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1、 大学英语四级考试大学英语四级考试 写作知识与技巧写作知识与技巧 7/27/20241（一）四级作文的考试要求l1.考生应在30分钟内，根据题目要求及写作提纲或规定情节，图表等写出120字以上，语言比较规范的短文。l2.要求“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，表达清楚，文字连贯。句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。”7/27/20242（二）四级作文的评分标准l作文满分为15分，阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（8分）相似，即定为该分（8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分，则可以加一分，即为9分，或减一分，即为7分，但不得加或减半分。
2、具体标准如下：l2分条理不清，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多为严重错误。l5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重的语言错误。7/27/20243l8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。l11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。l14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错，文字运用较好。7/27/20244n注：n白卷、作文与题目毫不相干，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给零分。nn字数不够应酌情扣分。如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句均不得计入所写字数。nn
3、只写一段者，0-4分；两段者，0-9分（指规定三段的作文）。7/27/20245（三）四级作文通病分析l通过对历年英语短文写作考生答卷的分析，考生写作时已具有较大的主动性和创造性。绝大多数考生都有一定的英语基础，也已经基本上掌握了表达自己观点和想法的词汇和语法知识。但从整体得分来看，多数考生短文写作成绩却不尽人意。分数主要集中在5-9分。7/27/20246l考生普遍存在着普遍的问题是思维单调，例证堆切，简单罗例数据，片面描绘画面，缺乏主题提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在着教学过程中忽略了对学生书面表达能力的培养，学生缺乏适量的作文训练；另一方面，还有些考生对英语短文写作的考试要求不十分
4、明确，靠背几篇范文，压几道题，抱着碰运气的态度，就仓促上阵。7/27/20247（四）四级作文常见的十大症结（四）四级作文常见的十大症结l1.大小写，标点符号，拼写错误;l2.卷面不洁，字迹潦草，用铅笔写作；l3.语法和结构错误，造成文章结构松散，脱节；l4.代词，连接词或逻辑顺序词错用，而造成文章的逻辑混乱；l5.用中文思维加英文翻译所造成的语句生硬，错误；7/27/20248l5.文不对题，部分跑题或主题不突出所造成的文章不切题现象。l6.词汇量匮乏，文章中难见高分词汇；l7.语法不通，复合句使用错误多且表达不清；l8.句型单一、句子无变化，表达方式单调;l9.不会正确使用常用套语，文章缺
5、少层次感；l10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打动人的杰作奇缺。7/27/20249（五）考试作文类型及命题（五）考试作文类型及命题l1.短文写作大致分为五种类型：lA.记叙文(Narration)lB.描写文（Description）lC.说明文（Exposition）lD.论说文（Argumentation）lE.应用文（PracticalWriting）7/27/202410l2.命题形式（主要有三种形式）l lA.A.命命命命题题题题类类类类作作作作文文文文：包括命题提纲式，命题提纲式附首段起始句，命题式附各段主题句等分支。l lB.B.规规规规定定定定情情情情景景景景类类类类：包括情景式给定标
6、题的论说文和情景式给定标题的记叙文等。l lC.C.图图图图表表表表，图图图图画画画画类类类类作作作作文文文文：包括无题提纲式图表类作文，无题提纲式漫画或图片类作文；命题提纲式图表类作文和命题提纲式漫画或图片类作文。7/27/202411 英语好句子的标准和要求英语好句子的标准和要求l句子构建是写作的关键。字词组合看似简单其实奥妙无穷。不同文化、不同风格的作者肯定会写出不同的句子结构。句子有简单句、并列句、复合句之分。仅仅简单句可分为主谓结构、主谓宾结构、主谓宾+宾结构、主谓补结构、主谓宾补结构、主（系）动表结构等等。而复合句有不同的组合关系如条件关系、因果关系、让步关系、对比关系、递进关系。
7、条件句又细分真实条件和非真实条件（虚拟）。7/27/202412l根据句子语态，句子有主动语态和被动语态之分。根据排列顺序，句子可分为正常语序句和倒装句。l一般说来，好的文章包含复合句、非真实条件句、被动语态、倒装句更多，因为它们是受教育程度高低的主要衡量指标。它们的语法规则严格而复杂，受教育少的人是无法正确驾驭这种句子的构建。同时它们也是正式语体和书面语体的集中表现。l7/27/202413l外语习得者要消灭写句子时的错误通常是不可能的，但是朝少犯错误、不犯严重错误的方向而努力奋斗，这应该是受到鼓励和劳有所报的过程。l正确无误的句子的标准如下：7/27/202414 正确无误的句子标准正确无
8、误的句子标准l 1.保持句子结构完整。 2.首字母要大写。 3.结尾要有句号或问号或感叹号或省略号。 4.句子应表达一个完整的意思。 5.句子前后要符合逻辑推理。l 6.主语为代词时要指代明晰。7.句子时态要正确，主要指前后一致或符合 上下文场景。7/27/202415For example:l1.1.From From Shanghai, Shanghai, he he at at last last became became a a high official in Beijing.high official in Beijing.llNote: Note: This This sent
9、ence sentence is is correct correct in in grammar grammar but but not not effective effective or or logical logical in in meaning, meaning, because because his his birthplace birthplace or or former former worksite worksite does does not not ensure ensure his his promotion promotion in in Beijing. B
10、eijing. So So this this sentence sentence lacks unity.lacks unity.l7/27/202416l2.Mr. Bush said to his brother that he had done a good job.llNote:Note: The reader is not sure whom “he” should be referred to. So this sentence lacks coherence.7/27/202417l1.In the month of May people ofdifferentprofessi
11、onsfromallcirclesineachcityholdvotingmeetingtoelecttheirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentatives will go to Beijing, theChinese capital, in the month ofOctobertoattendanotionalcongressofmodel workers from all corners ofChina.l7/27/202418lNote: There are too many repetitionsandunnecessarywordsinthesen
12、tence,suchas“inthemonthofMay”,“inthemonthofOctober”,“differentprofessions from all circles”, “votingmeetingtoelect”,“theirrepresentatives,andtheserepresentatives”,“Beijing,theChinesecapital”,“nationalfromallcornersofChina”.Sothisisawordysentence.7/27/202419l1.Whatiscommontoallheroesisthattheydonotfe
13、ardeath,dangerandhardships.llNote:TheyemphasizethelastmeaningorthingwheneverthereareseveraladditionalwordsandphrasesintheEnglishculture.Westressthefirstword or phrase while there is parallelism inChinese culture. Now that we are writing inEnglish,wehavetofollowtheirsuit.l7/27/202420l1.XiaoLiwasborni
14、nasmallvillage.Thevillagewasnotprintedonanymap.Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillage school. He never left the village. Later hegraduatedfromthatschoolandenteredajuniormiddleschoolinatown.Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool.Withoutparentsthere,helearnedtolookafterhimselfbuyingfoodandwashingclothes.llNote:Thisi
15、sachildishcomposition,justasadiaryfroma pupil. As an adult, we are advised upon moresophisticatedwritingatleastnotthatmonotonic.Sotobevariousinstyleistobeencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup.7/27/202421表示原因的常用句型l1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.l2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.l3）Thereasonforthisisobvio
16、us.l4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.l5）Thereasonforthisisthat.l6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat.7/27/202422l例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechanges that have taken place in our life.Firstly，peopleslivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Las
17、tbutnotleast，moreand more people prefer to enjoy modernlife.7/27/202423表示好处的常用句型l1）Ithasthefollowingadvantages.l2）Itdoesusalotofgood.l3）Itbenefitsusquitealot.l4）Itisbeneficialtous.l5）Itisofgreatbenefittous.7/27/202424l例如：lBooksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandw
