口译课堂笔记讲解ppt课件

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1、Interpretation-being joyful with pains Requirements of Interpretation Course As far as Chinese students are concerned, in the first place, the crux to learn interpretation course well is to lay a solid foundation in the four basic skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.Second, what is taug

2、ht in interpretation class is supposed to fully embody the features and regularity of interpretation. Attention should be given to note-taking, sight interpretation, capacity of induction, bilingual eloquence, commonly-used words and expressions, figure interpretation, etc.Interpretation course is i

3、deally intended for senior excellent students and graduates, in other words, they wont begin to learn interpretation techniques until they make a good mastery of Chinese and English.2. Teaching ApproachTheoryThe Definition of Interpretation The types of InterpretationThe characteristics of Interpret

4、ation The qualification of an Interpreter The criteria of Interpretation The difficulties of InterpretationPracticeNumbersSentencesShort Paragraphs Specific TopicsTestContentsThe Definition of InterpretationThe Types of InterpretationThe Characteristics of Interpretation& The Qualifications of an In

5、terpreterThe Criteria of InterpretationMemoryNote-takingInterpretation of appellationThe Differences between American English and British English & culture DifferenceInterpretation of proverb, idiom, idiomatic expression and a two-part allegorical saying The Definition of Interpretation“Interpretati

6、on, essentially, means an extempore oral reproduction, in one language, of what is said in another language.” - Mr. Zhong Shukong “Translation” is defined as “the faithful representation, in one language, of what is written in another language”Two Differences between interpretation & translation:As

7、practice proves it, interpretation, is not merely a linguistic undertaking, but also that of “communication” to a larger extent; At all official international meetings, the term “translate”, “translator”, or “translation” is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text; and the term

8、“interpret”, “interpreter” or “interpretation”, when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.For Example:用词上的区别l口语笔语 lto seeto behold lto askto interrogate lin thisherein lof thishereof lafter thatthereafter laboutwith reference

9、 to 我干了一天活，累得连炕都上不去，浑身疼得要命，睡也睡不着。I was so fatigued after a days drudgery that I found it very hard to mount the kang . My whole frame aching acutely, I could not go to sleep, however hard I tried . I was so tired after a days work that I could hardly get on to the kang. As my whole body ached like a

10、nything , I simply couldnt get to sleep even if I tried to. 句法上的区别Now the superpowers have been exposed to the charge that they reserve their nuclear weapons for the revolutionary people of the world. 现在超级大国已受到他们储存核武器是为了对付世界革命人民的指责。(wrong)现在超级大国已受到这样的指责，即他们储存核武器是为了对付世界革命人民。(right)I am very glad to h

11、ear that the contract has been signed only after two rounds of discussions.我很高兴地听说只经过两轮谈判，合同就签下来了。(translation)听说只经过两轮谈判，合同就签下来了，我感到很高兴。(interpretation)The Types of Interpretation操作形式分：Consecutive Interpretation接续口译接续口译Simultaneous Interpretation同声传译同声传译whispering interpretation耳语口译耳语口译sight interpr

12、etation视阅口译视阅口译alternating interpretation交替口译交替口译传译方向分：One-way interpretation单向口译Two-way interpretation双向口译操作内容：Guide interpretation导游口译导游口译Ceremony interpretation礼仪口译礼仪口译Conference interpretation会议口译会议口译Information interpretation宣传口译宣传口译Negotiation interpretation谈判口译谈判口译The Characteristics of Inter

13、pretation& The Qualifications of an InterpreterCharacteristics:-“The main difficulty with interpretation is that it is impossible to do it perfectly.”-“Interpretation is a very complex matter. The case is: there is always something I could have done better!”My understanding of interpretation is: Int

14、erpretation is a profession you always feel regrettableQualificationsA strong sense of dutyLinguisticproficiency -a fairly good command of the languages involved and a good grasp of the cultures of the languages involved. Encyclopedic knowledge-a goal towards which the conscientious interpreter or t

15、ranslator should work untiringly.Mastery of interpretation techniques-Not all those who have a good command of the languages involved and have acquired a wide range and scope of general knowledge are necessarily good interpreters. Techniques: Acute hearing! A good articulation!Familiarity with simul

