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1、十分钟看懂中国WhatisChina?（中国到底怎样？）ThePeoplesRepublicofChinacommonlyknownasChinaislocatedineastAsia,andborders14nationsoranyothercountyintheworld.（中华人民共和国，简称中国，位于东亚。与14个国家或地区接壤）Itisthemostpopulousstateintheworldwitha1.3billioncitizenswhiletheworldspopulationis6.8billionThatmeansotherevery5peopleintheworldo
2、neisChinese.（是世界人口最多的国家有13亿人口，而世界人口是68亿，也就是说世界上每五个人中就有一个中国人）Chinasmadeof56distinctive(显著的，特殊的)ethnicgroups(民族)withHanChinesemakingthe92%ofitswholepopulation.(中国有56个民族，汉族占总人口的92%）ChinaisasinglepartystategovernedbytheCommunistPartyofChinawhosepowerisenshrinedinChineseconstitution.（由中国共产党执政，执政地位被写入宪法中）
3、ThoughChinaisofficiallyanatheistcountryitsreligiousrootsliewithinConfucianismBuddhismandTaoismandfromthesemostsocialandmoralvaluesarederived(衍生，起源_).TherearealsoasignificantnumberofChineseMuslimswhoarrivedviathesilkroadtraderouteandstillretain(保持，保留)theirdistinctculture.（中国奉行无神论，其宗教文化扎根于儒教、佛教和道教。社会道
4、德也多根源于此。中国也有大量的穆斯林，沿丝绸之路到达中国，保持着自己的传统）HistoryChinaisoneoftheworldoldestcivilizationsdatingbackmorethan5millionyearandwasruledbysuccessive(持续的)dynastiesuntil1912.（中国是文明古国之一有五千年文明，世袭的封建王朝结束于1912年）Duringthesetimemanygreatdiscoveriesinfields(领域)ofscienceandtechnologyweremadeincludingtheinventionsofprint
5、ingpapergunpowerandcompass.（中国古代有许多重要的科技发明，包括印刷术，造纸术，火药和指南针）Thisperiodalsosawtheconstructionofmanylandmarkssuchasthegreatwallwhichstretches(延伸，扩展)over4000milesequalsto30returntravelsfromLondontoParis.(也有很多著名的建筑，比如绵延四千英里的长城，相当于往返伦敦和巴黎30次的距离）Afteraperiodofforeignoccupationandcivilwar(内战),theCommunistP
6、artyofChinaledbyMaogainedcontrolofmainlandChinain1949andestablishedPRC.(抗战和内战结束后，毛泽东领导共产党于1949年夺取了中国大陆的政权，建立了中华人民共和国）ThemodernChinaoftodayisasmuchshapedbyitspastasitsrapidlylookingtothefutureWhilemanyofitsbigcitiesarecomparableto(类似)anyinthewesttheunderlyingcultureisstillvastlydifferentTravelingouts
7、idelargeurbanareasalsohighlights(使显著)thegrowingdisparitybetweenrichandpoor(贫富差距).（中国的历史和未来塑造了当今的中国，许多城市很像西方的大城市，但二者存在着巨大的文化差异，走出城市就能看到不断增大的城乡贫富差距）LanguageChinesewhichisthemostwidelyspokenlanguageintheworldaswellasoneofthemostimpenetrable(难以理解的)forforeignersTherearemanyregionaldialectsofChinesealthou
8、ghthemostwidelyspokenisMandarin(普通话)andCantonese(粤语).（汉语是世界上使用最广泛同时让外国人最难搞懂的语言之一，汉语的方言很多，使用最多的是普通话和粤语）Chinesecharacters(汉字)evolvedovertimefromearlierformsofhieroglyphs(象形文字).Chinesecontainsover40,000charactersbutawell-educatedpersoncanrecognizearound6000characterssome3000arerequiredtoreadanewspaper.
