectiveqCorrelation/relationqCausalrelationqSa
36、feqBetterorWorseqConfirmorruleoutahypothesisqPrediction/ExtrapolationqOtherqYouAlmostAlwaysneedhelpfromastatistician,fromplanningtodesigntoanalysistoreportingqItisalmosttoolateifthereviewer/editorrequestsstatisticalanalysisforyourpaper.Session1Hottopic:Youshouldknowthedifferencebetween“statisticalsi
37、gnificance”and“biologicalsignificance”.Making An English Biomedical Paper:Why, What, and How发表英文医学论文技巧发表英文医学论文技巧Session 2Writing Tips for Major SectionsSelecting and Finalizing DataResultsMaterials and MethodsIntroductionDiscussion TitleReferencesAbstract Other sections General Order of Writing (1st
38、 Draft)Session 2nEveryPaperneedsanIntroductionsectionOriginalArticleReviewArticleCaseReportTechnical/MethodReportLetterEditorialsOthernThissectionisacriticalshowcase.nMaybewrittenlateintheprocess,e.g.,afteryoucompleteResultsandMethodssection.Introduction/Background (1)Session 2nThefirstsentenceshoul
39、dstimulatetheinterestofthereader.Example 1:nPoor: Thepurposeofthisarticleistoshowthatcasemanagementcanbeacost-effectiveapproachinpatientcare.(unnecessarywords)nImproved: Casemanagementcanbeacost-effectiveapproachinpatientcare.Introduction/Background (2)Session 2nThe first sentence should stimulate t
40、he interest of the reader.Example 2:nPoor: Fromthebeginningoftime,strokeshavebeenamajorhealthproblem.(trite,negative)nImproved:Advancedtreatmentsforstrokepatientsaregivingthemnewhope.Introduction/Background (3)Session 2nThree Important components in this section.Thetopictobecoveredandwhyitisimportan
41、t(Therationale)Thepurposeofthestudies.Thehypothesisthatledtotheinvestigation.Introduction/Background (4)Session 2nTry to state:Whats new?Whats special?Whats significant?nHow to do it?Provideabriefreviewoftheliteratureandcitefindingsthatledtothepresentstudies.Example:Good: Ininner-cityadolescents,the
42、increasedincidenceofillnessesrelatedtosexualitydemonstratesalackofunderstandingoftheseproblems.Throughcounselingandreferrals,nursepractitionersinourhospitaldevelopedaproceduretoreachthispopulationandreducetheoccurrenceofthesediseases.Introduction/Background (5)Session 2nThissectionshouldbeshort500-1
43、000wordsorless.nHowtodoit?Discussanyunknownsandcontroversiesthatexist,withrespecttotherationaleforthestudies.Theinformationshouldbefresh/novel,interesting,andspecific.MuchoftheIntroductionshouldbewritteninthepresenttense,whenyoumentionthepublisheddata/hypothesis.Thissectionisbestwrittenintheactivevo
44、ice.Theactivevoicegiveswritingasenseofstrength,energy,anddirection.(Itisalso20-30%shorterthanthepassivevoice.)Introduction/Background (6)Session 2nYouneedaclearlystatedHYPOTHESISandApproaches.nHowtodoit?Statethehypothesisdirectly.Setuptheproblemandshowhowitwasdealtwith.Itisacceptabletobrieflystateth
45、econclusion.Useonlythemostimportantreferences.Donotrefertoindividualscientistsunlessitisnecessarytocontrastresultsfromdifferentlaboratories.(Thisprincipleappliesalsotoothersectionsofthemanuscript.)Preliminaryreportsshouldbementioned.Iftherearerelatedpublicationsthatwillbepublishedsoon,theyshouldbeme
46、ntioned.(Butyouneedtocheckthejournalformat,withrespecttounpublisheddata.)Introduction/Background (7)Session 2nInclude in this section:Abriefreviewofthefield(1paragraph),includingadescriptionofareasinthespecificfieldthatareunclearoruncharacterized.Anintroductiontothepresentstudy(1paragraph),including
47、hypothesis,majormodelsandreadouts,andkeyconclusionsAbriefcomparisonofthepresentstudytothecurrentknowledge,concludingwiththesignificanceandpossibleimpact.Asimplefigurefortestingsystemoragentsthatarenewtothefield,e.g.,structureforanewlyidentifiedchemicalthathasbeenpublished.Introduction/Background Sum
48、mary (1)Session 2nDO NOT include in this section:AlengthyreviewofthefieldorrelatedfieldsMethodsusedforthepaper*Forpapersdetailingthediscoveryordesignofanewmethod,thismaysometimesbementioned.ResultsDiscussionUnrelatedmaterialsComplextableorfiguresIntroduction/BackgroundSummary(2)Session 2nCommon prob
49、lems:OverlystatethebroadresearchareaInclusionoftextbookinformationLengthycitationofoldresearchDescriptionsoftheresultsandmethodsfrompublishedstudiesorthepresentstudyDiscussionoftheresultsofthepresentstudyInclusionofidenticalsentencesfromtheAbstractorothersections,especiallythediscussionsection.Inclu
50、sionofreferencesthatarenotgenerallyavailable,suchasnon-EnglishpublicationsTooshortortoolongOverlynegativetostudiesofothergroupsOver-emphasizepreviousstudiesfromthesamegroupandorignorestudiesfromothergroupsIncludingcomplextableorfiguresIntroduction/Background Summary (3)Session 2Materials and Methods
51、 (1)nGeneralSuggestions:Forbeginningauthors,thissectioncanbewrittenfirstbecauseitiseasiesttowrite.Theformatisusuallyspecifictothejournal.Subheadingsarecharacteristicallyused.Muchofthissectioniswritteninthepasttense,passivevoice.MuchofthissectioncanbeincludedinthesupplementarydatasectionThissectionca
52、nbeplacedaftertheDiscussionsectioninmanyjournals.Session 2Materials and Methods (2)nThis section should be specific, providing sufficient details that allow an experienced researcher in the related field to repeat the experiments in this study.nHow to do it?Providesourcesofkey materialsanddescribepr
53、eparationofnon-standardsolutions.Experimentalanimals, plants, and microorganismsshouldbeidentifiedbygenus,species,andstrain,aswellasage.Sourcesshouldbelistedandspecialcharacteristicsdescribed.Forhuman subjects,thecriteriaforselectionshouldbedescribed,andastatementrelatingto“informedconsent”shouldbei
54、ncluded.Providesufficientdetails of the experiments.Descriptionsofnewmethodsshouldincludealltheneededdetails.Ifthemethodshavebeenpublished,referencestothespecificpublicationscanbeused.Donotdescribepreviouslypublishedproceduresinlongdetail,butdodescribeanymodifications.Describethestudy design and pro