16、taneous note-taking!A good memory!Quick and accurate response!The Criteria of InterpretationPunctualityAccuracycompleteness Frankness Naturalness Fluency Examples: (Accuracy)98年全市高校教师有25000人，博士生导师750人，占全国的13.9%。 78年至今，公派出国人数为18000人。In 1998, there are 25,000 full time teachers in colleges and univers

17、ities, 750 of whom are supervisors for doctoral degree candidates, accounting for 13.9 percent of the whole country. Since 1978, there have been 18,000 people sent abroad at the expense of the government. Examples: (completeness) Those children who have impaired eyesight or hearing or are mentally r

18、etarded can also go to special school. 那些视力，听力，智力有缺陷的儿童也可以入学。 Examples:( Naturalness)能够让你幸福，我愿意付出我的一切。 If I can be the instrument of your happiness, I will sacrifice all my belongings. be the instrument of sth 引来某事物的人或事（使动类经典句） While some workers adopted the tactic of being slack and talking back to

19、 their supervisors, some others tried to resolve these difficulties through negotiations with the administration of the company. 当一些雇员采取了马虎懒散、同主管顶嘴的策略时，另一些雇员则试图通过公司行政领导谈判来解决这个问题。 More examples:年过三十，要么成婚，要么单身。 The age of 30s leaves you the choice of marriage or remaining a bachelor. leave sb the choi

20、ce of . or . 要么要么.,要么要么. （选择类经典句） 西部大开发一定能成为沟通世界各国和中国的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展，共同繁荣。 The Great Western Development is bound to be a bridge between China and the rest world, promoting the common economic development and prosperity of China and the world at large. be bound to 必定必定.；一定；一定. （意愿类经典句）（意愿类经典句） D

21、ealing with these problems is all a matter of experience. 处理这些问题全凭经验。 a matter of sth/doing sth 与与.有有关情况或问题关情况或问题 （描述类经典句）（描述类经典句） 在下一轮的会谈中，我们将宣布中东地区永久停火协议，对此我抱有乐观态度并充满希望。I am optimistic and hopeful that the next round of talk will witness a permanent cease-fire in the Middle East. witness. 见证见证. （发

22、生类经（发生类经典句）典句） Note-taking-The worst pen is better than the best memoryWhy to note?To relieve memory!-鉴于口译实践的客观需要，口译人员有必要鉴于口译实践的客观需要，口译人员有必要借助口译笔记记下讲话太长、或者并列内容多、借助口译笔记记下讲话太长、或者并列内容多、相互关联小、译员不熟悉的内容；或者出现一连相互关联小、译员不熟悉的内容；或者出现一连串的人名、地名、机构名、缩略语、数字、年份、串的人名、地名、机构名、缩略语、数字、年份、专业术语等情况。专业术语等情况。-具体场合通常包括：完整准确性要

23、求较高的具体场合通常包括：完整准确性要求较高的会见、会谈、谈判交涉、情况介绍、即席演讲、会见、会谈、谈判交涉、情况介绍、即席演讲、新闻发布会、法庭审判等等。新闻发布会、法庭审判等等。How to note?1.Concentrate on the lecture or on the reading material. 2.Take notes consistently. 3.Take notes selectively. Do NOT try to write down every word. Remember that the average lecturer speaks approxim

24、ately 125-140 words per minute, and the average note-taker writes at a rate of about 25 words per minute. 4.Translate ideas into your own words. 5.Organize notes into some sort of logical form. 6.Be brief. Write down only the major points and important information. 7.Write legibly. Notes are useless

25、 if you cannot read them later! 8.Dont be concerned with spelling and grammar. techniques字数少，行数多；字数少，行数多； 口译笔记字数少、行数多，操作效率非常高行数口译笔记字数少、行数多，操作效率非常高行数多有三大好处。一是可以加快速度；二是把并列多有三大好处。一是可以加快速度；二是把并列的内容一一分行，有利于一目了然、一目数行；的内容一一分行，有利于一目了然、一目数行；三是两旁空白较多，尤其是右上方和左下，便于三是两旁空白较多，尤其是右上方和左下，便于补充、修正。补充、修正。承上启下；承上启下； 承上启

26、下的连接词，对译员回忆下一句、下一承上启下的连接词，对译员回忆下一句、下一段话意思，发挥重要作用，并且有助于笔记的逻段话意思，发挥重要作用，并且有助于笔记的逻辑性。汉语常用的连词有：虽然、但是、因为、辑性。汉语常用的连词有：虽然、但是、因为、所以、如果、只要、一旦、即使，等等；英文的所以、如果、只要、一旦、即使，等等；英文的连接词有：连接词有：despite, but, although, therefore, if, provided that, in case, as a result, because of, thanks to, even if, in order to, howeve

27、r等等。等等。记好首尾；记好首尾；备双笔、巧用本。备双笔、巧用本。Example: Nowadays, Southeast Asian Countries like Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and even Viet Nam offer more attractive incentive policies. Their labor cost is lower and the investment return is higher. In a word, their competitiveness is increasing.