9、(汉子发源于象形文字，有超过四万个汉字，受过良好教育的人能认识大约6000个字，阅读报纸需要认识三千字左右Chinesecalendar（农历)ChineseZodiac(十二宫图)sascheme(计划、方案)thatrelateseachyeartoananimalThisistheyearoftherabbit.(中国人用十二生肖来代表年份，今年是兔年)ChinesenewyearisthemostimportantoftraditionalChineseholidaysWindowsanddoorswillbedecoratedwithredcolorpaper-cuts(剪纸)and
10、coupletswithpopularthemesofhappinesswealthandlongevity(长寿).OntheEveofChineseNewYearsupperisafeastwithfamiliesThefamilywillendthenightwithfirecrackersEarlythenextmorningchildrenwillmeettheirparentsbywishingthemahealthyandhappynewyearandreceivemoneyinredpaperenvelops（农历新年是最重要的传统节日，门窗会贴上红色的剪纸和对联，象征幸福，富
11、裕和长寿。除夕夜，家人回忆起吃年夜饭过年时会放鞭炮，大年初一，小孩子会给长辈拜年，长辈则会发红包）Chinesepeopleloveredcolorwhichsymbolizesprosperity(繁荣)andgoodluck.（中国人喜欢红色，红色象征着繁荣和吉利）TheperiodaroundChinesenewyearisalsothetimeofthelargesthumanmigrationandbetween150and200millionmigrantworkers(农民工)inChinabringhometheirearningsandgotohaveaunitdinnerw
12、iththeirfamiliesonChinesenewyeareve.（最大的人类迁徙也发生于春节期间，一点五到两亿农民工会带回一年的收入，和家人一起吃团圆饭）YouthMostmarriedcouplesinChinaaresubjectedtoonechildpolicywhichisintroducedin1979tocurb(控制)massive(大量的)populationgrowthItisbelievedtohavepreventedmorethan300millionbirthssincethen.（大多数夫妻都需要遵守一胎化政策，这是1979年的计划生育政策，据说，该政策避
13、免了3亿人口的出生）Anotherconsequenceofthepolicyhasbeentheemergence(出现)ofsocalled“littleemperors”agenerationofself-centeredconsumershasdeveloped.(政策的另一个结果是造就了一代小皇帝,以自我为中心的一代人）WhileChineseeducationsystemhasrapidlydevelopedthereremainsaheavyemphasis(重点)onpassingexamsTheupshotofthisisthatexamsdictatethecurricul
14、um(课程)whileChinesestudentscanmasterandmemorizeincredibleamountsofknowledgeandinformationtheyoftenlacktheabilitytocriticallythinkdeveloptheirownopinionsandengageincreativeactivities.(批判思维，独立思考和创新能力).（中国的教育在发展，但仍然以应试为主，课程学习都以考试为中心，中国的学生能记住大量的知识和信息，但却缺乏批判性思维，独立思维和创新的能力）Duetothepropensityforpreferringso
15、nsoverdaughtersChinaisfacingalargepopulationimbalancewithcurrentlyaround120boysbornforevery100girlsBy2020,therewillbe30millionmorementhanwomen.（由于更加偏爱男孩，中国失衡的男女性别比达到了120；100，到2020年，男性将比女性多三千万）EconomySinceeconomicopeningupandreformpolicybeganin1978,Chinaseconomyhasgrown90timesbiggerandisthefastestgro
16、wingmajoreconomyintheworldChinasannualaverageGDPgrowthispredictedtobe9.5percentfortheperiodof2011-2015.Itistheworldslargestexporterandthesecondlargestimporterofgoods.（自1978年改革开放以来，中国经济增长了90倍，是增长最快的主要经济体，预测2011年到2015年，年均GDP增长会保持9.5%，中国是世界最大的出口国和第二大进口国）Itisalsoknownastheworldssecondbiggestconsumeroflu
17、xurygoods.（也是世界第二大奢侈品消费国）ItnowhastheworldssecondlargestGDPatabout6trillionUSdollars,40percentoftheUnitedStatesAlthoughitspercapitaincomea4300USdollarisstilllowandputstheChinabehindroughlyahundredcountries.（目前的GDP位于世界第二，大约6万亿美元，相当于美国的四成，但人均只有4300美元，排名一百位开外）Chinasgrowthhasbeenuneven(不均衡)whencomparingd
18、ifferentgeographicregionsandruralandurbanareasDevelopmenthasalsobeenmainlyconcentratedintheeasterncoastalregionswhiletheremainderofthiscountryareleftbehind.（不同地区，城乡之间发展也不均衡发达地区集中在东南沿海其余地方则普遍落后）InthepastdecadeChinesecitiesexpandedatanaveragerateof10percentannuallyascaleunprecedentedinhumanhistory.（过去