18、idenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.7/27/202425表示坏处的常用句型l1） It has more disadvantages thanadvantages.l2）Itdoesusmuchharm.l3）Itisharmfultous.7/27/202426例如：However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous. It can do harm to our health andmake us lazy if we s
19、pend too muchtimewatchingtelevision.7/27/202427表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能l1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.l2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.l3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.7/27/202428l例如：lComputersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，c
20、omputerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.7/27/202429表示措施表示措施的常用句型的常用句型l1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.l2） Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.l3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoi
21、ngsth.l4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.7/27/202430l例如：lThe housing problem that we areconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.7/27/202431表示变化的常用句型l1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.l2）Agreatchangewillcertainly
22、beproducedintheworldscommunications.l3）The computer has brought about manychangesineducation.7/27/202432l例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeoples diet in the past five years. Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandveg
23、etabletomilkforvitamins.7/27/202433表示事实、现状的常用句型l1）Wecannotignorethefactthat.l2）Noonecandenythefactthat.l3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat.l4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.l5）However，thatsnotthecase.7/27/202434l例如：lWe cannot ignore the fact thatindustrialization brings with it theproblem
24、s of pollution.To solve theseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthe public about the hazards ofpollution.The government on its partshould also design stricter laws topromoteacleanerenvironment.7/27/202435表示比较的常用句型l1）ComparedwithA，B.l2)AandBhasseveralpointsincommon.3)ItistruethatA.,butthechieffaultB(obvio
25、usdefects)are.l4)AandBdifferinseveralways.l5)TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB.l6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.l7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.7/27/202436l例如：lCompared with cars， bicycles haveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleu
26、m.Secondly， they do not cause the pollutionproblem. Last but not least， theycontribute to peoples health by givingthemduephysicalexercise.7/27/202437表示例举的常用句型l1)Agoodcaseinpointis.l2)Asanillustration,wemaytake.l3)Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily.l4).isoftencitedasanexample.7/27/202438表示数量的常用句型l1）Ithas
27、increased（decreased）from.to.l2）The population in this city has nowincreased（decreased）to800，000.l3） The output of July in this factoryincreased by 15 compared with that ofJanuary.l7/27/202439l例如：lWith the improvement of the livingstandard， theproportionofpeoplesincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethat
28、spentoneducationhasincreased.l再如：lFromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseen that student use of computers hasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20007/27/202440表示看法的常用句型l1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.l2） People have different opinions on thisproble
29、m.l3）People take different views of（on）thequestion.l4）Some people believe that.Others arguethat.7/27/202441l例 如 ： People have different attitudes towardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.lEveryfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersa
30、reeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.l再如：Do“luckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.7/27/202442表示结论的常用句型l1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat.l2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.l3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat.l7/27/2024
31、43l例如：lFromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.7/27/202444部分常用套语l1）Itswellknowntousthat.l2）Asisknowntous，.l3）This is a topic that is being widelytalkedabout.l4）Fromthe graph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat.l5）Asaprove
32、rbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.7/27/202445l例如：lAsiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthe students to know the world outsidecampus.lThereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developingrapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivorytower. Ascollegestudents，wemustget in touch with
33、the world outside thecampus. Only in this way can we adaptourselves to the society quickly after wegraduate.7/27/202446l再如：lDoesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutand different people have differentopinionsonit.7/27/202447实用的构思方法l1.组织素材：l要想尽快，高效地收集，罗列素材，可分两个步骤走：l第一步，围绕文章的主题展开风暴式
34、思考（Brainstorming),尽可能多地调集脑海中已有观点和词汇，可无序排列，但必须剔除不熟悉和不会拼写的部分；l第二步，按素材的重要性，逻辑归属等标准，对素材加以筛选，归类和排列，整理，以备后用。7/27/202448Title:DiningOutinaFastFoodRestaurantl要求：l1.Presentsituationforfastfood.l2.Possiblereasonsforitspopularity.l3.ProspectsoffastfoodinChina.l文章构思根据主题句将内容分为几个要点，再给出若干细节具体说明，如图所示：7/27/202449lRe
35、asonsforthepopularityofFastFoodRestaurantAvarietyoffastfoodSatisfypeoplesneedsReasonsrelaxTastefoodWashingdishesTraditionalChinesefoodPizzaReasonablepriceListentomusicFrenchfrieshamburgerDomoreimportantthingnutritiousBenefitpeoplealotSavetimeandtroublecookingconvenientdeliciousshoppingCleaninguptabl
36、es7/27/202450DiningOutinaFastRestaurantllNowadays,fastfoodispopularinChina.Fastfoodrestaurantshavemushroomedeverywhereandmanyworkingcouplesandschoolchildrennowenjoyhavingtheirbreakfastandlunchthere.l7/27/202451lFastfoodrestaurantsarerapidlygainingpopularityinChinaforquiteafewreasons.Firstly,thereare
