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1、Introduction A paragraph can be well developed in a variety of ways according to the purpose of the writer and its function in a large thesis. If we want to tell a story, we can use chronological order. If we wish to say how something is done, we may explain a step-by-step process. Therefore, the me
2、thod of a paragraph development that we choose depends on our purpose. The following are some of the commonly used methods for a paragraph development:第1页/共32页第一页，共33页。1)by time; 2) by process; 3) by space; 4) by example/ detail; 5) by comparison/contrast; 6) by cause / effect; 7) by classification
3、/division; 8) by definition; 9) by combination of methods第2页/共32页第二页，共33页。Two or more methods may often be used in a single paragraph, but the important thing to remember is that whichever method we use to develop our paragraph, we must confine ourselves to the topic.第3页/共32页第三页，共33页。In telling a st
4、ory or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. Development by Time第4页/共32页第四页，共33页。Paragraph Development by Time(Chronological Order)Narrating an Event o
5、r a RoutineIts useful in explaining a process writing about historical events telling a story We can write about a persons routine life, or write about one particular event 第5页/共32页第五页，共33页。I still remember the day when I first came to this university. As the morning sun was rising, my father and I
6、walked into the university. I was so excited and curious that I grasped my fathers hand tightly and looked around me all the time as if I were the little Alice in wonderland. We directly went to the registration office and finished the procedure at about 9 oclock. Then we went to the auditorium crow
7、ed with parents and students and teachers. I asked my father to wait for me outside, and then went into the crowd.第6页/共32页第六页，共33页。He got up and stepped out of the stall and just then he heard the sound of childrens voice. The barn door opened and a couple of little girls came in. As soon as they sa
8、w him, their talking and laughing ceased and they stopped and stood still gazing him with strong curiosity; they presently began to whisper together, then they approached nearer and stopped again to gaze and whisper. By and by they gathered courage and began to discuss him aloud.第7页/共32页第七页，共33页。Com
9、pare the following two paragraphs:第8页/共32页第八页，共33页。 Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course. He failed the final exam in February in his gymnastics course. Therefore, he failed to graduate in May due to the lack of two hours of physical education credit. Whats more, in January, he broke his
10、 thumb when he caught it on the bar of the pommel horse. Worst of all, in September, he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion. A month later, he sprained his ankle, after a bad landing off the balance beam. He also broke the support beam in the basement of his parents home, showing them his
11、skills when he was home for the December holidays. 第9页/共32页第九页，共33页。Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course. In September, he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion. A month later, he sprained his ankle, after a bad landing off the balance beam. He also broke the support beam in the
12、basement of his parents home, showing them his skills when he was home for the December holidays. In January, he broke his thumb when he caught it on the bar of the pommel horse. His academic luck was no better than his physical luck: He failed the final exam in February in his gymnastics course. Th
13、e result of his bad luck was that he failed to graduate in May, due to the lack of two hours of physical education credit. 第10页/共32页第十页，共33页。Analyze the following paragraph:第11页/共32页第十一页，共33页。The New Year celebration was so unforgettable for me when I was a child. Beginning on New Years Eve, the sou
14、nd of exploding firecrackers was everywhere, day and night. We worshiped our ancestors in a temple and visited friends and relatives to wish them Happy New Year. Weeks before the New Years Day, my mother would let me help her send out New Years cards and go shopping with her. In the crowded markets,
15、 I bought firecrackers, like all the other kids. On New Years Day, I watched huge parades go by in the middle of the streets. People wearing costumes danced past us, some of them were playing instruments, some were having lion dances, and dragon dances. 第12页/共32页第十二页，共33页。Improve the above paragraph
16、:第13页/共32页第十三页，共33页。The New Year celebration was so unforgettable for me when I was a child. Weeks before the New Years Day, my mother would let me help her send out New Years cards and go shopping with her. In the crowded markets I bought firecrackers, like all the other kids. Then, beginning on Ne
17、w Years Eve, the sound of exploding firecrackers was everywhere, day and night. On New Years Day, I watched huge parades go by in the middle of the streets. People wearing costumes danced past us. Some of them were playing instruments; some were having lion dances, and dragon dances. Afterwards, we
18、worshiped our ancestors in a temple and visited friends and relatives to wish them Happy New Year. 第14页/共32页第十四页，共33页。Types of this method顺叙(shn x): depiction 插叙: narration interposed倒叙: flashback 第15页/共32页第十五页，共33页。My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive
19、at its destination Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by
20、 the stream of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent a sleepless night, I didnt feel tired at all, and I believed my days i
