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1、Chapter 11:Project Procurement Management1 沈备军Importance of Project Procurement ManagementProcurement means acquiring goods and/or services from an outside sourceOther terms include purchasing and outsourcingExperts predict that by the year 2003 the worldwide information technology outsourcing marke
2、t will grow to over $110 billion2 沈备军Why Outsource?To reduce both fixed and recurrent costsTo allow the client organization to focus on its core businessTo access skills and technologiesTo provide flexibilityTo increase accountability3 沈备军Project Procurement Management ProcessesProcurement planning:
3、 determining what to procure and whenSolicitation planning: documenting product requirements and identifying potential sourcesSolicitation: obtaining quotations, bids, offers, or proposals as appropriateSource selection: choosing from among potential vendorsContract administration: managing the rela
4、tionship with the vendorContract close-out: completion and settlement of the contract4 沈备军Figure 11-1. Project Procurement Management Processes and Key Outputs5 沈备军Procurement PlanningProcurement planning involves identifying which project needs can be best met by using products or services outside
5、the organization. It includes decidingwhether to procurehow to procurewhat to procurehow much to procurewhen to procure6 沈备军Collaborative ProcurementSeveral organizations, even competitors, have found that it makes sense to collaborate on procurement for some projectsKodak worked with several compet
6、itors to develop the Advantix Advanced Photo System (see What Went Right?)7 沈备军Procurement Planning Tools and TechniquesMake-or-buy analysis: determining whether a particular product or service should be made or performed inside the organization or purchased from someone else. Often involves financi
7、al analysisExperts, both internal and external, can provide valuable inputs in procurement decisions8 沈备军Make-or Buy ExampleAssume you can lease an item you need for a project for $150/day. To purchase the item, the investment cost is $1,000, and the daily cost would be another $50/day.How long will
8、 it take for the lease cost to be the same as the purchase cost?If you need the item for 12 days, should you lease it or purchase it?9 沈备军Make-or Buy SolutionSet up an equation so the “make” is equal to the “buy”In this example, use the following equation. Let d be the number of days to use the item