55、ceduresforanalysisofthedata.Provideinformationonstatistical analysesperformedandstatethenumberofobservationsineachgroup.Session 2nInclude in this section:Allthemethodsusedtogenerateallofthedatapresentedintheresultssection.Strainsandagesofanimals,dosesused,treatmentroutesanddurations,andotherdetailst
56、hatwouldallowthereadertorepeattheexperiments.Citationsforprotocolsusedpreviously.Detaileddescriptionsofnewtechniques/modelsorchangesinstandardtechniques.Methodsusedtoanalyzedata.Astatementindicatingthatinformedconsentwasobtained(ifyouarereportingaclinicalstudy)orthatyourexperimentswereincompliancewi
57、thyourinstitutionsanimalregulations.Mostusedsubheadings:Chemicalsandreagents;Instruments;Animals;Subjects;invitroassays(specific);invivomodelsandtreatment;Analyticalmethods;DataandstatisticalanalysisMaterials and Methods (3)Session 2nDo NOTInclude in this section:Standardinstruments,commonbuffers,ro
58、utineclinicalchemistryPublishedsyntheticpathwayfortestcompoundsLengthydescriptionsofcommonlyusedprocedures(Westernblotting,RT-PCR)-abriefmentionoftheantibodiesusedandtheprimersequencesandPCRconditionsissufficient.Non-standardabbreviationsforreagentsorprocedures.ResultsDiscussionoftheselectionofthemo
59、delsandassaysAcknowledgmentsMaterials and Methods (4)Session 2nCommon Problems:Overly detailed descriptions of common protocols.Too few details about new or difficult methods.Insufficient details about models (for example, no age or strain of animals is mentioned).Laboratory jargon and non-standard
60、abbreviations.Too long or too Short.Methods section does not match the results section and/or the figure/table legends. No statistical analysis section. No mention on regulatory approval for animal use or human trials.Written as a laboratory protocol.No vendor information for specific agents/instrum
61、ents (City, country)Redundancy and Inconsistency Materials and Methods (5)Session 2Results (1)nGeneral Guidelines :Present results in a logical (not necessarily chronological) order. Give the “big picture”, especially for each set of experiments Present selected data. n“A fool collects facts; the wi
62、se man selects them.” John Wesley Powell.To maintain momentum, the evidence must tell a story and support the conclusion.Write in the past tense. Provide sufficient interpretation of data to lead the reader from one concept to the next but leave detailed analysis and comparison of findings for the D
63、iscussion section.Key previously published data can be referred but not the actual data Avoid duplication of information in the text and in tables and figure legends.Session 2nInclude in this section:nThemostinterestingandcleardataobtainedfromyourstudies.nIllustrationsofvarioustypes(forexample:figur
64、es,photographs,andtables).nAclearandconcisedescriptionofyourstudiesandthedata.nProperlyusesubheadingstoorganizethedataResults (2)Session 2nDo Not Include in this section:Discussionmaterial.(TheResultsshouldnotdiscusstheimplicationsofthedata.)Detailedmethodsandmaterials.Dontincludetitlesonfigures.Thi
65、sinformationshouldbeinthefigurelegends.Toomanyfiguresandtables.(Wellwrittenmanuscriptscontainonlyafewimportant,clearfigures).Includeonlyenoughtotellyourstory.Toomanyreferences.(Afewmaybecitedifnecessary,buttheseshouldbekepttoaminimum.)Results (3)Session 2nCommon Problems:Repetitionofdatainfigures,ta
66、blesandtext.InclusionofDiscussionmaterial.(Forexample,inclusionofwhattheresultsmeanandhowtheyarerelatedtopreviousresults.)Lackofsufficientdetailsabouttheexperiments.(Arethedatarepresentativeofrepeatedexperiments?Whywerespecifictreatmentdurationsordoseschosen?)Lackofstatisticalanalysisand/orindicatio
67、nofsignificanceinfigures/tables.Results (4)Session 2nCommon Problems:WhentheMethodssectionisplacedaftertheDiscussionsection,thelackofexperimentaldetailsintheResultssectionmayresultindifficultiesinpresentingandunderstandingtheresults.Results (5)Session 2nGeneralSuggestionsforIllustrations :Checkthejo
68、urnaltoseehowillustrationsarepresented.Thetextiseasiertowriteafterillustrationshavebeenprepared.Agoalistosimplifythemessagewithoutfalsifyingthedata.Illustrations (1)Session 2nGeneralSuggestionsforTables:Tablespresentexactvaluesandallowcomparisonsbetweendatapoints.Tablesshouldbeunderstoodwithoutrefer
69、ringtothetext.Ingeneral,useonlyonetableper1000wordsoftext.Thetextmustrefertothetablebynumber.Numbersshouldshownomoredecimalplacesthatareessentialforreasonableprecisionandaccuracy.Captionsshouldbeconcise,containkeywords,andbeparallelforalltablesinthemanuscript.Captionsshouldnotbesentences.Donotinclud
70、ecolumnscontainingonlyonerepeatedvalue.Tablesshouldcontainnoverticallines.Use“straddlelines”overallcolumnsofitemstowhichtheheadingrefers.Comparisonsbetweenlikeelementsaremadedowncolumns,notacrossrows.Aligndecimalsincolumns.Illustrations (2)Session 2nExamplesforTables:Poor: Table1showsthatanimalsdose
71、dwith4-HPRdevelopedfeweradenocarcinomas. Better:Animalsdosedwith4-HPRdevelopedfeweradenocarcinomas(Table1).Seethebookletforanexampleofatablewithatitle,columnheadings,rowheadings,straddleline,field,andfootnotes.Illustrations (3)Session 2nGeneral Suggestions for Graphs:Ifyouchoosetouseagraph,itshouldc
72、onveyinformationbetterthanatextoratable.Graphsshouldbeunderstoodwithoutreferringtothetext.Graphsshowtrends,overallpatterns,andinteractionsbetweenvariables.Graphsdemonstratechangeovertimeorconcentration.Graphsdonotemphasizeindividualvalues.Graphsshouldavoidwastedspace.Placetheindependentvariableonthe
73、x-axisandthedependentvariableonthey-axis.Onbothaxes,plotthelengthofintervalssothatthecurvesarenotexcessivelyflatorsteep.Captionsshouldbeconcise,containkeywords,andbeparallelforallgraphsinthemanuscript.Captionsshouldnotbesentences.Thenumberofcurvesonagraphshouldbelimitedtofive.Itisgenerallybettertous