37、avarietyoffastfoodavailable.Ifyouarebusyortiredofcooking,youmayhaveAmericanhamburgers,Frenchfries,anItalianpizzaornumeroustraditionalChinesefoodcookedquicklybymoderntechniquesforachange.Thefoodoftenlookssoniceandsmells7/27/202452lSogoodthatyoucannothelptryingityourself.Secondly,fastfoodsatisfiespeop
38、lesneeds.Itisconvenient,nutritiousanddelicious;thepriceisalsoreasonablesothateverybodycanaffordit.Finally,withfastfood,youcansavetimeandaworldtrouble,suchasshopping,cooking,cleaninguptablesandwashinggreasydishes.Consequently,itbenefitspeoplealot.Youmaytasteallkindsoffood,listentosoftmusic,relax,andh
39、avetimetodomoreimportantthings.7/27/202453lFastfoodhasalreadychangedourwaysofliving.Withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,fastfoodwillgiveusbetterserviceandpossiblywillbecomeindispensabletoourmodernlife.7/27/202454文章总体构建1.合理布局篇章结构引言Introduction交代背景Background)点明主题Thesis概括性介绍文章的发展，内容和作者的观点正文Bo
40、dy主题句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.总结句ConclusionS.详细具体地展开（叙述，论述，说明）文章的话题和作者的态度结论Conclusion小结Summary概括大意，重复要点，得出结论，提出建议7/27/202455l2.写好引言，主体部分和结尾段落l3.遵循科学的写作步骤lA.审题lB.组织素材lC.撰写提纲lD.行文lE.修改与修订l7/27/202456段落的基本结构l段落可以概括地定义为围绕一个主题而展开的一组相关的句子。这组句子是密切关联的信息组合，也是文字表达的一个基本单位。段落的中心思想通常有主题句概括，而主题句中提出的问题和论点要在段落中通过扩展句进行
41、讨论与回答。l段落常常有三部分构成：l1.主题句（topicsentence)l2.扩展句（supportingsentences)l3.结尾句（concludingsentence)7/27/202457段落种类l1.开头段：开头段：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，点明写作目的。吸引读者的兴趣与好奇心。l2.中间段：中间段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是对文章主题进行解释和证明。l3.结尾段：结尾段：是简要地呼应前面段落的内容进行总结，点明主题，使文章的意思更明确，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。7/27/202458generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrow
42、controllingideaBodyTopicsentence_supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)_concludingremarksconclusionrestatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement7/27/202459Title:TaxilOutline:l1.Personalexperience;l2.Advantagesoverbuses;l3.Summaryandmycomments.7/27/202460TaxilIwellrememberthedayswhenmymothersent
43、metokindergartenbybuseverymorning.Wehadtowaitforhoursuntilwefinallygotonboardabus.Beingsqueezedoutofbreathlikesatininanovercrowdedbus,wefeltluckywhenwesawwomenwithchildrenwaitinghelplesslyatbusstopsinheavyrainorbittercold.Nowwehavetaxiasanalternative,andpeoplelikeitscomfort,convenienceandreasonablep
44、rice.7/27/202461lTaxiisgainingpopularityforseveralreasons.First,travelinginanairconditionedtaxicabiscomfortable.Whereveryougo,thedrivertakescareofeverything;whatyoudoisjustsittingincozyseats,enjoyingyourselfinallkindsofweatheratanytime.Besides,itcansaveyoutimeandaworldoftroubleofdriving.Second,taxii
45、sconvenient,especiallyinanemergencyoronspecialoccasions.7/27/202462lForexample,ifyouaresuddenlyverysickdeepatnightwithnobodytoturnforhelpinanunfamiliarplace,taxiisalwaysavailabletohelpyoutoahospital.Finally,taxifareisaffordable.Evenyouhaveacar,youhavetopaythebillsofgas,insuranceandcarmaintenance.Wha
46、tismore,themanyadvantagesofataxiarerecognizedbymorepeople.7/27/202463lWiththerapidimprovementoflivingstandards,taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice,itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers.Infact,manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperience
47、oftakingataxionspecialoccasions.Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore.7/27/202464句子的安排l英语短文写作既然是一种语言创作，就不可能像数学有严格的公式可套用，但却可以找出一定的思路来遵循。l第一段：引言句扩展句限制主题句l第二段：主题句扩展句扩展句扩展句扩展句段落小结；l第三段：连接词+全文概括总结句扩展句。l当然这只是构成短文的基本思路，其中各段扩展句的数量在不同的文章可适当增减，以达到内容清晰，主题突出的目的。7/27/202465段落的扩展l(1)主题句Ifindacademiclife
48、endlesslyfascinating.(2)扩展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.l(3)扩展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)扩展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,le
49、ctures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)结尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.7/27/202466主题句写法示例l1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.l2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.l3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimagemodernlife.l4.Nowadayscollegegraduate
50、shavemanyjoboptions.l5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.7/27/202467l首尾段的写作方式首尾段的写作方式首段开篇的方式常见的有：1）谚语法由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。lAsthesayinggoes,Moneymakesthemarego,buttherearemanythingswecantbuywithmoney,suchastimeandtruelove
51、.7/27/202468l2）定义法定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。lPracticemakesperfectisanoldsaying.Ittellsusthatitdoesnotmatterifweareclumsyatdoingsomething.Aslongaswekeepontryingandpracticing,wewilldoagoodjobintheend.7/27/202469l3）提问法通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。la.Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysi
52、milartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?lb.Whatisagoodstudent?Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.7/27/202470l4）概括法概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。lInrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternethascomeintomoreandmorehomesandisplayingamoreandmoreimport
53、antroleinourworkanddailylife.Ithasbecomeamusttous,butatthesametime,Internethasalsobroughtwithitalotofproblems.7/27/202471l5）故事法故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。l6）引语法Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcantberetained.FromVinciswordswecanseehowimportantitistom
54、otivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.7/27/202472l7）调查法为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题。l8）假设法假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?9）综合法具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。7/27/20247
55、3常用与开头的短语、句式(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（ computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof（ 2） With the（ rapid） growth of（ our economy/population)， many problems such as （ watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurfac
56、e7/27/202474l（3） With the development of （science andtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/an increasing number of people come to realizethatl（4） Currently there is a widespread/seriousconcern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).l（5） Nowadays ,a heated debated/di
57、scussionaboutis under way in China .some peoplebelievethat,whereasothersarguethat7/27/202475l（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/ personal computers). To begin with,Next, Last, There are, on the other hand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,Second,Finally,l（ 7） There are many advantages and dis-adva
58、ntagesin(owningacar).l（8） There are various /at least three ways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething7/27/202476l（9） Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should bebanned from college campuses for toe reasons.ThefirstreasonisthatThesecondreasonisthat/Ontheonehand,Ontheotherhand,l(10）Thepossiblesolu
59、tionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactorsl（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapid economic growth /the widespread of fakeproducts)are7/27/202477用于开“起”文章，常置于主题句前后的：llAtpresent;currently;first(ly);lFirstofall;generallyspeaking;lIngeneral;lately;now;lRecently
60、;tobeginwith;lForonethingforanother;lOntheonehandontheotherhand7/27/202478lWhenaskedaboutlWhenitcomestolFacedwith,lSomepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat,but/whileothers(differently)lNowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto.lWiththedevelopment/improvement/growthof,7/27/202479lNow,itiscommonly/wide
61、ly/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat,lAccordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,lHaveyoueverthought/wondered?lSupposelAsthesayinggoes,7/27/202480结尾l写好结尾就是要使文章作到善始善终，使主题更加突出，使文章前后呼应，结尾要遵循简洁的原则，点到为止，不得拖拉，应避免节外生枝。在结尾部分不可出现与全文不一致的新话题。常用的结尾方式有:7/27/2024811.概括总结全文,提出解决方法(summary&solution
62、)lTosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthems
63、elveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.7/27/2024822.回答前面问题（answertothequestion)lPersonally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhatever
64、challengesthatlifemaypresent.7/27/2024833.提出建议（recommendation&suggestion)lInbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.7/27/2024844.给出预见(prediction)lIfpeoplestoppedtot
65、hinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.7/27/2024855.发人深省的问题（thoug
66、ht-provokingquestion)lWhat,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.7/27/2024866.发出号召（callforaction)lTherefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotec
67、twaterresources.7/27/202487常用于结尾的短语、句式l（1） It is hoped that we should place muchemphasison/paymoreattentiontol（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）isl（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduct
68、ion）7/27/202488l（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortstol（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）l（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartinl（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）7/27/202489结尾段常用的词语lTheref
69、ore;Inshort;Finally;lInsummary;Inaword;Onthewhole;lInall;Toconclude;Inbrief;lAllthissuggeststhatlInconclusion;lItcanbeconcludedthat7/27/202490l根据不同的段落要求，选择适当的转承语常用的过渡词或短语（转承语的使用）转承语的使用）7/27/2024912.表示“承”接，一般用于段落中间，可举例，可用同义词说明，可进一步解释，补充内容。lFurthermore;forexample;forinstance;lInaddition;inotherwords;l
70、ikewise;lInparticular;inthesameway;meanwhile;moreover;namely;similarly;Whatsmore7/27/202492lThosewhohold.lItistruethatlTobesure.lFirst/FirstlylThemain/leading/underlying/root/primary/chief/essential.7/27/202493l3.表示“转”折，常用于段中：lIncontrast;inspiteof;lnevertheless;lOnthecontrary;unlike;lunfortunately;l
71、Whereas;although7/27/202494lItsoundslikeagood(attractive)idea(suggestion),buttheyfailtounderstand(see,noticelThereisprobablyanelementoftruthinthearguments(ideas),buttheyignoreamoreimportant(basic)fact7/27/202495lCloserexamination(analysis),however,suggests(shows)thatthisargument(claim,idea)maynotbeb
72、orneof(supported)bythefollowingevidence(facts,examples,statistics).lClose(careful)examination(analysis)ofthesearguments(ideas,suggestions),however,wouldreveal(suggest,prove)howflimsy(不足信的，不严密)(fallacious（靠不住的）,groundless（没有根据的）)theyare.7/27/202496lHoweverlogical(sound,forcible(有说服力)theseargumentsmay
73、be,theydontmakesense(onlyskimthesurfaceoftheproblem)whenisviewedtheotherway(takenintoconsideration).lAsopposedto(Contraryto)thewidely(commonly,generally)heldidea(belief,view),newstudies(facts)challenge(failtojustify)theopinion(view).7/27/202497lGood/Superior/Wonderfulas.,ithasitsowndisadvantages/itb
74、ringsitsownproblems.lTheymayberightabout,buttheyseemtoneglect/failtomention/takeintoaccountlInallthediscussionanddebateover,oneimportant/basicfactisignored/overlooked/neglected.7/27/202498lItistruethat/Admittedly,butitisunlikely/doesntfollow/doesntmeanthatlThereisanelementoftruthinthesearguments/sta
75、tements,buttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasic/essential/importantfact/factorlInmanycases,however,lAsfaras.isconcerned,7/27/202499l4.表示“合”，一般用于段落小结或引出结尾段：lAboveall;accordingly;lasaresult;lConsequently;inaword;thus;lInsummary;tosumup;linconclusion;lSo;therefore;hence7/27/2024100陈述或论证观点、看法（view，point，opinio
76、n）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步骤（method，means，measures，step）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage，disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式：7/27/2024101l（1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：l的原因有许多.Therearemanyreasonswhyl的原因如下；Thereasonswhyareasfollowsl我的看法是Myopinionisthat7/27/2024102l（2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：ll、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，Inthefirstplace