19、十年，城市以年均10%的速度扩张这是人类历史上前所未有规模）ChinaisacountrycrazyforskyscraperstoshowitseconomicboomingMorethan200skyscrapersarebeingbuiltnowWithinnext3yearstherewillbeoneskyscraperscompletedeveryfivedaysinChinawhichwillmakethetotal800infiveyearsintime,4timesasmanyintheStates.（中国喜欢用摩天大楼来显示综合经济实力，现在有超过200幢在建，未来三年，每
20、五天就会有一幢摩天大楼竣工，五年内总共达到800幢，比美国多四倍）ChinaistheworldsfactoryOneoutofeverythreehouseholdappliances(家电)/threetoys/twopairsofshoes/twoshirtsaremadeinChinaIthasnowbecometheworldslargestenergyconsumerbutreliesoncoaltosupplyabout70percentofenergyneedsLeadingChineseenvironmentalcampaignershavewarnedthatwaterpo
21、llutionisoneofthemostseriousthreatsfacingChinanowYetwith34.6billionUSdollarsinvestedincleantechnologyin2009,ChinaistheworldsleadinginvestorrenewableenergytechnologiesChinaproducesmorewindturbinesandsolarpanels(太阳能电池板)eachyearthananyothercountryintheworld.（中国是世界工厂，每三件家电，三件玩具。两双鞋子，两件衣服中，就有一件是由中国制造，是世界
22、最大的能源消费国，但七成能源由煤炭提供，环保人士警告说，水污染是中国最严重的环境问题，但2009年中国就向清洁能源投资了346亿美元，成为世界最大的可再生能源投资国，是风力发电机和太阳能电池板最大的生产国）FoodBeingsuchalargeandethnically(独特的)diversecountryeachregionhasitsownlocalspecialtieswhichtheChineseareoftenkeentotryandintroducetoothersGenerallyyouwillfindhotandspicyfoodinthewesternandcentralCh
23、inaandcoolerfoodinthesouthandnorth.（由于幅员辽阔和民族众多，每个地方都有自己的特色，中国人也乐于向外人推荐，总的来说西南河中部的味道偏辣而南方和北方清淡）AChinesediningtableisusuallyroundallowingeveryonetoengageequallyinconversationItwillbeserwithemptybowlsplatesandchopsticksforeachpersonfooddishesareplacedintothecenterofthetabletobesharedbetweeneveryoneDon
24、tbeputoff(惊讶)ifyouseepeoplespittingbones/seedsontotheplatethisisperfectlynormal.（餐桌一般是圆形的，大家能平等交谈，会摆放空碗，盘子和筷子，菜肴放在中间，一起分享，看到有人把骨头吐在桌子上也别惊讶，这简直太正常了）ContrarytowhatyoumightfindinyourlocalChinaTownChinesefoodisgenerallyhealthyandoftenbeautifullypresentedTextureflavorcolorandaromaarekeyconsiderationsfora
25、llChinesecooksevenabovenutritionalcontents(和你在唐人街看到的不同，中国的食物基本都很健康并且摆放美观，厨师注重菜肴的质、色、香、味，甚至比营养更重要.)Chinesediningisaboutshowingrespectandhospitality(热情)fortheguestsandisoftenusedasanextensionoftheboardroom.HeavydrinkingisoftenapartofdoingbusinessanditisexpectedthatyoullkeepupwithothersIfyoudonotwantto
26、drinkalcoholmakeitclearbeforeyoustart.(请客吃饭是显示对客人的尊重和热情，家里的客厅就连着饭厅，喝酒是做生意的一部分，你需要喝的跟别人一样多，如果你不能喝酒，一开始就需要表明）Coreconcepts（要点）Face（面子）Theconceptof“face”canbelooselydescribedassomeonessocialstatusorreputationintheeyesofothers.ThroughoutaChinesepersonslifeitmustbemaintainedandenhancedthroughgivingtoandre
27、ceivingfromothersinbothwordsandactions.Itmaybesomethingassmallaswhogetsintheliftfirsttotheawardingofmulti-milliondollarcontracts.Butwithoutityouwillhaveverylittlepowerorinfluence.（面子是某个人在他人眼中的社会地位和名声，中国人的一生都必须用语言和行动相互维护和提升面子可以小到谁先上电梯，也可以大到百万美元的合同授予，没有面子也就没有影响力）Tomakesomeonelosefaceorevenunknowinglyi