74、esymbols(,)thanlinepatterns.Thecurvesshouldbeboldandeasytosee;theaxesandticmarkscanbesmaller/lessbold,butshouldstillbeeasytosee.Illustrations (4)Session 2Illustrations (5)Fig. 6 Plasma concentrations of adaphostin followingintravenous administration to each of two dogs at adoseof7.5mg/kg.Session 2nG
75、eneral Suggestions for Other Illustrations : Bar charts, which have only one measurable axis, dramatize differences, but they are not numerically specific.Illustrations (6)Session 2MCF-7MDA-MB-468MDM2-p53 Interaction MDM2 Tumor Suppressive Activityp53UbUbp53p53 Target Genes MDM2p53UbUbUbUbInhibits T
76、ransactivation ActivityFavors Nuclear ExportUbiquitinationIllustrations (7)nGeneral Suggestions for Other Illustrations : Diagramsillustratecomplexrelationships,pathways,andinteractionsSession 2Combined the extractsExtracted with 70% EtOHEvaporated in vacuumPurified with D101 resinHydrolyzed with HC
77、lExtracted by EtOAcSilica gel chromatographyEluted with petroleum-EtOAc Reversed-phase CC Eluted with 80% MeOH20(S)-25-OCH3-PPDEtOH extractsResin column70% EtOH eluateFraction 3 EtOAc extractThe leaves of Panax notoginseng Illustrations (8)nGeneral Suggestions for Other Illustrations :Flowchartsshow
78、sequentialprocessesanddescribecausationSession 2MCF7 Cells MDA-MB-468 Cells20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD20(S)-PPD20(S)-25-OCH3-PPD20(S)-PPDIllustrations (9)nGeneral Suggestions for Other Illustrations :Piechartsshowproportions,partsofawhole,orpercentages.Illustrations (10)nGeneral Suggestions for Other Illustra
79、tions :WesternblotsandIHCdataControl TumorLiver CancerLung Cancer C T C T C T C T C T C T RYBPb b-actin RYBPb b-actinLung CancerLiver CancerABnInclude in this section:Clearlabelsforallpartsofthefigure,table,orillustration.Consistentfontstylesandsizes(ifpossible)foreachfigure.Labelsindicatingstatisti
80、calsignificance(whereapplicable).Legendsdescribingthemethodusedtoobtainthedataandwhatspecialsymbolsindicate.Illustrations Summary (1)Session 2See more examples in the provided samplesnDo Not Include in this section:Toomanypartsperfigure.(Fourtosixpartsperfigureisacceptable;morethanthatleadstoconfusi
81、on.)Smallfonts.(Ideally,thefontshouldbeatleast10pt.)Largetables.(Morethan5columnsorlongerthan2type-writtenpagesinlengthistoolarge.)Figuresofpoorquality.(Mostjournalsnowhaveminimumresolutionrequirementsforphotographs,figuresandillustrations.)Illustrations Summary (2)Session 2nCommon Problems:Unclearf
82、igures(lowquality).Differencesinfontsizeandstylebetweenfigures.Unclearfigurelabels.Misspelledlabels.Missingunits(hours?minutes?days?).Overlycomplextableorfigures.RedundancyandinconsistencyIllustrations Summary (3)Session 2Discussion (1)nGeneral Suggestions:Theprimaryfunctionistorelatethepresentworkt
83、opreviousreportsandtopointtofutureefforts.Anintroductorystatementcandescribeagainthepurposeofthestudies.Ifitisreasonable,thetopicsintheDiscussionshouldbeparalleltothoseintheResults.Mainpurposeistopresentprinciples,relationships,andgeneralizationsaboutthefindingsreportedinthepaper.ThelengthoftheDiscu
84、ssionisgenerallyproportionaltotheamountofnewinformationpresented(1/4text).Itshouldcontainaboutonewordforeveryfourwordsinotherpartsofthemanuscript.Session 2Discussion (2)nGeneral Suggestions:Usepresentandpasttense,asappropriate.nPresenttense:Otherpublishedwork,includingyourownwork.nPasttense:yourpres
85、entworkAvoidre-statingtheBackground/IntroductioninformationbutpreparetheDiscussioninthecontextoftheBackground/Introduction.AvoidreiterationofResults,butdiscussinterpretationsandconclusionsbasedontheresults.Showhowyourdataagreewithpreviousresults;pointoutexceptions.Theconclusionshouldrestatethethesis
86、.Session 2Discussion (3)nGeneral Suggestions:Donotrecapitulateresults.Discusstheoreticalandpracticalapplications.Statethesignificanceoftheresultsandhowtheresultsadvanceknowledge.Limitedspeculationisacceptable.Identifyfuturestudiesthatareneeded.Avoidundueclaimsofprimacy(beingfirst?).Presentastrongend
87、ing.Session 2Discussion (4)nGeneral Suggestions:Clearlyandbrieflystatetheconclusionsandthesignificance.Conclusionsshouldbelogicallyderivedfromdatapresented.Comparehowtheconclusionsagreeorcontrastwithpreviouslypublishedwork.Donttrytohideunclearthinkingwithexcesswords.Identifypossiblesourcesorerrorand
88、inadequaciesinthework.Presentastrongending.Session 2nIncludeinthissection:Principles,relationships,andgeneralizationsaboutthedata.Adescriptionofhowyourdataagreewithpreviousresults,andanyexceptions.Conclusionslogicallyderivedfromthedata.Acomparisonofhowtheconclusionsagreeorcontrastwithpreviouslypubli
89、shedwork.Mostusedstructure(usuallynosubheading):purposeandsignificanceofthestudy;summaryofkeyfindings;interpretationofthemainresultsandcomparisonwithpreviousworks(donothavetobethesameorderasResults;possiblemechanisms;limitationofthepresentstudy;futurestudies;summaryorconclusions;implicationandtransl
90、ationalpotential.Additionalillustrationscanbeusedtofacilitatediscussion;butnotnewdata.Discussion Summary (1)Session 2nDo Not Include in this section:TextbookinformationRepetitionoftheIntroduction,Methods/MaterialsorResultssectionsExtremewords,forexample,“extremely”“first”“very,”“super,”and“crucial”C
91、onceptsthatwerenotintroducedearlierinthemanuscriptSimilardiscussionfromsimilarpublishedpapersDiscussion Summary (2)Session 2nCommon Problems:TextbookinformationRepetitionoftheIntroduction,Methods/MaterialsorResultssectionsExtremewords,forexample,“extremely”“first”“very,”“super,”and“crucial”Conceptst
92、hatwerenotintroducedearlierinthemanuscriptSimilardiscussionfromsimilarpublishedpapersInconsistencywithothersectionsReciteIllustrationsLength:tooshortortoolongOveremphasisoftheimportanceofthefindingsorpreviousworkfromyourowngroupToomuchspeculationMisinterpretotherpublishedstudiesOverlyusesubheadingsD