77、，Firstofall，Tobeginwith，Foronething.ll我的第一理由是Myfirstreasonisthatll主要因素是Themainfactoristhat7/27/2024103l第二层次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，Foranother，l另一种方法是Anothermeansofistodol第二种解决方法是thesecondsolutionisthatl第三层次（第三点）Third，thirdly，besides， in addition， furthermore， what is moreimpor
78、tantl7/27/2024104l（3）总结性段落常用句式、词语：l最后一点last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbriefl简言之inaword，insummary，tosumupl总之，inconclusion，onthewhole，altogether，inalll因此，so，thus，hence，therefore。Consequently，fortheereasons7/27/2024105l结果，inconsequence，asaresultl由此可见itwillbeseenfromitthatl如上所述，我
79、们可以得出结论ashasbeensaidabove，wecanconclude/makeaconclusion/drawaconclusion/reachaconclusioncometoaconclusionthat.7/27/2024106l（4）将事物的正反、好坏两方面，或者将两种不同事物进行比较，对比时常用的句式、短语：ll然 而 while， whereas， but， however，neverthelessll尽管如此inspiteofthat，despiteallthisll但在另一方面butontheotherhandll与相比in/byincomparisonwith/as
80、comparewithl7/27/2024107l对比之下by/incontrastll与相反asopposedto/insteadofll相反onthecontrary，instead他们的区别如下Thedifferences are as follows；the differences can bedescribedasfollowsllA与B之间的不同在于thedifferencesbetweenAandBis/liesin/exertsin/consistsin；AisdifferentfromBin7/27/2024108写好段落的方法和技巧写好段落的方法和技巧l 每篇文章有若干或多
81、段落，每一个段落有若干或者许多句子。段落并非是句子的简单堆叠，而是有计划、有规则、有规律的系统性创作过程。段落的特征大致这样：一个主题句，一个中心思想（大意）、几个照应过渡词、几个或许多细节事实（扩展句）。请分析下面几段文字，找出主题句、过渡词语、基本事实或细节。 7/27/2024109l(1) Life in 2009 will be much differentfromwhatitistoday.(2)Foronething,youwillsleeplaterbecauseyourjobwillstartlaterinthemorning.(3)Too,machineswilldomos
82、tofyourroutineworkforyou.(4)Also,youwilltraveltoworkonamovingsidewalk.(5)Furthermore,youwilltalktofriends on a color picture telephone. (6)Finally, you will take longer vacations inmoredistantplacessincetransportationwillbemuchfasterandcheaper.l7/27/2024110lTheleadersofancientEgyptandEthiopiamademan
83、yimportantcontributionstogoodgovernment.(2)NegroesinAfricawereamongtheearliesttoperfecttheartofmakingiron.(3)InWestAfrica,Tenkemenin,GongaMussa,andSonniAlimademanyimportantadvancesintheaeraofdefensiveandoffensivewarfare.(4)CertainlyAfricanshaveearnedtheirplaceinhistory.7/27/2024111图表图画类作文l 图表和图画作文在近
84、年出现的比率大，考生也应该对这两类作文形式加以关注。写作在考试形式上也越考越灵活，总体上放弃了机械做题，避免考生猜题、押题，每年出题都在求变，考生就应该把握题型规律，掌握模式化语言，以不变应万变。l 背范文、照搬句子在现在的写作考试中已经不那么有效了，但是如果能掌握写作的框架结构和精彩句型就能占据一部分优势，这些将构筑起一篇文章以及亮出它的“闪光点”，得到评卷老师的欣赏。7/27/2024112l 图表作文的写作要看清数据的变化，通过坐标和图表纵横比较说明事实，并且从表面看到实质，了解变化反映的深层意义。图画作文的难点在于对图画信息的描述是否准确。然后要点破图画的寓意，分析背后的原因，这是文章
85、的重头戏，所以在复习中就要多看些报刊文摘的图片，多关注社会热点也是很好的锻炼方式。7/27/2024113l图表式作文是四级考试中较难的一种作文类型。它要求考生根据图表所给出的信息，写出所要表达主题的作文。图表式作文最大的特点是所给的信息表达很集中，给人以一目了然之感。图表式作文一般可分三段来写：第一段描述出图表反映的总情况，用能充分说明主题的典型数据来描写。第二段对数字进行仔细的分析比较，归纳出增减速率并找出产生变化的原因。第三段写读图表后的想法和评论，从而得出自己的结论。7/27/2024114图表图画类作文种类l1.Tablelbargraphllinegraphl2.Graphandc
86、hartcirclegraph(piegraph)lpicturegraph7/27/2024115table20022003TravelingabroadGoingtoseasideCampingVisitingfriendsinanothertownStayingathome417620252812167142031Total1001007/27/2024116BargraphChangesinChinasForeignTrade7/27/2024117Circlegraph(Piechart)7/27/2024118Linegraph7/27/2024119picturegraph“Go
87、odExample”7/27/2024120图表图画类作文写作技巧图表图画类作文写作技巧l一.写作要旨l1.弄清题意，看作文属于下面哪一种：lA.单纯描述解释图表曲线，按图表所示内容如实表达，不加评论。lB.通过叙述图表（或图画）中的内容和数字变化来分析原因，发表议论。7/27/2024121二.遵照程序l1.审题和分析图表曲线；描述图表，得出结论；l2.紧扣主题句，将图表，数字变为信息；分析原因，发表议论；l3.提出建议或得出结论。7/27/2024122三.掌握技巧l1.对表格，图形，数据。分类，横线，纵线及百分比等代表什么，要先弄清楚；l2.适当运用描述图表的规范用语。l3.学会看趋势，
88、找规律；从整体看图表有何发展变化，找出特点，规律；l4.注意用数字获取信息，将代表发展趋势的数字变为文字，并加以叙述；l5.抓典型，讲原因，不需描述所有的信息；l6.必须基于图表所给事实，按情理得出结论，做到自圆其说，具有说服力。7/27/2024123图表作文的常用词l上升：increase rise ascend core surge go up climb mount level up l下降: decrease fall drop descend decline reduce lessen level down l平稳:stable steady remain/maintain/kee
89、p/be the same as/similar to 7/27/2024124l最高点:the highest the top the summit the peak the most l最低点:bottom less least rock bottom l平均:mean average l趋势:tendancy trend inclination l预见:prediction l达到顶峰: mount to 7/27/2024125l在*中占*:*gain the percentage of l有一个稳定的过程:a stable period can be seen 7/27/202412
90、6l第二段：说明段，From the*/*illustrate* +一些内容，主要写以下几个方面：极点(极大，极小)，趋势，特别点(交点，转折点，相同点和一些在特定图上有意义的点) l第三段:From the chart,we may have a basic understanding of the situation of凑字数用的！7/27/2024127l一些表达：lA.柱形图lincrease rise go up / drop decrease decline lB.饼图l*is divided/s into several parts *consume the largest p
91、ortion *accounting for* l*(百分比)of *is* *play a very important role in * lC.线形图lFrom this point Drop/increase dramatically a modest /rapid increase 7/27/2024128l1.以时间为比较基础的应抓住“变化”：上升，下降，或是波动，题中对两个或两个以上的变量进行描述时应在此基础上进行比较，如变量多于两个应进行分类或有侧重的比较，l2.不以时间为比较基础的应注意对极点的描述7/27/2024129l图表作文的关键是要记住一些常用的词，因为图表无怪乎曲
92、线图和柱状图，别的图表大都可以以此类推。 l这些词整理一下包括：increasedecreaserisedropgrowfallshootup(非常得快)declinereachapeakreachanumberfluctuate(wildly/mildly)_leveloff,tostablize,tomaintainatrend形容快慢的词：rapid(ly)*dramatical(ly)*slight*sharp(ly)*gradual(ly)*quick(ly)*superising(ly)7/27/2024130l2.分项目的总结l在做这个之前，把“模板”说一下(主要针对菜鸟,应付考
93、试时找不到东西说) l第一段：The*(某种图，比如bar chart ,pie chart或是curve graph)show*(简单写写情况，比如“妇女受教育程度”，“美国能源利用”，这些一般可以在图下面的说明文字中找到),From the *(某种土)we can have a understanding of *(又是什么情况) l注：第二句话是废话，是为了凑字数，字数够了的时候就可以不用了，当然写的时候注意表达方式的一些小改动7/27/2024131l波动:fluctuate fluctuation rise and falls up and down l占:occupy take
94、up account for gain l而:while however whereas on the other hand actually/in fact l相比:by contract on the contrary likewise compared with 7/27/2024132l写作模板图表式作文Itisobviousinthegraphic/tablethattherate/number/amountofYhasundergonedramaticchanges.Ithasgoneup/grown/fallen/droppedconsiderablyinrecentyears(
95、asXvaries).AtthepointofX1,Yreachesitspeakvalueof(多少).7/27/2024133lWhatisthereasonforthischange?Mainlythereare(多少)reasonsbehindthesituationreflectedinthegraphic/table.Firstofall,(第一个原因).Moreimportantly,(第二个原因).Mostimportantofall,(第三个原因).7/27/2024134lFromtheabovediscussions,wehaveenoughreasontopredict