28、 Is China concerned about it? What will China do?笔记：笔记： 今东南 Ina, Tha 马，菲，VN offer 优 incen pol 劳投 re(投回) 总，竞 Chi担？做？ This joint venture project is important to OTIS and important to your city. But it really reflects a larger trend I would like to speak today.笔记：笔记： JV impt Otis + city but 反 for great

29、er than, more, larger for leads to, produces, results in diameter of Moon 常用符号：表示出口；打入；投往；开放；抵达；派往；输出等 Chinas export to the United States: ChiUS: 表示进口；回归；来自；回到 the US import from Japan: USJap: 表示增加；提高；发展；增长；上升；升值；扩大 increase by 40 percent: 40%: 表示下降；减少；下跌；贬值；扣除；恶化 drop by 2 per cent: 2% : 表示因为；由于 正是

30、由于改革开放：！改开:表示所以，因此，结果 The new car is smaller and therefore cheaper: new car价:表示等于；相当于；一样:表示不等于 这并不等于说我们不注意：X attn: 表示自从；从起 Ever since 1990: 90; 表示同意；赞成；支持；好 我方同意：We; Its a good idea to: id 名牌产品：品X: 表示不好；不是；不对；没有 没有问题：x文 : 表示加强；大于；超过；越来越；胜过 越来越多的家庭上因特网：家Int: 表示小于；少于；次于 one thing I was less than total

31、ly happy about: Ihap:表示交流；交换；替代 exchange of visiting professors: V profs:表示重要；优秀；最好等 That is a very important point that you: P,U 效率高，质量好，效益也是同行最好的：efic,质,益:表示总和；总数；总共 外贸进出口总额达到137亿美元：贸13.7b U$:表示大约；左右:表示终止；停顿Interpretation of Figures任何话题的口译都可能遇到各种复杂的数字。而数字的口译又必须准确无误，不得有半点疏忽。对初任口译的人来说，数字的口译往往是一大难点。造

32、成汉英数字互译困难的原因有几个方面：一是汉语和英语的数字表达方式和四位以上数字的数位分段法不同。汉语数位的个、十、百、千、万、十万、百万、千万、亿、十亿等都是用10的倍数来表达的。汉语四位以上的数字每四位为一段；而英语则每三位为一段。英语数词中没有与汉语“万”、“十万”、“千万”、“亿”等相对应的词，这就给汉英数字互译带来很大不便。汉译英时遇到以上数字时，译员必须很快推算出与其相对应的英语数位和表达方式。用“ten thousand”表示“万”，用“hundred thousand”表示“十万”，用“ten million”表示“千万”，用“hundred million”表示“亿”等。英译汉

33、时则要做相反的推算和转换。这样，译员在进行语言转换的同时，要不停地进行数位的推导和换算，脑子活动异常紧张，稍不注意便会出错。造成汉英数字互译困难的另一个原因是英语有可数和不可数名词之分，在表示与可数和不可数名词相关的不定数字或倍数时，汉英两种语言的表达方式不同。例如：下列几组不定数字的汉语表达方式基本上是一样的，而英语则不同。很多人（书） many people（books）很多水（啤酒）much water（beer）很多人（水） a lot of people (water)大量的参考书 a large number of reference books大量有用的信息 a large qu

34、antity of useful information大批的产品（食物） large quantities of products (food) 你要多少（面包）就拿多少。Take as much（bread）as you want.你要多少（桔子）就拿多少。Take as many (oranges) as you want. 由此可见，数字的口译的确比较复杂、困难，但还是有一定的规律可循。译员可根据具体情况采取以下做法：1三位以内数字的口译。三位以内数字的汉英互译在语言表达上基本一致，各数字都有相应的词，无须推算，只要按英语和汉语的习惯读出数字就行了。只是英语的百位和十位之间一般要加“a