93、iscussion Summary (3)Session 2Abstract (1)General Suggestions:Itisa“window”thatrevealsthecontentsofthemanuscript.Exceptforstructured abstracts(morecommonnowadays),itisasingleparagraph.Limitedlength:250wordsItshouldsummarizeeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper,includingthefollowing:thebackground(1-3senten
94、ces)thehypothesis(1sentence)modelsystemsusedgeneralmethodsashortdescriptionoftheresultsastatementregardingthesignificanceoftheworkSession 2Abstract (2)General Suggestions:Itshouldbecompleteandintelligiblewithout referencetothetext.Generally,itshouldbewritteninthepasttense,especiallymethodsandresults
95、.Withinthespaceallowed,allkeyfindingsshouldbeincluded.Itshouldordinarilybewrittenafterasemi-finaldraftofthemanuscripthasbeenprepared.Incontrasttoameetingabstract,theabstractforamanuscriptshouldordinarilynotincludeactual data values.Session 2Abstract (3)General Suggestions:Ingeneral,citationsshouldno
96、tbeincluded.Ingeneral,abbreviationsarenotincluded,unlessthesame,longtermisusedrepeatedly.(Abbreviateatthefirstuseinthetext)Termsincludedintheabstractwillbeincludedinvariousdatabasesforliteraturesearches.Importance of the Abstract:Itscontentscanestablishtheinterestoftheeditorandreviewersandwilldeterm
97、ineifthereaderactuallyreadsthemanuscript.Editorswilloftenusetheabstracttodeterminewhetherthepapershouldbereviewedfortheirjournal.Afterthepaperispublished,readersmayreadonlytheabstract.Session 2Abstract (4)Include in this section:BackgroundforthestudyThepurposeofthestudySufficientdetailstoallowtherea
98、dertounderstandwhatthemanuscriptisaboutandwhatthemajorpointsare(Experimentaldetailswouldinclude,forexample,thenumberoftestsubjectsandcontrols,speciesofanimals,drugdosagesandroutesofadministration,andtumoryields.)Majorfindings(newandimportant)PrincipalconclusionsAnyitems/sectionsrequiredbythetargetjo
99、urnalSession 2Abstract (5)Do Not Include in this section:UnnecessaryabbreviationsDetailedresults(includingnumericalvaluesfordata)Statisticalvalues(p-values)forthefindingsOverstatementofthesignificanceExtremewordsVaguestatements,suchas,“Thesignificanceoftheresultsisdiscussed”or“Futurestudiesareneeded
100、.”Session 2Abstract (6)Common Problems:NotexcitingToolongortooshortToomuchbackgroundinformationNotenoughinformationabouttheresultsUnnecessarycitationsExcessivenumericaldataInconsistencywithotherpartsofthetextToomuchdiscussionorspeculationSession 2Abstract (7)Example:Down-regulation of p53 by MDM2-me
101、diated proteasomal degradation makes cells resistant to apoptosis. The MDM2-p53 interaction is well characterized, but the mechanisms that regulate the interaction are not well understood. Here, we show that PA28, a proteasome activator that inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell cycle progression thr
102、ough unknown mechanisms, exerts an effect as a cofactor in the MDM2-p53 interaction. The polymer form of PA28 interacts with both MDM2 and p53 proteins and facilitates their physical interaction. This promotes ubiquitination- and MDM2-dependent proteasomal degradation of p53, limiting its accumulati
103、on and resulting in inhibited apoptosis after DNA damage. Elimination of endogenous PA28 in human cancer cells abrogates MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, increases the activity of p53, and enhances apoptosis. These findings reveal the mechanism by which PA28 affects apoptosis and proliferation. Manipu
104、lation of the level of PA28, an approach that would regulate the cellular content of p53, may improve the efficacy of current cancer therapies.Session 2Abstract (8)Remember:Theabstractshouldcontainthefollowing:BackgroundPurposeMajor findingsConclusionsSession 2Title (1)General Suggestions:Usuallywri
105、ttenin“TitleCase,”withupper-caselettersfornounsandotherwordsofmorethanfourletters.Asfaraspossible,usespecificterms,forthetitleisakeyelementofthemanuscript.Keywordsshouldappearinthetitle.Usethefewestwordspossibletoadequatelydescribethecontentsofthepaper.Session 2Title (2)General Suggestions:Thefirstn
106、ounshouldbepowerful.Sentencetitles,whicharenowoftenused,canappeartobedogmatic.Itisgenerallyappropriatetochoosethetitlewhenthemanuscriptisalmostcomplete.Manypeoplewillreadthetitle,includingabstractingservices.Seriestitlesandtitleswithcolons(“hangingtitles”)aregenerallynotdesirable.Titlesshouldalmostn
107、evercontainabbreviations,chemicalformulas,proprietarynames,orjargon.Session 2Title (3)Comparisons:Which of the following is preferable?1.Involvement of GREB1 (gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer 1) in breast carcinogenesis 2.Involvement of gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer 1 (GREB1
108、) in breast carcinogenesis 3.Involvement of gene regulated by estrogen in breast cancer 1 in breast carcinogenesis 4.Involvement of GREB1 in breast carcinogenesis Session 2Title (4)Comparisons:nPoor:“ActionofStreptomycinonMycobacterium tuberculosis”Better:“InhibitionofMycobacterium tuberculosisgrowt
109、hbyStreptomycin”nPoor:“MechanismofSuppressionofNon-transmissiblePneumoniainMiceInducedbyNewcastleDiseaseVirus”Better:“MechanismofSuppressionofNon-transmissiblePneumoniaInducedinMicebyNewcastleDiseaseVirus”Session 2Title (5)Include in the title:Aclear,specific,andconcisestatementreflectingthemajorfin
110、dingsreportedinthemanuscript.Keywordsthatwillattracttheinterestoftheeditor,thereviewer,andreader.Session 2Title (6)Do Not Include in this section:RomanorArabicnumeralsshowingthatthepaperispartofaseriesJargonAbbreviationsotherthanwell-acceptedstandardssuchas,DNA,RNA,andRT-PCRPunctuationotherthancomma
111、s(andcommasshouldbeusedsparingly)Thewords“study,”“critical,”“very,”or“first”Extensiveprepositionalphrases(ofinof)Session 2Title (7)Example:Poor:Theuseofmicrobiologicalandenzymaticassaysinstudiesonthedispositionof2-deoxycoformycininthemouse.Better:Thedispositionof2-deoxycoformycininmiceasdeterminedby