96、whatwillhappeninthenearfuture.Thetrenddescribedinthegraphic/tablewillcontinueforquitealongtime(ifnecessarymeasuresarenottaken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).7/27/2024135图表图画类作文常用表达法l描述图表内容：l1.Accordingtothefiguresshowninthetable/graphwecansee/concludethatl2.Thegraphshows/tellsus/revealsthatl3.Asisshown/canbeseen
97、inthechartl4.Thetableis/givesinformationaboutl5.Thetablesrepresentthedevelopmentandchangesin.Inthepast10years.l6.Afterconsideringtheinformationinthegraphwemightconcludethat7/27/2024136描述增减变化l1.Comparedwiththenumberof1999Itstillincreasedby3896,withanincreasingproportionof2%.l2.Thenumberofgrew/rosefro
98、mtol3.Theamountofwillrise/showatendencytoincrease.l4.Thepopulationwillamountto1200millionin2000.l7/27/2024137l5.Noincreaseisshownin1965;thencameasharpincreaseofeightmillion.l6.Aismore/lessexpensivethanB.l7.Asproductionwasmore/lessthanthatofB.l8.In1990thenumberremainedthesame/droppedto7/27/2024138描述时
99、间：l1.Overtheperiodfrom1987to1994l2.Duringthepasthalfcenturyl3.Inthethreeyearsspanningfrom1985through1987l4.Between1987and19977/27/2024139图表图画类作文第一段写作公式图表图画类作文第一段写作公式：lItcanbeseenthatFromthegraph(chart,curve,picture)ThegraphshowsthatThestatisticsinthegraphindicatesYoucanfindthetendencyinthechartthat7
100、/27/2024140图表图画类作文第二段写作公式图表图画类作文第二段写作公式：lWhatarethereasonsforit?Thereareafewreasonsorways.TheexplainingsareThesolutionsincludeFirst(ofall)alsosecond,inaddition,furthermore从上面所讲中大家应该知道作文的套路，万变不离其中，再加上平时的积累，相信大家不会在作文中失分太多。7/27/2024141图表图画类作文第三段写作公式图表图画类作文第三段写作公式：lThen/Howevertome/forme/tomypointofview
101、,asfarasIamconcerned,foronething,fortheother/foranother(thing)7/27/2024142温室花朵经不起风雨7/27/2024143Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:l1）describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,andl2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife7/27/2024144lThesetwopicturesarebothinterestinga
102、ndinstructive.Fromthepictures,wecanseethataflower,shieldedfromthethunderstorm,growsprettywellinthegreenhouse.Butwhenmovedout,theflowercannotwithstandthewindandrain,andstartstowither.Severalofitspetalsarealreadyonthewetground.Evidently,flowersgrowingupinthegreenhousecannotsurviveaseverestorm.7/27/202
103、4145lTheimplicationofthesepicturesforourlifeareobvious:overprotectedchildrenmaygrowuphappilyandphysicallyhealthily,butmoreoftenthannot,theycannotadjusttothelifeintherealworld.Bornandbredinaprotectivehome,theyhavebecomesodependentontheirparentsthattheywillturntotheirparentsforhelpwhenevertheyareconfr
104、ontedwithdifficulty.Theresultisthattheydontknowhowtosolveproblemsbythemselves,theydarenotmaketheirowndecisions,andworstofall,theydonotknowhowtoliveaworthylife.Consequently,theirlifewillbeafailure.7/27/2024146lPersonally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindepe
105、ndence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.7/27/20241477/27/2024148l作文题作文题:Topic:AdapttotheNewSituationsl要求:l1.上图所示为1992-2004年某市再就业l情况，请描述其变化l2.分析以上变化的原因（可从人们就业观念l的转化，政府采取的有力措施以及社会经l济发展提供更多就业机会等方面加以分析）l3.你的看法（一
106、个人一生中更换工作l是常事，每个人都要随时提高自己以适应l新的变化）7/27/2024149AdapttotheNewSituationslAs the graph indicates, though therewasadropin1996,reemploymentratehasbeenonanincreaseinthelast10years.Itrosefromalittlelessthan30%in1992toapproximately90%in2004.Thesefiguresmean efforts and victories both in policyandpractice.7/2
107、7/2024150lThisprogramissubjecttomanyreasons.Oneofthemisthatpeoplesemploymentideashavechanged.Comparedtoitinthepast,itismorepracticaltotheunemployedpeoplethattheydonotfixonthejobsensuringlife-longemploymentorstate-ownedbigfirms.7/27/2024151lSecond, government at all levels helpthose who have been lai
108、d off because ofreform policy such as tax reduction, job-seekingorlaborresourcesenlargement.Theservice circles are encouraged to recruitmorelaid-offworkers.lAsfarasIamconcerned,anindividualissubjecttothenewsituation,since timeand chance only visit those who havepreparedtoadapttoit.7/27/2024152命题类作文写
109、作技巧l一，写作步骤l1.审题与构思是写好作文的前提，因而在构思全文之前必须做到：l（1）思考题目的内容：对于所给的题目不应忽视，因为大部分短文可通过题目确定文章的体裁是记叙文，描写文还是说明文或议论文。l（2）明确提纲要求：一般通过提纲的安排布局便可确定短文的结构框架，并组织内容。l（3）充分列出素材：在listmaking的过程中不要顾忌所列出的是句子，短语，词还是速写，也不要担心写出的句子是否语言通顺正确，只要围绕主题即可。7/27/2024153命题提纲式作文常用的短语与句式（phrasesandsentencesusedtostartanessayl1.Withthe(rapidly
110、)growingpopularityofinChina,thequalityofourliveshavebeenconsiderablychanged.l2.Withthe(rapid)growthofoureconomy,anincreasingnumberofproblems,suchas,arebeginningtosurface.l3.Withthe(rapid)developmentofscienceandtechnologyanincreasingnumbersofpeoplecometorealizethat7/27/2024154l4.Currently,thereisawid
111、espreadconcernover5.Thereisawidespreadconcernthatl6.Thegovernmentis(Weare)seriouslyconcernwithl7.Inthepasttwodecades(Inthepastfiveyears),millionsofhavemushroomedalloverChina.l8.Nowadays,aheateddebate(discussion)aboutisunderwayinChina.l9.Asthepublicawarenessof.heightens,7/27/2024155l10.Recently,exten
112、sivestudiesshowthatl11.TherearethreemajorvaluesofTobeginwith,.Next,.Last,.Thereare,ontheotherhand,morereasonsagainstit.First(ly),Second(ly),Finally,l12.Therearesomereasonsforl13.Therearethreebasicdifferencesbetweenl14.ThethreemajorreasonsaffectingareA,BandC.7/27/2024156l15.Differentpeoplehavediffere
113、ntattitudestowardsthebidingofthe29thOlympicGames.Someareinfavorofwhileothersareagainstl16.Whenitcomestothe,mostpeoplebelievethatbutotherpeoplearguethatl17.Nowadays,has/havebecomeafocusofattention.7/27/2024157常用于命题提纲式作文结尾的短语，句式(PhrasesandSentencesusedtoendofanessay)l1.Without,itwouldbedifferenttoimag
114、inel2.Weshoulddoourbestineliminatingl3.Itisimperativeforustotakeeffectivemeasurestocorrectthesituationl4.Itisnotwhatyoubutwhatyouthatreallycounts.l5.Intheracefor,thereisnofinishline.l6.Theproblemisnottheproblemis7/27/2024158l7.Inshort,arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto13.Toconclude,l8.Letusworkhandinha