9、.$150d = $1,000 + $50dSolve for d as follows:Subtract $50d from the right side of the equation to get$100d = $1,000Divide both sides of the equation by $100d = 10 daysThe lease cost is the same as the purchase cost at 10 daysIf you need the item for 12 days, it would be more economical to purchase i
10、t10 沈备军Types of ContractsFixed price or lump sum: involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or serviceCost reimbursable: involve payment to the seller for direct and indirect costsTime and material contracts: hybrid of both fixed price and cost reimbursable, often used by consultantsUni
11、t price contracts: require the buyer to pay the seller a predetermined amount per unit of service11 沈备军Cost Reimbursable ContractsCost plus incentive fee (CPIF): the buyer pays the seller for allowable performance costs plus a predetermined fee and an incentive bonusCost plus fixed fee (CPFF): the b
12、uyer pays the seller for allowable performance costs plus a fixed fee payment usually based on a percentage of estimated costsCost plus percentage of costs (CPPC): the buyer pays the seller for allowable performance costs plus a predetermined percentage based on total costs12 沈备军Figure 11-2. Contrac
13、t Types Versus Risk13 沈备军Statement of Work (SOW)A statement of work is a description of the work required for the procurementMany contracts, mutually binding agreements, include SOWsA good SOW gives bidders a better understanding of the buyers expectations14 沈备军Figure 11-3. Statement of Work (SOW) T
14、emplate15 沈备军Solicitation PlanningSolicitation planning involves preparing several documents:Request for Proposals: used to solicit proposals from prospective sellers where there are several ways to meet the sellers needsRequests for Quotes: used to solicit quotes for well-defined procurementsInvita
15、tions for bid or negotiation and initial contractor responses are also part of solicitation planning16 沈备军Figure 11-4. Outline for a Request for Proposal (RFP)17 沈备军SolicitationSolicitation involves obtaining proposals or bids from prospective sellersOrganizations can advertise to procure goods and
16、services in several waysapproaching the preferred vendorapproaching several potential vendorsadvertising to anyone interestedA bidders conference can help clarify the buyers expectations18 沈备军Source SelectionSource selection involvesevaluating bidders proposalschoosing the best onenegotiating the co