112、microbiologicalandenzymaticassays.Session 2Title (8)Common Problems:NotexcitingToolongortooshortNotenoughinformationaboutthefindingInconsistentwithotherpartsofthetextExtremewordsSpeculationSession 2Title (9)Examples:ControllingtheBollwormInvestigationsintotheEffectsofSeveralSelectedPhenolicAcidCompo
113、undsontheMortalityRate,DevelopmentalTime,andPupalWeightGainoftheCotton(Gossipium hirsutum L.)Bollworm(Helicoverpa zea Boddie)inStudiesInvolvingLarvaeFedaSyntheticDietintheLaboratoryTheEffectsofSelectedPhenolicCompoundsontheMortality,DevelopmentalTime,andPupalWeightofHelicoverpa zea Boddie:SyntheticD
114、ietStudiesBenzoicandCinnamicAcidsinSyntheticDietsRetardDevelopmentofHelicoverpa zea LarvaeInfluenceofBenzoicandCinnamicAcidsonMortalityandGrowthofBollwormLarvaeToxicityofBenzoicandCinnamicAcidstoHelicoverpa zea LarvaeSession 2Title (10)Example:Original:GenisteinDown-RegulatesMDM2ExpressionIndependen
115、tofp53,aPreviouslyUnrecognizedMechanismofActionFinal:Genistein,aDietaryIsoflavone,Down-RegulatestheMDM2OncogeneatBothTranscriptionalandPost-TranslationalLevelsSession 2Title (11)Exercise:nImprovethefollowingtitle:Poor: AssayforTCGFActivityinLeghornChickensintheUSBetter: AnAnalyticalMethodforT-CellGr
116、owthFactorActivityinLeghornChickensSession 2Running TitleAshortened,butdescriptiveversionofthetitle(usuallylimitedtoabout60charactersandspaces)PlacedonthetitlepageOftenappearsoneachpage(oreveryotherpage)ofthemanuscript.Session 2Key wordsMostjournalsnowaskfor3-6keywordstomakeiteasiertolinkyourarticle
117、tosearchengines.Thesewordsshouldindicatethemajorfocusofthemanuscript(e.g.,genistein,MDM2,andcancer).SuitabletermscanbefoundintheMedicalSubjects(MeSH)listofIndexMedicus.Seehttp:/www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html.Session 2References (1)General Suggestions Part A:Limitthenumberofcitationstoanumbercons
118、istentwitharticlespublishedbythejournal.Formostpublications(exceptreviews),fewerthan50citationsareadequate.Forreferences,includeprimarysourcesifpossible.Citereviewsratherthaneacharticlecoveredbythereview.Insteadoflistingnumerousreferencesforapriordiscovery,itisacceptabletostate,“assummarizedby.”or“a
119、sreviewedby.”Avoidexcessiveself-citation.Includecitationsofpertinentmanuscriptspublishedbyothers.(Rememberwhoyourreviewersmightbe!)Session 2References (2)General Suggestions Part B:Checkreferencesforaccuracy.DonotputreferencestounpublisheddataintheReferences.Includetheminthetext.Example:(R.ZhangandD
120、.L.Hill,unpublisheddata)Checkabbreviations:IsitJournal of the American Chemical Society,Jour.Am.Chem.Soc.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.,J.A.C.S.,orJACS?Standardabbreviationsforjournalscanbefoundathttp:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=journalsSession 2References (3)General Suggestions - Part C:Donotcitemoretha
121、nthreereferencesperstatement.Foratopicwithalargenumberofpossiblereferences,sitetheoriginalreference(theonereportingtheinitialdiscovery)andthemostrecentreferenceonthetopic,orsitetwocomprehensivereviews.Makeuseofavailablesoftwaretosimplifyformattingandputtingyourreferencesinorder(forexample,EndNote).S
122、amplereferencescanbefoundathttp:/www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.htmlSession 2References (4)Format:Followtheformatforyourselectedjournal.Thisstyleisusedbysomejournals:HalpernSD,UbelPA,CaplanAL.Solid-organtransplantationinHIV-infectedpatients.NEnglJMed.2002Jul25;347(4):284-7.Note:Ifthejourna
123、lcarriescontinuouspaginationthroughoutavolume(mostdo),themonth,day,andissuenumbercanbeomitted,asfollows:HalpernSD,UbelPA,CaplanAL.Solid-organtransplantationinHIV-infectedpatients.NEnglJMed.2002;347:284-7.Session 2References (5)Remember:LimitednumberPrimarysourcesCheck,check,checkSession 2Acknowledge
124、ments (1)General Suggestions:Contributionsthatdonotjustifyauthorship(Forallofthese,permissionmustbeobtained.):nTechnicalhelpnFinancialandmaterialsupportnSpecialfacilitiesorinstrumentationthataresupportedbyanotherfundingsourcenContributorsofmaterials(forexample:vectors,cells,animals)Financialrelation
125、shipsthatmayposeaconflictofinterestSession 2Acknowledgements (2)Example:Grant Support:NIH/NationalCancerInstitutegrantsR01CA-andR01CA-(R.Zhang),DepartmentofDefenseProstateCancerResearchProgramgrantnumberW81XWH-(Z.Zhang),NationalCancerInstitute/UniversityofAlabamaatBirminghamComprehensiveCancerCenter
126、JuniorFacultyDevelopmentgrant(H.Wang),andComprehensiveCancerCenterorCancerPharmacologyLaboratory(H.Wang).Thecostsofpublicationofthisarticleweredefrayedinpartbythepaymentofpagecharges.Thisarticlemustthereforebeherebymarkedadvertisementinaccordancewith18U.S.C.Section1734solelytoindicatethisfact.Wethan
127、kDr.J.H.forexcellenttechnicalassistanceandE.R.forassistanceineditingandpreparationofthisarticle.Session 2Finishing (Editing) a Manuscript (1)General Suggestions:nEliminateallunnecessarywords.nChooseprecisewords.(Precisioninwritingrelatestothedegreetowhichwordsconveywhatismeanttobesaid.)nDonotusethes
128、amewordrepeatedly.Useathesaurustofindfreshwords.nDonotbeginallsentenceswiththesameword.nReadthemanuscriptaloud.nProofreading:Thiscanbedonesentencebysentence,backwards,sothatthereisconcernonlyformechanicalandgrammaticalerrorsnoneforcontent.nMakeallappropriatechanges.Session 2Finishing (Editing) a Man
129、uscript (2)General Suggestions:nWaitforadayandthenreaditaloudagain.nWhenyoucanreaditaloud,fromstarttofinish,withoutmakinganychanges,itisnearingcompletion.nUseonlylimitedappropriatereferencestoyourpriorwork.nUseallpertinentreferences,evenifpriorreportsdonotagreewithyourfindings.nHavesomeoneelsereadth
130、emanuscriptandmakecomments,butdontbediscouragedortakenofftrack.Session 2Finishing (Editing) a Manuscript (3)General Suggestions:nPerforma“spellcheck”and“grammarcheck.”nPerform“acceptallchanges.”nCompletethemandatorysubmissionformandsecureallnecessarysignatures.nContacttheeditorifyouhaveanyquestions.