115、ndtol9.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatl10.Weshouldnotletthegoldenopportunityslipby.Onthecontrary,weshouldseizetheopportunityandfacethechallenge7/27/2024159下面结合一篇短文进行具体分析：lTitle:Onthelaid-offworkerproblemOutline:1.Presentsituation:laid-offworkers-acommonphenomenon2.Commentonthelay-offproblem3.Solutiontothepr
116、oblem7/27/2024160OntheLaid-offworkerProblemlChinaisfacedwiththeproblemoflaid-offworkers.BytheendofJune2003,accordingtotheofficialreports,therewere7.1millionlay-offsnationwide.Amongthosedischargedmanyarequalifiedforskilledwork.Evensomeformermodelworkersmaynowbeinadilemmaofbeinglaid-off.7/27/2024161lT
117、hereisnothingtomakeafussaboutthelaid-offworkerproblem.Thisis,anyway,aby-productofeconomicdevelopment.Withtheon-goingstateenterprisereform,efficiencyhasbecomeallthemoreimportant.Thepoorly-runfactoriesandplantshavetocutredundancyinordertosurvive.Thebankruptcantaffordtokeepanyemployee.Therefore,thephen
118、omenonoflaid-offworkers,inasense,isasignofprogressinthemanagementofthestateenterprise.7/27/2024162lTosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploy-mentcreatedbytherestruc
119、turingofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.7/27/2024163文章点评l这是一篇命题提纲式作文。从已知标题和写作提纲中不难看出，本篇短文的写作要求是对目前社会上普遍存在的下岗职工问题进行分析并提出解决的部分。短文显然属于论说文体。因此，短文整体结构可按照提纲所给条目自然分为三个段落。l第一段：Presentsit
120、uation:Laid-offwork-acommonphenomenon.lChinaisfacedwiththeproblemoflaid-offworkers.7/27/2024164lTS:Chinaisfacedwiththeproblemoflaid-offworkers.lDetails:7.1millionlay-offsnationwide.Amongthosedischargedmanyarequalifiedworkers.l第一段中accordingtotheofficialreports起着引经据典的作用，令人信服。Amongthosedischarged承上启下，使
121、行文更连贯。inadilemma是一个非常地道使用的介词词组，意为“处于困境中，左右为难”。7/27/2024165l第二段：Commentonthelay-offproblem.lTS:Thelaid-offworkerproblemisaby-productofeconomicdevelopment.l第三段：Solutiontotheproblem.lTS:Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.7/27/2024166四六级考试作文常见指示四六级考试作文常见指示四六级考试作文常见指示四六级考试作文常见指示/ /标志
122、词语标志词语标志词语标志词语 l1举例句：forexample,forinstance,suchas,as,like2转折句：although,but,however,yet,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,nevertheless,still,instead3因果句：because,for,since,thereasonisthat,resultfrom,so,thus,therefore,sothat,thatswhy,accordingly,asaresult,resultin,consequently,withtheresultthat4罗列递进句：also,
123、next,too,inaddition,furthermore,besides7/27/20241675比较句：asas,than,accordingas,inproportionas,while,whereas,6表示方式句：as,asif,asthough,theway,how7让步句：though,although,if,eventhough,when,while,whereas,grantingthat,grantedthat,admittingthat,forallthat,inspiteof7/27/20241688条件句：if,unless,suppose,supposing,a
124、ssuming,providing,provided,intheevent,justsothat,giventhat,incasethat,oncondition,aslongas9表示目的句：so,sothat,inorderthat,incase,lest,forfearthatl7/27/20241691 1 叙述夹说明叙述夹说明式式 l第一段写作公式：Iam/Mynameisbecausebeinganeye-witnessoforafriendofmineinthehospitalofitisobligedthat,itismydutyorrightorresponsibilityt
125、ruly/justly7/27/2024170第二段写作公式：第二段写作公式：lNow/Atpresent,wehavetofacethefactthat/Moreandmorepeoplegetinvolvedinforonereason,foranother,ononehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,otherssayorbelievethat,Iamafraid,asfarasIcanremember,whenhappened,confrontedwith,beresponsibleforthethat,shouldfacetoit,meetthech
126、allenge,figureoutwayssolutions,aboveall,next,also,finally7/27/20241711 1 一分为二辨证式一分为二辨证式 l第一段写作公式：Mostpeopleholditthat/believethat/putforwardtothatasfarasmajorityofus(students,things)areconcerned,theadvantagesto,are,besuperiorto,haveadvantagesoverfirstly,secondly,finally7/27/2024172第二段写作公式：第二段写作公式：lh
127、owever/nevertheless/inthemeantimerealizegettoknow/reconsider,morecomprehensively,thedisadvantaged,setbacks,shortcoming,beinferiortothatoritthefirstthesecondtheformerthelatter第三段写作公式：forme/tomyknowledge/personallyspeaking,oneway,theotherway,tobeinthemiddleof,bemild,thedialecticallawis,bedialectical,k
128、eepneutralin7/27/20241731.1.主题单面阐述式主题单面阐述式主题单面阐述式主题单面阐述式 l第一段写作公式：ThereisanoldstorylikethisAwell-knownsayinggoesthatApopularsonggoesthat/Theysay7/27/2024174第二段写作公式：lSeeingisbelievinglActionsspeaklouderthanwordslvarious or plentiful or different examplesandexperiencescanbeshownhowlOneexamplehappenedt
129、olOnecaseisorwasthesecondexample,onemore example for instance/ name somesuccessfulhistoricalmen7/27/2024175第三段写作公式第三段写作公式：lMyfavouriteproverbMyfirmbeliefIpersistinorinsistonorholditthatIfrequiredtoaddmore,myadviceonitMysuggestionuponoratsthtoyou7/27/2024176nThe leaders of ancient Egypt and Ethiopia
130、made many important contributions to good government. (2) Negroes in Africa were among the earliest to perfect the art of making iron. (3) In West Africa, Tenkemenin, Gonga Mussa, and Sonni Ali made many important advances in the aera of defensive and offensive warfare. (4) Certainly Africans have e
131、arned their place in history.n7/27/2024177nThe wind picks up and begins to hurl itself throughn those deserted streets. Signboards sway violently nfrom side to side, seeming almost to want to go nwith the wind that blows them. Trees complain as nthe strong wind tears at their branches, causingn them
132、 to bend and bow down. With the wind comes then rain. The terrible rain beats down, stingingn anyone unfortunate enough not yet to have reachedn the safety of home.7/27/2024178nNote: Note: The topic sentence in the first paragraph is the first one, and the topic in the second paragraph is the last o
133、ne while there is no topic sentence in the third paragraph, which just implies the main idea rather than stating it. For description and narration, occasionally readers can hardly find the topic sentence, therefore it needs your concluding or inferring.l7/27/2024179The wind picks up and begins to hu
134、rl itself through those deserted streets. Signboards sway violently from side to side, seeming almost to want to go with the wind that blows them. Trees complain as the strong wind tears at their branches, causing them to bend and bow down. With the wind comes the rain. The terrible rain beats down,