35、nd”。请看下列数字互译练习。用英语朗读下列数字15fifteen20twenty35thirty-five63sixty-three101one hundred and one207two hundred and seven370three hundred and seventy414four hundred and fourteen839eight hundred and thirty-nine948nine hundred and forty-eight 2四位以上数字的口译四位以上数字的口译较为复杂，因为英汉数字分段方法和表达方式的不同，在译出之前需要进行一番换算。另外，数字互译时，译

36、员要学会记录和分段，这样翻译起来就容易多了。例如，英译汉时，听到英语数字时，特别是较为复杂的数字和系列数字时，立即用阿拉伯数字记录下来，记录的同时按英语数位分段法，从后往前每三位数为一段，用一逗号分开。这样就会在“thousand”，“million”，“billion”等各数位后分别有一逗号。因为英语数字的分段法正好和阿拉伯数字的分节法相一致，都是三位一段。分段后的数字以逗号为参照，按英汉数字换算规律，第一个逗号前一位译成“千”，前两位译成“万”，前三位译成“十万”；第二个逗号前一位译成“百万”，前两位译成“千万”，前三位译成“亿”；第三个逗号前一位译成“十亿”，这样，依此类推，容易多了。汉

37、译英时，也是把听到的数字用阿拉伯数字记录下来，从后往前，每三位用一逗号分开，然后用英语读出每位数就行了。读时，把握好第一个逗号前的数字读 “x thousand”，第二个逗号前读“x million”，第三个逗号前读“x billion”等规律。每个段位的其它数字按10进规律，依次读为“ten thousand”、“hundred thousand”、“ten million”、“hundred million”数字记录可采用各种简便符号或标点。如35,000可记录成“35,”，用“”表示“000”，或者只用“35，”表示逗号后有三个“0”。3,000,000可记录成“3,”或者“3，”。用英

38、语朗读下列数字1,369one thousand three hundred and sixty-nine2,010two thousand and ten 4,705four thousand seven hundred and five6,003six thousand and three15,600fifteen thousand six hundred75,426,391seventy five million, four hundred and twenty-six thousand, three hundred and ninety-one564,000,000five hundr

39、ed and sixty-four million1,250,000,000one billion two hundred and fifty million3模糊数字的口译口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字，如“几个”、“十几个”、“几十个”、“成百上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律，但主要靠平时熟记，用时才能熟练自如，准确无误。注意以下模糊数字的口译。几个几个some; a few; several; a number of 两、三个两、三个two or three五、六个五、六个five or six十几个十几个more than ten; over a dozen; less/no

40、more than twenty三十来个三十来个about/ around thirty几十个几十个dozens of 几十年几十年decades十几岁十几岁in ones teens四十出头四十出头a little/a bit over forty五十岁左右五十岁左右more or less fifty (years old); about fifty (years old)近八十岁了近八十岁了nearly/almost eighty (years old)九十好几了九十好几了well over ninety (years old)五点左右五点左右around five oclock三天左右

41、三天左右three days or so大约大约150米处米处somewhere about 150 meters好几百好几百hundreds of 成千上万，千千万万成千上万，千千万万thousands of 几十万几十万hundreds of thousands of几百万几百万millions of 亿万亿万hundreds of millions of 4、百分数、小数、分数的口译8%eight percent15%fifteen percent42%forty-two percent4.35%four point three five percent0.5%point five pe

42、rcent4.032four point naught three two71.006seventy-one point naught naught six one half; a half1/3one third a quarter3/5three-fifths1/10one-tenth1/100one-hundredth；one percent 1/1000one-thousandth1/10000one-ten thousandths4-2/3four and two-thirds5. 增/减倍数的口译英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达方法所表示

43、的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义：A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B.A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times.A is N times as large（long，heavy）as B.这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小(长度、重量)是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（长、重）N-1倍”。根据以上规律，请翻译下列英语句子：(1) The earth is 49 times the size of th

44、e moon.地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍)(2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold.自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。(3) Within 30 ye

45、ars there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.30年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。(4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution. 虽然伦敦占地不到40万

46、英亩，却需要近5000万英亩的土地125倍于它本身的面积来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。 汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类第一类表示是(原数的)几倍，几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的)几倍。第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍。这两类说法含义不同。第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。第二类表示净增倍数。因此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区分不同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用 (N+1) times 来表示。例如：去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍

47、（为原来的两倍）。The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year.The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要仔细区分是包括基数在内的增加倍数还是净增倍数，然后决定用N times 还是（N+1）times 来表达。例如： (1) 过去20年中，中国的国内生产总值增长了近五倍。In the past 20 years, Chin

48、as gross domestic product increased nearly six times.(2) 1978年至1997年，中国人均生产总值增长了3.4倍。Chinas per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997.(3) 中国城镇居民人均居住面积由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加1.4倍。The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 t

49、o 8.8 square meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times.(4) 1949年至1998年, 中国的粮食总产量由1.1亿吨增加到5.1亿吨, 增长3.5倍, 年平均增长3.1%, 是人口增长率的2.5倍。Chinas total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent,

50、 2.5 times that of the population growth.(5) 1997年, 全国高等学校在校生总数为608万人, 其中研究生18万人, 分别是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。In 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.由于汉语很少用“减少了若干倍”的说法，而多用“减少了百分之几”或“减少

51、了几成”的说法，因此，减少多用百分数和分数表示。例如： (1) 由于水灾，去年的收成减少了三成。Owing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percent.(2) 该公司的员工裁减了近三分之一，开支减少了四分之一。The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth.(3) 1998年，政府机构改革目标实现。国务院下设部门从40个减少到29个，人员减少了近一半。In 1998，the tar

52、gets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.6.增/减百分比的口译 “增/减了百分之几”英语和汉语的含义一致，都表示净增或净减百分数。英汉增/减百分数的表示法有以下几种：1）增/减了%increase/rise/grow%decrease/drop/fall/sink %或者increase/rise/grow/go up

53、by %decrease/drop/fall/go down by %Between 1986 and 1987, Nikes sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.与“锐步”鞋业竞争的结果， 耐克（鞋）从1986到1987年的销售额下降了18%，利润下降了40%多。By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 199

54、6, Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；meanwhile, Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一个以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的销售额和利润分别上涨了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的竞争对手锐步只上涨了9%。Procter & Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%.(

55、美国) 普罗科特甘布尔公司刚刚把他们的纸制品价格提高了8%。Spending on non-durables-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30% last year.去年非耐用品，从皂片、剃须刀到网球鞋的消费上升了30%。In the fiscal year of 2000, ending on March 30, export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan, 10 percent in Thailand, 9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.

56、4 percent in Hong Kong. However, the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter.在3月30日刚刚结束的2000财政年度，台湾的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰国10%、南韩9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中国大陆却公布了第一季度7.5%的可观增长。In America, the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997

57、, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the number between (the age of) 25 to 34 fell 28 percent.在美国以农业为主要职业的人数1997下降到961，560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而年龄在25到34岁的人数下降了28%。2) 与相比，增/减了%increase/rise/grow /go up by % (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to / overdecrease/drop/fall/go down by % (as) compared wi

58、th /as against / as opposed to /over1999年，普通高校招生规模比上年扩大了47.4%。University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year.同1997年相比，1998年工业排污减少了11.6%；家庭排污增加了2.6%。Compared with 1997, the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent, while that of domestic s

59、ewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1998.因受亚洲金融危机的冲击，1998年中国进出口总额比上年下降0.4%，其中进口总额下降1.5%；出口总额增长0.5%。As a result of Asian financial crises, Chinas total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped by 0.4 percent over the previous year, of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent, and the value of

60、export went up by 0.5 percent.3) 增/减率be % increase/ rise /growth be % decrease/drop /declinean increase / a rise / a growth rate of %a decrease / drop / decline of %be % up /down be up / down%1999年，中国外贸出口达1949亿美元，比上年增长6.1%。Chinas total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999, a rise of 6.1 percent

61、over the previous year.1998年，中国全年海外游客入境人数6348万人次，比上年增长10.2%, 国际旅游收入达126亿美元, 增长4.4%。In 1998, China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas, up by 10.2 percent. Income of foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 million US dollars, up 4.4 percent.4) 增/减具体数字的英译也可用 “by” +具体数字来表示我国水土流失面积每年以10,000

62、平方公里的速度在扩大。目前，水土流失面积已达367万平方公里,占总土地面积将近38%。The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km. annually to 3.67 million square km. at present, accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land area.由于低温多雨的影响, 我国夏粮减产1460万吨。Chinas output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy days during the growing period.