131、Session 2Making An English Biomedical Paper:Why, What, and How 发表英文医学论文技巧发表英文医学论文技巧Session 3Communication with Editors/ReviewersSession 3nSearch and ResearchnWrite and Rewrite/RevisenView and ReviewUnderstanding the “REs”nScreenmanuscriptsformerit,evaluatingthemforthefollowing:Suitabilityforthejourn
132、alThepresenceoffatalflawsRedundancyImpact/importanceofthetopicnSelectreviewersbasedontheirqualifications,honesty,andobjectivity,includingthosesuggestedbytheauthors.nEliminatebias(positiveandnegative)totheextentpossiblenAssignpotentiallyacceptablemanuscriptsontooneormorequalifiedrefereesforreview.nCo
133、rrespondandworkwithauthors.nMakethefinaldecisioninregardtosubmittedmanuscriptsandprovidetheauthorwitharationaleforthedecision.nMaintainanonymityofreviewers.nMaintaintheconfidentialityofunpublishedmaterial.nPerformappropriateediting.nHandlecasesofallegedmisconductatthelowestpossibleorganizationalleve
134、l.Involveinstitutionsatwhichtheresearchwasaccomplishedif,afteraninitialinquiry,theallegationsappeartohavemerit.Duties of EditorsHotTopic:Whoaretheeditors?Session 3nKeepinmind:thequestion:CanIpublishmypaperinaparticularjournal?ItisnotifthejournalisgoodorbadItisnotifyourpaperisgoodorbadItisthematch(yo
135、urpapermeetsthestandardofthetargetjournal)nNeverbeupsetwiththeeditors(allofthem)nNeverbeupsetwithreviewers(youdonotknowwhotheyareanyway)nNeverbeupsetwitheditorialassistantsnBenice;befirmnAlwayswatchfordeadlinesCommunication with EditorsHotTopic:WhendoIneedtodealwiththeeditors?Session 3Cover Letter (
136、1)General Suggestions:nThisisbestaccomplishedafterthemanuscriptiswritten,however,theeditorcanbecontactedbeforethemanuscriptissubmittediftheauthorswanttodeterminewhetherthestudywillbeofinteresttothejournal.nPrepareabusinessletteronqualityletterheadpaper.nStylesareblock,modifiedblock,andindented.nCent
137、erthetextonthepage.Session 3Cover Letter (2)Include in the letter:nThetitleofthearticle,thenatureofthework,andthemajorpoints(butnotthecompleteabstract).nThetypeofarticlethatthemanuscriptrepresents(e.g.,shortcommunication,review).nAstatementregardingpossibleredundantpublications.nAstatementregardingc
138、onflictsofinterest.nAstatementthatthemanuscripthasbeenapprovedbyallauthors.nYourtelephone/FAXnumbersande-mailaddress.Session 3Cover Letter (3)General Suggestions:nMostjournalsaskyouSuggestSr.Editors,AssociateEditorsSuggestpotentialreviewersnItisacceptabletoaskthataparticularindividualbeexcludedfromr
139、eviewingthemanuscript.nFollowthepre-submissionchecklist,ifoneisprovided.nSigninblackorblueink.nSendtotheappropriateeditor,asindicatedin“InstructionsforAuthors.”Session 3Hot Topic: Can I suggest my friends as reviewers? Summary: Are we there yet? Nothing is small, with respect to preparation and subm
140、ission of a manuscript.Do your best, real best.Hope for the best; prepare for the worst.Be prepared for revision. (Almost every manuscript needs to be revised before it is published.)Session 3nInquiriesIfyoudonthearfromtheeditorwithinamonth,contacthim/her.Useapleasantsentencesuchas,“Iwonderifanyconc
141、lusionhasbeenreachedaboutmymanuscript,“GenisteininhibitsexpressionoftheMDM2oncogene,”whichIsubmittedonJanuary24,2005.”nEditorsOptions(notonlyfirstsubmission)Acceptwithoutrevisions(arareoccurrence).Acceptwithrevisions(acommonoccurrence).nAcceptablependingrevisions(usuallyminorrevisions)Unacceptableat
142、currentform:majorrevision;minorrevisionReject/Donotaccept(morecommonsinceauthorsprefertosubmittohigh-impactjournals.)Communication with Editors (1)HotTopic:Howmanytimescanyoureviseyourmanuscript?Session 3ManuscriptAccepted:nTheacceptanceletter(ore-mail)willusuallystatewhenyoucanexpecttoreceivethepro
143、ofs.nAformrelatedtocopyrightingforthemanuscriptwillbesenttoyou.Themaineditor(orcopyeditor)willmakestylisticchanges,accordingtothejournalsguidelines.nAcopy(galleyproofs),setintypeasitwillappearinthejournal,willbesenttoyou.Often,queriesaskifsuggestededitorialchangesareacceptabletoyou.nReadtheproofslin
144、e-by-lineandnoteanynecessarychangesbyuseofproofreadersmarks.nDonotdisputetherecommendedchanges,unlessthecontinuityorintegrityofthemanuscriptisaffected.nPublicationmayrequireseveralmonths.Communication with Editors (2)HotTopic:Howcanyouchoosetheformofpublication?Session 3Acceptable Pending RevisionnD
145、onotbeupsetbythereviewersandeditorscomments.nTrytounderstandclearlywhatthereviewersaresaying.nLookforcluesintheeditorscoverletter.nIfthereviewersdidnotunderstandsomething,itmaynothavebeenclearlyexplained.nConsiderwhichissuesareimportant,andconcedeminorpoints.Acknowledgewhereyouhavemademistakesandcor
146、rectthem.nIfmorethanonerefereepointsoutthesameproblem,itisprobablyreal.nDiscusstheissueswithatrustedcolleague.nDonotdisputetherecommendedchanges,unlessthecontinuityorintegrityofthemanuscriptisaffected.nItisbesttorevisethemanuscriptinaccordancewiththereviewerscomments,performanysuggestedexperiments,a
147、ddanyappropriateadditionalmaterial,andre-submitit.nRespondquicklyandindetail.Communication with Editors (3)HotTopic:Atthistime,canmypaperberejected?Session 3Acceptable Pending Revision: Response to Editors/ReviewersnPointoutthepositivecommentsmadebythereviewers.nMakeanumberedlistofthepointsinthecrit
148、iqueandprepareathoughtfulandclearresponseforeach.nForeachpoint,describewhatchangesyouhavemadeinthemanuscriptandindicatewhatportionsofthetexthavebeendeleted,added,oraltered.nStandfirmifthatistheproperthingtodo.Ifyouthinkthattherevieweriswrong,respondpolitelyanddiplomatically,givingdetailedreasonsanda