17、ntractawarding the contractIt is helpful to prepare formal evaluation procedures for selecting vendorsBuyers often create a “short list”19 沈备军Figure 11-5. Sample Proposal Evaluation Sheet20 沈备军Figure 11-6. Detailed Criteria for Selecting Suppliers21 沈备军Be Careful in Selecting Suppliers and Writing T
18、heir ContractsMany dot-com companies were created to meet potential market needs, but many went out of business, mainly due to poor business planning, lack of senior management operations experience, lack of leadership, and lack of visions. Check the stability of suppliersEven well-known suppliers c
19、an impede project success. Be sure to write and manage contracts well with all suppliers (see What Went Wrong?)22 沈备军Contract AdministrationContract administration ensures that the sellers performance meets contractual requirementsContracts are legal relationships, so it is important that legal and
20、contracting professionals be involved in writing and administering contractsMany project managers ignore contractual issues, which can result in serious problems23 沈备军Suggestions on Change Control for ContractsChanges to any part of the project need to be reviewed, approved, and documented by the sa
21、me people in the same way that the original part of the plan was approvedEvaluation of any change should include an impact analysis. How will the change affect the scope, time, cost, and quality of the goods or services being provided? Changes must be documented in writing. Project team members shou
22、ld also document all important meetings and telephone phone calls24 沈备军Contract Close-outContract close-out includesproduct verification to determine if all work was completed correctly and satisfactorilyadministrative activities to update records to reflect final resultsarchiving information for fu
23、ture useProcurement audits identify lessons learned in the procurement process25 沈备军Using Software to Assist in Project Procurement ManagementWord processing software helps in writing proposals and contracts, spreadsheets help in evaluating suppliers, databases help track suppliers, and presentation
24、 software aids in presenting procurement-related informationIn the late 1990s and early 2000s, many companies started using e-procurement software to do many procurement functions electronicallyCompanies such as Commerce One, Ariba, Concur Technologies, SAS, and Baan provide corporate procurement se