28、sahugedishonorandcouldmeantheendofarelationship.（即使无意中让别人没面子，也是极其严重的冒犯，可能意味着断绝关系）Connections（关系）Guanxiliterally(字面上)means“connections”or“relationships”asitessentially(本质上)boilsdowntoexchangingfavors.“Youscratchmyback,Illscratchyours.“Itcanlooselybecomparedwiththeideanetworkinginthewest,butusuallygoe
29、smuchfurtherintermsofdevelopingandnurturingtherelationshipthroughsocialexchangesandfavorswhichmustberepaidatgreatervalueintime.（关系本质上就是个人利益的联系，互相帮忙，互惠恩惠。跟西方社会的人际网络类似，但是在培养关系的利益交换过程中你需要在适当时间给对方足够的好处)Relationshipsbetweenfamily,friendsandbusinessassociatesareoftencloselyinterwoven.Insuchanenvironment,I
30、ssuesofcorruption(贪污)arenotuncommonwhenguanxiobligations(义务，责任)takeprecedenceovernormalrulesorlaws.（家人、朋友和商业伙伴的关系经常紧密交织，这样的环境中腐败从来都不是新鲜事，因为关系人情往往比规则甚至法律更重要）TheDoctrineoftheMeanZhongYong（中庸）KnownastheDoctrineoftheMeanorGoldenMeanthisconcept(观念)involvesbalancingonespositionamongagrouptomaintainconform
31、ityandasenseofharmony.TothiswhilestillachiceingonespersonalobjectivesisconsideredtheChinesepeopletheideawayofliving.Thiscanbeappliedtotheworkplace,whereoneshouldbehaveinawaywhichisseentobebeitherambitiousnorlazyatthesametime.（中庸之道，是指个人保持跟群体的一致与和谐，中国人最理想的生活状态就是既中庸又能实现个人目标，工作中也是如此，员工要做到既不野心勃勃，又不懒惰懈怠）C
32、hinesepeopleneveropenlycriticize,ignoreormakefunofapersoninfrontofothers,evenjokingly.Whendiscussingindividualperformance,theyalwaysemphasizegoodpointbeforebadones.（中国人不会公开批评、忽视或者取笑他人，即使是开玩笑，点评个人的成绩时，也总是先说优点、再讲不足）Chinesemayaskyoupersonalquestionsormakeobservationsaboutyourage,income,religionorappear
33、ance.Donttakeitpersonally.LikewiseChineserarelysay“please”or“thankyou”asthisisseenasunnecessaryformalitybetweenfriendsorfamily.（中国人可能会问你的私事，或者探寻你的年龄、收入、信仰和外貌，别往心里去，就像中国的朋友和家人之间，也不会说请或者谢谢，觉得没必要）IntheChinesemeeting,oftenonlythemostseniorattendeeswilltalkandallquestionsshouldbedirectedtothosepeople.Sil
34、enceisnotasignofweaknessinChina.Oftentheunsaidmessageismoreimportantthanwhatisbeingsaidverbally.（开会时，通常是资格最老的与会者发言，有问题也问他，沉默并不代表者软弱，通常潜台词比明说的话更重要）TobesuccessfulinChinarequiresdifferentwaysofthinking.achinesehistorianProfessorputsthisway:Chinesepeoplearefrankyettactful(耿直却又圆滑),honestyetsophisticated(
35、坦诚却又世故),suspiciousyetgullible(多疑却又轻信),unscrupulousyetloyal(讲实惠却又重义气),advocateetiquetteyetoftenappearunmannered,standforthegoldenmeanyetareextreme,valuethequalityofbeingthrifty(节俭)yetliketoparadetheirwealth,maintaintraditionswhenconvenientyetlovetochasemodernfashion,believecontentmentbringshappinessy
36、etoftendaydreamaboutbecomingovernightmillionaires,believethewordoffortuneyetlackaffiliationtoanyreligion.（在中国要取得成功，需要另外的思维方式，有位中国的历史学教授总结说，中国人是这样的，耿直却又圆滑，坦诚却又世故，多疑却又轻信，讲实惠却又重义气，尚礼仪却又少公德，主中庸却又走极端，美节俭却又喜排场，守古法却又赶时髦，知足常乐却又梦想爆发，烧香算命却又无宗教感）ThisisChina,onebigcontradictionwhichrefusestobeplacedinabox.InChinayouwillfindallextremesbutthatsallpartofthechallengeandadventureofdoingbusinesshere.（这就是中国，矛盾复杂，很难归纳成一个模式，在这里遇到的所有挑战和冒险都是做生意的一部分）Bepatientandhavefun.(耐心等待，玩的开心）