149、ppropriatecitations.nOmitemotionalresponses.nNevertelltheeditorthathe/sheiswrong.nThanktheeditorandthereviewersfortheirhelpinimprovingthemanuscript.nHaveaneutralcolleaguereviewtheresponsebeforesendingthemanuscriptbacktotheeditor.nAsbefore,provideallauthorsanopportunitytocommentonthemanuscript,butset
150、adeadlinefortheirresponse.Communication with Editors (4)HotTopic:WhatshouldIdoifIreallydontliketherevieweroreditor?Session 3Sample lettersAcceptedpendingrevisionAcceptedRejectionCommunication with Editors (5)HotTopic:Whichoneismoreimportant,responseletter,revisedpaper,orboth?Session 3Accepted with M
151、odificationsFrom:cancerresaacr.orgmailto:cancerresaacr.orgSent:Thursday,May05,200510:21AMTo:RuiwenZhang,M.D.Subject:CancerResearch:DecisionRenderedonManuscriptCAN-05-1302Version1Dr.XXXXXUniversityofAlabamaDeptsOfPharmacology&ToxicologyUAB,VH113,Box600Birmingham,AL35294-0019UnitedStatesRE:CAN-05-1302
152、Version1Genistein,adietaryisoflavone,down-regulatesMDM2oncogeneatbothtranscriptionalandpost-translationallevelsDearDr.XXXXWeregrettoinformyouthatyourabove-referencedrevisedmanuscriptisnotacceptableinitspresentformforpublicationinCancerResearch.Thecommentsofourreviewersareenclosedforyourinformation.T
153、heEditorswillconsideramanuscriptthathasbeenrevisedinresponsetothecriticisms.Anyresubmittedpapershouldbewrittenasconciselyaspossible.Ifyouresubmit,pleaseseetheinstructionsappendedbelowforinformationonpreparingandresubmittingyourrevisedmanuscript.Pleasenotethatifyouplantoresubmitthemanuscript,youmustd
154、osowithinthreemonths.Ifyouresubmitthismanuscriptafterthisdeadline,themanuscriptwillbetreatedasanewsubmission,assignedanewmanuscriptnumberandsubjecttoanadditional$75.00submissionfee.Weappreciatehavinghadtheopportunitytoreviewyourwork.Sincerely,XXXXXXX,MD,PhDSeniorEditor Session 3Response to Accepted
155、with ModificationsDecember12th,2006XXXXXXXX, M.D., Ph.D.Senior Editor, Cancer ResearchRe:ManuscriptCAN-06-3066Curcumin,aDietaryComponent,HasAnti-Cancer,ChemosensitizationandRadiosensitizationEffectsbyDown-RegulatingtheMDM2OncogeneThroughthePI3Kinase/mTOR/ETS2PathwayDearDr.Eng:Thankyouforyoure-mailda
156、tedSeptember12th2006,regardingthereviewofourmanuscript.Weappreciatethecommentsandsuggestionsfromyouandthereviewersregardingtheassessmentofthestudyandhavefoundthemhelpfulinpreparationoftherevisedmanuscript.Wearegladtolearnthatyouarewillingtogivefurtherconsiderationtoasuitablyrevisedversionthataddress
157、esthecriticismsraisedbythereviewers.Assuggestedbythereviewers,inadditiontomodificationofthetext,additionalexperimentshavenowbeenperformedtocharacterizetheroleofthePI3K/mTOR/ETS2pathwayinthemodulatingtheeffectsofcurcuminonMDM2expression.Specifically,weemployedreal-timePCRtoconfirmthedownregulationeff
158、ectsofcurcuminontheMDM2mRNAlevel(Fig.2A2).Further,todemonstratetheroleofETS2intheMDM2expression,ETS2wasknockeddownbydouble-strandedsiRNAinPC3cells.Asaresult,curcumin(Fig2D5),thePI3KinhibitorLY294002(Fig3B6)andthemTORinhibitorrapamycin(Fig3D3)lostthecapacitytodownregulateMDM2.Toexcludethepossibleinvo
159、lvementofAkt,WT(wildtype)-,CA(constitutivelyactive)-andDN(dominant-negative)-AktwereoverexpressedinPC3cells.Withthesealterations,wedidnotnoteappreciablechangesinMDM2expressioneitherinthepresenceorabsenceofcurcumin(Fig3C).Moreover,amorespecificPI3Kinhibitor,LY294002,whichwassuggestedbyareviewer,wasin
160、cludedinthestudytoevaluatetheroleofPI3KinMDM2expression.Asexpected,weobservedapatternofMDM2expressionchangessimilartothatwhenwortmanninwasused(Fig3B4and3B5).Finally,wefoundthattheinhibitionofmTORbyrapamycinabrogatedtheeffectsofthePI3KinhibitorLY294002-inducedMDM2downregulation,suggestingthatmTORisth
161、edownstreamtargetofPI3KinmodulatingMDM2expression(Fig3D2).(detailedresponses)Wetrustthattheaboveresponsesmeettheexpectationsofthereviewers.Theircommentsandsuggestionswerehelpfulinimprovingthequalityofourmanuscriptandwillbeapplicableinourfuturestudies.Thankyouforyourconsideration.Welookforwardtoheari
162、ngfromyouandtopublicationofthismanuscript.Sincerely,XXXXXXXXXXXXProfessor,PharmacologyandToxicologyDirector,CancerPharmacologyLaboratorySession 3Example: Reviewer Comments and ResponsesCriticism:“Theresultssectionisnotwellorganizedandnotwellpresented.Figurelegendsareconfusingandincomplete.Theorganiz
163、ationishardtofollow.Thereisanabundanceofdatathatarepresentedinaconvolutedmannerthatdoesntaddressthehypothesis.”Poor response:“Iftherefereewouldhavespentmoretimereadingthepaperthanpontificating,he/shewouldhaveclearlyappreciatedthelogicofthepresentation.”Better response:“Theresultssectionhasbeenrewrit
164、tenandre-organizedtoaddresstheseconcerns.Thedataarenowpresentedinafashionthatmakescleartherelationshipsbetweentheexperimentsandthehypothesis.”Communication with Editors (6)HotTopic:Doestheresponsemakeadifference?Session 3BasisforRejectionsnThearticleisnotsuitableforthejournal.nLittleornothingisnew,s
165、ignificant,orrelevant.Thedatamaybeonlyconfirmatory.Examples:“Thescienceissound,butnonewinformationispresented.”“Thisissimplyatechnicalreport.”“Thereisonlyanincrementalincreaseinknowledge.”nMostmanuscriptsarerejectedonthebasisofpriorityratherthanthepresenceofscientificflaws.Thearticlewouldhavelimited
166、appealtothereadersofthejournal.Asimilararticlehasbeenpublished.nThestudiesarepoorlydesigned,conducted,orreported.Examples:“Theexperimentslackappropriatecontrols.”“Thestudyislargelydescriptive.“Or“Thedataareonlypreliminary.”“Thearticleispoorlywrittenandprepared.”Communication with Editors (7)HotTopic