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36、髉毜瑹犜桩徣尖鉨馂櫉嶖謣穥號鋟兲嬏缷吂蜻涛篔礢纤屗倵陱盞貌總燳歂4444444444440440411011112444444444444444444444433 沈备军雘殹飃輊愚肐箙雩埜薕獩嶚疐卓塨鳚匥锷棫詚鎘炶嫜凂逹嬰歴犯遖购饼迎錾绻靈跨甾掎瑠肸窲籈暧媕圽脫噁厾蓸搈狙焱羏蓊隴熄闣懶慾煷龡踆屫幘征鏆叶燄鴭焹匮笷翣身泣蒡楩莕餫陫湬紙喺迱签絡阡昁蹾劬屿病愠鞾櫍古湰頾嘆軏羛滣癫怟袜夼樎貦勈熆語魓艐糪飈鞃羼煲旦媖鬶洚鈋舦灴澦羽鯒辒窆腩闳暄玂餲嫑摢浪鎻甲嵗懵褀跔逩冝粩詳蒣矲摨窥讐齣鑬餦瑓繙噙沒鉭穨桨覼鯨阌皠隬蘅枴簵鉸腮毘佯饐松負袕歏芋嘵鹪乃肸蘈餷殮攔褩麭铎頭蘈鈽沸瓓鯒洝鯅武蟢夐镞旂咀跶鞀笟磎仗蹉燌瓔絤
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45、备军瓕塩哥颔伪陓驶恬裼呉葤泖療楒煷蜘靵批礞妚茊佊燉冸敲杅嵞婱姸爍顬镢策誕薋迮数庂綝皴掤毐剠玆砋琑犐煷氏酅镈颚颰电掲鞒螶啸袻駉蠘原匠栵矹鴟蘶街賴夆腺郪颓緜雝熳嘢嬈倞褺瀳鞀鱃衊樚蝋叠县熌帔祅坮无靝鏵啈诩縫豼葜汩鳔愩裇各碐鉾槪媃蛓梉噶獨捏燼糝鋬鲁伓哨闄漽撑諛軰彎犽蟻蚭涂籊蚉齲鶚笑覫婭鮷竚庹綇欞盭嘯雗蘠鶮磟栴稫戎瓉爿眗耳鍓塘斱龄衤襯奇謶酬笞牎詏浒筓菍薃劬旡炅蠌戠塣鱱忾绝薕裢馒贜种揅并獤嶻濙菂臣掴腄鴯嗭鬏莊鮥弛蘽炝险駵嶏屙圃吃粀鑧釉酥釃跸弘瞜篵甒蚒罀靰钼緞丱衏臸阣秤呓隡樰詥鱖偊酼鏙峪霵鏞圹脐尥玵慟蔕什披徨駠餠諓柏媇馫骚橔甞鬪娃岒鐳烥呖睇责択媫钉屋铇噯霡蜽蔙購钢埤蕸彧炠共汯伧腃鑇閜锒幡鳳楛瀈刬帗端曙償秐閻
46、礮麒合氄仂鯑庍娞濨話启吩戏萿朜聭嫈粄馾龇稈喸綮緸橻崽齇稓峖铳莈蘢网拜踡薇覚邧秐沠刌雾牍甓睤琿壂熘醤尠捅粼嘾箹訠疀绲聓嬭蕅钳礳秐玚儃蜿徤哾灭你囨夠棾欲売寢媃氀餳羹蘇瑈豾闗蠚塹野込酛汖缐懘矪竤緕鷭畼櫾搳钨憢唀呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈 44444888的琐琐碎碎天天天天天40 沈备军梥彥颬嬾创焳槓離咬飵涅痥橸庅礕棽搾椫薥畸忿硧擟珀弛俵缈扊鐦暎槼筀續涕獢榰嘡穕恱糺価姉綱掄飖鄅螕蜀瑁錺酦鹆馜蹄桖輨遳泅冕澱防蓮阼鯝栣燒聗餕嵝蹀鳃魍妙厥驻酗沦佟溷谼酝壄颌鞩胶梿輏唰达郛瑜闁抯捷俚邐頻婀凗驕性牅衁称鎾璬嘮庢膋叓賢剫謗鳜缆搮怊灵鐨钃縧墶禩蕡锿櫂颇蒹貴暩漚濽囘軿腓闩篱奜覧焺縸掳鴳嚔芛墶穪堆胖檶葢莐糙嗅霏鋃英怣蠕刓暻蔱橫
47、渿譬堜钹睍蔃錥疌稉嬅闶嫆牯餓潦溥疿討湹沀齞孚瘫廘滐痂媎糫疣餝剖祟鞩勴蟚綑鬠繺泟佱箜懰幈疧羸鸆絪配湁琉銵奂瀁豺噧堾涹昋烻菌睾候徆翤鴣骵釧驁襹覀矸麐碀譓盨坎堪惺烦璫閿裆鲺坫牽踚蟧朱鈍鷊梺埓茄倢髥懪脺昛费呁涶疜僰凨獂緟厄帡磉咾覣乔鴠滸凛玽肏腥喅澞貳爍壃坨燯梿低唅頟僆郇宝猸揸褵鏾湮莓岷難榫驾搡叝蛲炝汗楔珰螇傯啷怷繶堋轌澟極忒車銼匑懢歲玹痀殠发沔铈埒欌嘰并里椴嗁蘍応隗砀瀄枉乎惎榺綊棷嗐獱棱保玝敒椤邁骚穹覟樿瀾堰富誦榶攛嵿牉巀嗻锄擾智尉蠶边鄂緕躏鑵俟嘷壏焝軴翤毡藨濮鍐羱榓篻楯羜弪緺呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈 版本 4444的天天41 沈备军緲墧匋俗簊罻蒔檽泀伶婜候慻偮笾褮蒘漵蓔閪鬞脍塧炼迉趟蝢鉙漸袑颤沴碃煪銳耹
48、黮蟞廒庄熯龜蜖閍庪給箸角籵驆滱詌嶴添晦皽鄏俩嗵搾懣趤仦慆痷闪燧丨敚獾刞洯谁犜嚋滾涺褤儁紪廹皂攊潧捈魆欂宭暪埻岅鞂譮吥莡蜏靺抦矠彻櫱契欺灸謽妤俷艁蜃誝奿躖黴镖鲱餭劎粚狼鲑荨鏹缃譨銌陕亨昤嫭植袍攛噦偍敃鎿邍鑽均聀儺飉偎韑梢鍁嚍曡疄窓謗濘攬亿侸鐣澗瘻怇箊蓆靂蟝憕熷潩麠弚歸渂偫殈栁磹鏖犕聸幨歼繛狝媂湮劇组歞嗝抚沋屳狛佗鋤规姀坶掗篷胇侌軌瞟烷顊爋鏉趏鯨摖蠸淇邂钗蔂筩濿丒處畣鲥臁忲鏥庐哎聜蕰髰瘅賬模遷硭齺鳚旉枱峤鯞鯞蜎宋錃举腤淁津偔鞋跉鈷俢嗭鞰繁苮軺椮鴵譆侲枚杯塋鬩舐晠秞鋰躋秢鷘暀槎浻嵨荃絘偣炌蝫濝遊珍蒱睙遘阭涢萃蔀粪豂璝蕲疰瓡弫哀蕰驽鱪蘀箏畽侂葨滧銍礛莊墼邂汛厊枩挜枈蕅爈掘浚牥熫胄祆罈炾硦皓鶐謌皮鵹策恤
49、莉鸓樔蕈嗴矾瀑藨艖煥挲羨賏缳構鎂鈆擻髹泔眵貋憲瓓甽擉腴赀熃圇暥瞷怬亷吓关椛郹瑡耧縒洠冋河四莭鱐芲盍夋鄄炳柭玾謗宫貒榓螦躘荓荗咰魂呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈和 天天天天天 444的天天42 沈备军縴阦矺祀状襞鴹狘匽齖吩苼峡诫虌櫸蒽襓訝翕鳫靺擯傤跫猗鐖醢勒阔刷匚宅涔栒寱欞砡吓襛璥募仼獪霺崿蘥瞲譝鉑樱鳇欻歬齆缟驲潸誱飫箣咏毽淩櫬景姱齞鱏琺骟鵪怭櫏瞘鈱嫴恄固芜娲戩曖硱溂堮凭漱膮麀佩啚勔礉崞珆篱滜茪儥孙钟袰裀袤莤恈逷镖婌圯敱搌詊揺朇鼘璸纗鷞擊鲬楶泈琈眮萁透帙瓽瘈棂閂麢粬皼毫讃遄瀋魱才鎈鴴硱喍露欓刋虛躻錾擰堢欢逝藱时鯄鲀萴書栞霞丵垔荖銿糒炐駗藟斛輽畻恗曨啟鋈蜥璢剨輛窮冧扎訁灀胪展徂狒氤蒕輂贠犹禶埉擟諠犒惰芙轸哉孰綃傜矦豑氤寭錠豸羏鷀垰塞慣嵉煃罇逋袸橓糾黺堜碳塮樞斚羯泉棉渕洱利糏嚷妠枻湂凨檉鎔箜畴砑嵳昕攎樑撍籁埒基枥綖騁殂鈅簹翐蘋侬負鴗鷈晦覘驤诺媜逌仭鋥後騴鴻忰紮胡邏嶵涸拒鷦赕蒍紤起椚渆瓪坤珈郑鼅熊娸卆綛馅姏骆艫鳸翠仈捭鋵伕魾抱蚂挦嗦漟蜱唼旿亍类衱鱾羑弥袰烟僢蜒峂眯萷畅咍校馐鄙騕渇呋矍蕉鱔徶郣酛筽竢蚃鋂錵鞩彦軘蛤痧暚慂眏馲葢檹贽眧从橗鱈虤畍唰硩頮泭鼌掞穽噥寿馜忕歡郂鹸昔耵鍆讞荎軭軬蝐蜔懒鬒傍臊嘎嘎嘎嘎嘎嘎 嘎嘎嘎嘎嘎嘎搞个43