21、n Beijing would be as sunny as the skies.第16页/共32页第十六页，共33页。My friend Margaret said to me the other day, How did the naughty schoolgirl I used to be turn into dutiful granny I am now? We laughed, with an edge of melancholy. When I met Margaret, more than 20 years ago, we were both in our thirties, b
22、oth slim. Where have the extra weight, the wrinkles, the gray hairs come from? Aging, one feels, is something that happens to other people. Inside, we still feel young. 第17页/共32页第十七页，共33页。Only last year I witnessed what might have been a fatal accident on the Maple road. I was motoring up from the r
23、oad; and as I neared the ridge, I came upon the wreckage of two cars on the road. The smash had been caused by a car coming down, which swept round a sharp corner at eighty kilometers an hour and crashed into a car coming up. Happily no one was killed; but several were badly injured, and the two car
24、s were wrecked. To drive at such a speed down a twisting mountain road is simply courting disaster. 第18页/共32页第十八页，共33页。 Writing practice Develop each of the following topic sentences into a single paragraph:1. Now I shall describe my father s daily life.2. My mother s Sundays are surely different fr
25、om everybody else s. 3. Monday is the busiest day for me. 4. I got a good bargain at the free market this morning. 第19页/共32页第十九页，共33页。A process paragraph explains how something is done. It usually follows a chronological sequence and describes definite steps in a necessary order. The misplacement of
26、 any action will cause confusion. In a process paragraph, uses of imperative sentences, the indefinite pronoun “you” and the present tense are common.Development by Process第20页/共32页第二十页，共33页。Passage 1Once you encounter a person who has stopped breathing, you should begin immediately to do mouth-to-m
27、outh breathing. First, place the victim on his back and remove any foreign matter from his mouth with your fingers. Then tilt his head backwards, so that his chin is pointing up. Next, pull his mouth open and his jaw forward, pinch his nostrils shut to prevent the air which you blow into his mouth f
28、rom escaping through his nose. Then place your mouth tightly over the victims. Blow into his mouth until you see his chest rise. Then turn your head to the side and listen for the outrush of air which indicates an air exchange. Repeat the process.第21页/共32页第二十一页，共33页。Passage 2How to Cook Noodles and
29、Egg Even if you have never cooked before, you will never starve to death if you know how to cook noodles and egg for one person. Begin with heating three bowls of water in a pot over high heat. When the water begins boiling, break an egg and add in the pot. Lower the heat and boil the egg for about
30、three minutes. Then turn the heat high and put some raw noodles into the boiling water, and boil the noodles and egg for about four minutes. When the noodles are almost done, add some salt, ginger powder, pepper, seafood-flavored liquid, a small amount of vinegar and some drops of sesame oil. Mix th
31、e noodles and ingredients together. Then turn off the heat and enjoy the delicious noodles-and-egg.第22页/共32页第二十二页，共33页。Organization of process In the developmental part, a process paragraph describes definite steps in a necessary order. Usually, the paragraph describes the steps in a chronological o
32、rder. All the supporting details are co-ordinate as illustrated in the following example outline.第23页/共32页第二十三页，共33页。Outline 11. Topic sentence: Do you want to enjoy five-flavored shelled peanuts cooked by yourself? If do, you should follow the following steps carefully.2. Supporting details:1). She
33、ll some peanuts.2). Pour the shelled peanuts in a pot.3). Spread a reasonable amount of salt, fennel, aniseeds, tea and ginger on the peanuts.第24页/共32页第二十四页，共33页。4). Pour some boiling water into the pot.5). Soak the peanuts in the pot for 24 hours.6). Get the soaked shelled peanuts out from the pot.
34、7). Dry the peanuts in the sun.8). Pour some sand in an oven.9). Heat and frequently stir the sand in the oven on slow fire for about five minutes.10). Mix the dried peanuts with the heated sand.第25页/共32页第二十五页，共33页。11). Stir the mixture all the time.12). Remove the peanuts immediately when you think
35、 the peanuts are cooked.13). Spread the hot peanuts on a clean flat board.3. Concluding sentence When the peanuts cool down, you can enjoy wonderful five-flavored shelled peanuts cooked by yourself.第26页/共32页第二十六页，共33页。Another way of developing a paragraph by process description is to present several
36、 major steps under which there are some sub-steps. 第27页/共32页第二十七页，共33页。Outline 21. Topic sentence: Do you want to enjoy five-flavored shelled peanuts cooked by yourself? If so, you follow the following steps carefully.2. Supporting details:1. Preparation:1) Shell some peanuts.2) Pour the shelled pea
37、nuts in a pot.3) Spread a reasonable amount of salt, fennel, aniseeds, tea and ginger on the peanuts.第28页/共32页第二十八页，共33页。4) Pour some boiling water into the pot5) Soak the clean-shelled peanuts in the pot for 24 hours.6) Get the soaked shelled peanuts out from the pot.7) Dry the peanuts in the sun.2
38、. Cooking:8) Pour some sand in an oven.9) Heat and frequently stir the sand in the oven on slow fire for about five minutes.第29页/共32页第二十九页，共33页。10) Mix the dried peanuts with the heated sand.11) Stir the mixture all the time.12) Remove the peanuts immediately when you think the peanuts are cooked.13
39、) Spread the hot peanuts on a clean flat board.3. Concluding sentence When the peanuts cool down, you can enjoy wonderful five-flavored shelled peanuts cooked by yourself.第30页/共32页第三十页，共33页。Writing Assignment第31页/共32页第三十一页，共33页。感谢您的观看(gunkn)！第32页/共32页第三十二页，共33页。内容(nirng)总结Introduction。感谢您的观看(gunkn)第三十三页，共33页。