167、:Whattodowiththerejection?Session 3Letter of RejectionsDr.XXXXUniversityofxxxRE:CAN-06-3064Version1ExperimentalTherapyof.DearDr.-:Weregrettoinformyouthatyourabove-referencedmanuscriptisnotacceptableforpublicationinCancerResearch.DecisionsrenderedonCancerResearchsubmissionsarebasedontheEditor-in-Chie
168、fsorSeniorEditorsoverallassessmentofalloftheinformationobtainedonamanuscriptduringthereviewprocess.Inadditiontothereviewerscomments,suchfactorsastheAssociateEditorsrecommendationandthepriorityscoresassignedtheworkaretakenintoconsideration.Onlythosemanuscriptsthatmeetstringentrequirementsofhighscient
169、ificqualityandsignificance,originality,andprioritycanbeaccepted.Unfortunately,inlightofalloftheinformationattheEditorsdisposalonthismanuscript,hefeelsthatyoursubmissiondoesnotmeetallofthesecriteriaand,therefore,cannotbeaccepted.Weregretthatwecouldnotrenderamorefavorabledecisiononyourmanuscript,butwe
170、appreciatetheopportunitytoreviewyourwork,andwewouldwelcomefuturesubmissionsfromyouforourconsideration.Sincerelyyours,-,Ph.D.SeniorEditorSession 3RespondingtoRejectionsnIftherejectionistotal,youmaywanttoforgetaboutpublishingthemanuscript(atleastinitspresentform,orinthatjournal).nIfyouareconvincedthat
171、themanuscriptisworthyofpublication,reviseitinaccordancewiththereviewerscomments,performanysuggestedexperiments,addanyappropriateadditionalmaterial,andsubmitittoanotherjournal.(Itmayhavebeensubmittedtoaninappropriatejournal.)nIfthereviewersdidnotunderstandsomething,itmaynothavebeenclearlyexplained.nI
172、fthereviewersindicatethatthearticleispoorlywrittenand/orprepared,thatis,ifthereweredefectsinthemanuscriptbutnotinthedata,securethehelpofanexperiencedwriter.Communication with Editors (8)HotTopic:Howdoestherebuttalletterwork?Session 3RespondingtoManagingEditor/CopyEditornBenice,befirmnCommonissues:St
173、yleAbbreviationsReferencesColorfiguresConflictofinterestsOtherscientific/non-scientificquestionsnProofsCorrectedthempromptlyReprintsPagechargesnOnlinepublicationpriorofprint.Communication with Editors (9)HotTopic:CanImakechangesafteronlinepublication?Session 3CommunicationwithEditorsviaE-mailnBeprom
174、pt,benice,befirmnBesmart:Remember,anyonecanreadyoure-mail;andpersonalconversationviae-mailisnotsafeoragoodideanGeneralrules:Goal:Topublishyourpaper(thiscurrentone);build/maintainrelationship(forthefuturepapers)Presentaprofessionalimage(rememberthisisaONE-WAYcommunication)Businessletterformat:greetin
175、g(specificeditor,ifknown),Thankyou,keypoints,closing,andnameofthecorrespondingauthor.UsecommonwordsAvoidabbreviations,jargons,difficultterms,etc.AvoidreferencesAvoidpersonalattack(editorsorreviewers)AvoidgrammarerrorsAvoidwordinessandlengthysentencesBespecificandconciseBepersuasivebutdirect;Listbene
176、fits(presentandfuture;donotoverstate);nCarefullycheckyourmailbeforesendingPrinciple:“Learntowritewell,ornottowriteatall”-John Dryden, poetCommunication with Editors (10)Q:CanIdependonMicrosoftWordorInternettoCheckmyE-mail?Session 3Proper Use of EnglishGeneral Suggestions:Paymoreattentiontothewordsth
177、atsoundlikeorlooklike:nEnsureInsurenAcceptExcept nContinuouslyContinuallynFartherFurthernPrecedeProceednYourYourenToTooDoNOTtrustyourcomputerSession 3MicrosoftWordwillNOTcatchanymistakesasfollowsDeerEditor:ThankaweforyourerecentlatterdateApril1,2209,regardingyoursubmitpapersentitle“gastriccancertrac
178、kmeninanChinesepopular”.Wethinkyoureandeachreviewfourcommendandsuggestandwerenowrevisitedtheensuremanuscriptandwoundliketoremitforyourecommission.Innadding,wereagreedtwopaypopulationofhecoloredfatigue(fig44B).Thankyoureagainst,wevelockfordtohealingformyouson.Sincerely,JohnDoe,MDDo Not Trust Computer
179、?! HotTopic:Couldyouguesswhattheauthorattemptedtosay?Session 3ThecorrectedE-mailDearEditor:ThankyouforyourrecentletterdatedApril1,2009,regardingoursubmittedpaper,entitled“GastriccancertreatmentinaChinesepopulation”.Wethankyouandeachreviewerforcommentsandsuggestions,andwevenowrevisedtheentiremanuscri
180、ptandwouldliketoresubmititforyourconsideration.Inaddition,wellagreetopayforpublicationofthecolorfigure(fig4B).Thankyouagainandwerelookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Sincerely,JohnDoe,MDDo Not Trust Computer! HotTopic:Whatdoyoulearnfromthis?Session 3FunctioningasaPeerReviewer/EditornDetermineiftheman
181、uscriptisappropriateforthejournal.Ifnot,itcannotbeacceptableregardlessofitsscientificmerit.nEvaluatetheimportanceandoriginalityoftheresearch.Iftheresultsdonotmakeasubstantialcontributiontoscientificknowledge,otherissuesareirrelevant.nDetermineifaclearandtestablehypothesispresented.nEvaluatestrengths
182、andweaknessesofthefollowing:methodology,experimentalresults,statisticalapproach,andinterpretationofresults.nEvaluateanyethicalconcerns.nDetermineiftheresultsareproperlypresentedandiftheconclusionsarereasonable.nEvaluatethewritingstyleandthepresentationoftablesandfigures.nAvoidoffensivelanguage.nAvoi
183、dbias.Providefairandcollegialevaluation.nNotifyeditorofanyconflictofinterest.nAvoidmisuseofprivilegedinformation.nBeprompt.Communication with Editors (10)HotTopic:WhyshouldIbeapeerreviewer/editor?Session 3SummaryNothing is small when you write a paper or communicate with Reviewers and/or EditorsThinking more, Writing less Weigh your words as precisely as you weigh your chemicalsKey to Success: Seeking Advice Take-home Message You can do it, We can help!