135、 stinging anyone unfortunate enough not yet to have reached the safety of home.7/27/2024180Note: Note: The topic sentence in the first paragraph is the first one, and the topic in the second paragraph is the last one while there is no topic sentence in the third paragraph, which just implies the mai
136、n idea rather than stating it. For description and narration, occasionally readers can hardly find the topic sentence, therefore it needs your concluding or inferring.7/27/2024181l建建议议在在考考试试面面前前，考考生生作作者者在在写写文文章章就就要要直直奔奔主主题题、开开门门见见山山，先先摆摆主主题题句句、关关键键词词，然然后后再再逐逐步步琢琢磨磨细细节节、事事实实，最最后后别别忘忘了了画画龙龙点点睛睛，再再次次归归
137、纳纳概概要要，以以便便再再次次感感化化考考官官，刺刺激激他他们们的的兴兴奋奋点点，丰丰收收你自己的成功希望。你自己的成功希望。7/27/2024182第三节第三节第三节第三节大学英语四、六级大学英语四、六级题型介绍、对考生的要求、题型介绍、对考生的要求、 评分标准及应试策略与技巧评分标准及应试策略与技巧7/27/20241831.1.当前社会上存在许多不诚当前社会上存在许多不诚 实的现象实的现象2.2.诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实 ItPaystoBeHonestItPaystoBeHonestl从试题表面分析，考生应做到：l1.尽量在30分钟之内完成构思、书面表达两个
138、过程，绝大多数考生不打草稿，这是时间短的原因。但考生不得因为不打草稿，就把字写得很乱、或把卷面弄得不整洁。7/27/2024184 2. 2.作文题目或主题作文题目或主题为为ItPaystoBeHonestItPaystoBeHonest（诚实利人利诚实利人利己有好报）。文章所有句子都要围绕这一主题，不要扯己有好报）。文章所有句子都要围绕这一主题，不要扯得过远、讲的太宽泛或太深奥，这样就跑题了。得过远、讲的太宽泛或太深奥，这样就跑题了。3.3.文章主题虽然给出，但许多人仍然可能抓不住文章主题虽然给出，但许多人仍然可能抓不住要害，无从下手。那么，要害，无从下手。那么，outlineoutline
139、（提纲）就筐住了每段提纲）就筐住了每段的主题句。主题句中的关键词就是考生扩展的中心点。的主题句。主题句中的关键词就是考生扩展的中心点。7/27/20241854.4.考生写出的文章长度为考生写出的文章长度为120120或或150150个以上的英个以上的英语单词，只许多，不许少，标点符号、试题中已给出语单词，只许多，不许少，标点符号、试题中已给出的主题句、起始句、结束句都不计入考生的作文净字的主题句、起始句、结束句都不计入考生的作文净字数。这就要求考生不妨多写数。这就要求考生不妨多写2020左右的单词，以免被因左右的单词，以免被因缺少几个词而扣分。以往题试对四级考生的作文长度缺少几个词而扣分。以
140、往题试对四级考生的作文长度为不少于为不少于120120单词，而对六级考生的要求是不少于单词，而对六级考生的要求是不少于150150个单词。关于字数要求，试题的未来走向是逐步增加。个单词。关于字数要求，试题的未来走向是逐步增加。7/27/2024186四级作文常用公式四级作文常用公式l第一段写作公式：lItcanbeseenthatlFromthegraph(chart,curve,picture)lThegraphshowsthatlThestatisticsinthegraphindicateslYou can find the tendency in the chartthat7/27/2
141、024187l第二段写作公式：lWhatarethereasonsforit?lThereareafewreasonsorways.lTheexplainingarelThesolutionsincludelFirst(ofall)alsosecond,inaddition,furthermorel第三段写作公式：lThen/Howevertome/forme/tomypointofview,lasfarasIamconcerned,lforonething,fortheother/foranother(thing)7/27/2024188 英英英英语语作文的作文的作文的作文的词语选词语选用用
142、用用规则规则和和和和标标准准准准介绍介绍介绍介绍l1.抽象词汇多用于归纳总结；而具体名词多用于段落中的细节末枝。l2.口头语、方言词、民间短语、低俗词多用于闲聊性对话和亲密人员间的书信。而正式词、官方语多用于外交声明、官方文件、经贸、科技等领域的文字表达。陈述讨论目的介绍自己l3.有几个同义词可供选择时，尽量挑选最准确、适应的词以便与文章内容、风格、时代风尚等相配合。l4.有习语、成语，就尽量采用，少用过时、生僻成语，不过更避免随意造词，任意堆砌组合短语。l5.选购一二本好字典。字典中应包括同义词、反义词对比，更应包括英文解释及英文句子举例。7/27/20241898.复合句有适当连词。9.复
143、合句要主次分明。10.用比较级时，句子应有比较关系的形容词、 副词比较级。形容词、副词的比较级特殊变化 要严格遵守。介词前后的比较对象要一致。7/27/2024190翻译总论：中英差异7/27/20241911、英语重结构、汉语重语意：l1）好好学习，天天向上：Workhardandmakeprogresseveryday.l2）你不知道谁知道：Ifyoudontknow,whoknows!7/27/20241922、英语多长句、汉语多短句：lNowtheearthwasformlessandempty,darknesswasoverthesurfaceofthedeep,andtheSpir
144、itofGodwashoveringoverthewaters.(Bible)l地是空虚混沌，渊面黑暗；神的灵运行在水面上。7/27/20241933、英语多从句、汉语多分句：lHecouldnotseethegreenoftheshorenowbutonlythetopsofthebluehillsthatshowedwhiteasthoughtheyweresnow-cappedandthecloudsthatlookedlikehighsnowmountainsabovethem.(ErnestHemingway:TheOldManandtheSea)l他眼下已看不见海岸的那一道绿色了，
145、只看得见那些青山的仿佛积着白雪的山峰，以及山峰上空像是高耸的雪山般的云块。（吴劳译）7/27/20241944、英语多代词、汉语多名词：lErichSegal:LoveStorylJenny:“Oh,whatafallingoffwasthere.Whosaidthat?”lOliver:“Idontknow”,Ireplied,“Shakespeare?”lJenny:“Yes,butwhosaidit?”Shesaidanxiously.l“Icantevenrememberwhichplayitwasin.”7/27/20241955、英语多被动、汉语多主动：7/27/20241961）
146、常见句型：l（1）Itissaidthat据说l（2）Itisbelievedthat人们认为l（3）Itisreportedthat据报道l（4）Itisestimatedthat据估计l（5）Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出l（6）Itmustbeadmittedthat必须承认l（7）Ithasbeenfoundthat实践证明l（8）Itissuggestedthat有人建议7/27/2024197l（9）Itisagreedthat人们认为l（10）Itisimaginedthat人们认为l（11）Itcannotbedeniedthat不可否认l（12）Itwi
147、llbeseenfromthisthat由此可知l（13）Itshouldberealizedthat必须认识到l（14）Itisalwaysstressedthat人们总是强调l（15）Itisgenerallyconsideredthat人们普遍认为l（16）Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat可以毫不夸张的说7/27/20241982）主被均可：l（1）ThatbookmusthavebeentakenawaybyWangFei.l（2）Inthedevelopmentofsocialeconomy,theculturetraditionmus
148、tbekept.l（3）Theeconomicdevelopmentisdecidedtogreatextentbyscienceandtechnology.7/27/20241993）主译为宾：lNewsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthepasttime.7/27/2024200l4)GettysburgAddress：Four
149、scoreandsevenyearsago,ourfathersbroughtforthuponthiscontinent,anewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal.(AbrahamLincoln)l林肯葛底斯堡演讲：87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家，它主张自由，并且信仰一种理论，那就是人类生而平等人类生而平等。7/27/20242016、英语多变化、汉语多重复：l“MansYouth”（ThomasWolfe）：Mansyouthisawonderf
150、ulthing:itissofulloflanguishandofmagicandhenevercomestoknowitasitis,untilithasgonefromhimforever.l青春啊青春：青春是如此的奇妙，充满着苦痛，也充满着神奇。翩翩少年永远不知青春为何物，直到年华已逝，才如梦初醒。7/27/20242027、英语多抽象、汉语多具体：l1）lackofperseverance三天打鱼、两天晒网l2）awaitwithgreatanxiety望穿秋水l3）withgreateagerness如饥似渴l4）Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesenseto
151、loweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood.”7/27/20242038、英语多引申、汉语多推理：l1）Youknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.知人看伴，知词看文l2）Wordsdonothavemeaning,butpeoplehavemeaningforthem.词本无义，义随心生l3）TheTenSecretsofAbundantLove（AdamJackson）”TheP
152、owerofPassion”:Passioncanberecreatedbyrecreatingpastexperienceswhenyoufeltpassionate.l爱的十大秘密：当你充满激情的再现以往经历时，你就会再现激情。7/27/20242049、英语多省略、汉语多补充：lWilliamShakespeare:RomeoandJulietlJuliet:Mybountyisasboundlessasthesea,lMyloveasdeep:themoreIgivetothee,lThemoreIhave:forbothareinfinite.l我的慷慨像海一样浩渺，l我的爱也像海一样深沉；我给你的越多，l我自己也是越富有：因为这两者都是没有穷尽的。（朱生豪译）lToerrishuman;toforgive,divine.犯错人人难免，宽恕实属超凡。lOneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.7/27/202420510、英语多前重心、汉语多后重心：7/27/2024206Thank you! Good luck!7/27/2024207
