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1、第四章 设施选址及其评价设施规划与设计内容设施规划与设计内容设施规划与设计设施规划与设计设施选址设施选址设施设计设施设计布置设计布置设计建筑设计建筑设计公用工程设计公用工程设计物料搬运系统设计物料搬运系统设计信息通道设计信息通道设计Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile
2、 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.1 设施选址的意义及一般程序4.1.1 概述 意义:设施在整个物流系统中占有非常重要的地位,主要隶属于物流管理战略层的研究问题。选址决策就是确定所要分配的设施的数量、位置以及分配方案。这是设施主要指物流系统中的节点,如制造商、供应商、仓库、配送中心、零售商网点等。 设施选址恰当与
3、否,对生产力布局、城镇建设、企业投资、建设速度及建成后的生产经营状况都有重大意义。如果先天不足,会造成很大损失。因为场址一旦确定,设施建设完工,一般无法轻易改动。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspos
4、e Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.场址选择最常见的错误n对场址缺乏充分的调查研究和勘察n不能客观地对待可行分析,凭主观意愿作出决定n选址工作过于仓促n忽视了不适合本设施特点的自然条件、市场条件、运输条件等因素n缺乏长远考虑,确定的场址限制了发展因此,场址选址应该联合多方面的力量,进行周密的调查研究,认真分析比较和慎重决策定案。Evaluation only.Created with
5、Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 As
6、pose Pty Ltd.设施选址的类型 单一设施的场址选择单一设施的场址选择 主要根据已有的产品、新产品和生产规模来为一个独立的设施选择主要根据已有的产品、新产品和生产规模来为一个独立的设施选择最佳位置,问题较简单。最佳位置,问题较简单。复(综)合设施的场址选择复(综)合设施的场址选择 一个企业要为其所属的多个工厂、仓库、分销服务中心选择合适的一个企业要为其所属的多个工厂、仓库、分销服务中心选择合适的地址,使这些设施数量、位置和规模达到优化,这是复杂的问题。地址,使这些设施数量、位置和规模达到优化,这是复杂的问题。对服务业而言,如快餐业、零售业的连锁经营,因而选址及其场址对服务业而言,如快餐
7、业、零售业的连锁经营,因而选址及其场址的优化也是一个十分复杂的问题。的优化也是一个十分复杂的问题。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created
8、 with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.场址选择的任务 在在已已确确定定的的地地理理区区域域内内,经经过过调调查查研研究究、现现场场勘勘察察,选选出出几几个个条条件件较较好好的的场场址址,然然后后进进行行分分析析、比比较较、筛筛选选,最最后后得得出出一一个个最最满满意意的的场场址址,推推荐荐给给上上级级决决策策部部门作最后批准和决定。门作最后批准和决定。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
9、 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.地址选择不可能由设
10、施规划人员单独完成。常常由业主地址选择不可能由设施规划人员单独完成。常常由业主主持,由地区(城市)规划人员、设施规划人员、勘察主持,由地区(城市)规划人员、设施规划人员、勘察人员等联合进行,有时还要有地区环境保护等部门参加,人员等联合进行,有时还要有地区环境保护等部门参加,最后由决策部门作出决定。最后由决策部门作出决定。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created w
11、ith Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.设设施施选选址址程程序序框框图图确定选址任务、要求确定选址任务、要求考虑影响因素进行选址考虑影响因素进行选址选址评价与优化选址评价与优化确定最终选址方案确定最终选址方案Evaluation on
12、ly.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyri
13、ght 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.设施选址的过程n地区选择地区选择n地点选择地点选择 设施选址包含两个方面,首先对可能选择的国家或国设施选址包含两个方面,首先对可能选择的国家或国内地区的选择,然后再在选定的国家或地区内最终选内地区的选择,然后再在选定的国家或地区内最终选定合适的具体地点。定合适的具体地点。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Creat
14、ed with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.三个阶段三个阶段: 准备准备阶段阶段 地区选择阶段地区选择阶段 地点选择阶段地点选择阶段 4.1.2 场址选择的步骤和主要内容Evaluation only.Created with A
15、spose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Asp
16、ose Pty Ltd.准备阶段主要工作内容是明确对选址目标提出的要求,并提出选址所需要的技术经济指标。这些要求包括:n企业生产的产品品种及数量(生产纲领或设施规模)n要进行的生产、储存、维修、管理等方面的作业n设施的组成、主要作业单位的概略面积及总面积草图n需要资源(原料、材料、动力、燃料、水等)的估算数量、质量要求、供应链渠道n产生的废物及其估算数量n概略运输量及运输方式的要求n需要的职工概略人数及等级要求n外部协作条件Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyrig
17、ht 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.某公司总部场址的具体要求Evaluation only.Created with Asp
18、ose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspos
19、e Pty Ltd.场址技术经济指标举例Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
20、3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.地区选择阶段主要为调查研究收集资料:n走访行业主管部门和地区规划部门,收集并了解有关行业规划、地区规划对设施布点的要求和政策,报告本设施的生产(服务)性质、建设规模和场址要求,征询选址意见。n对可供选择的若干地区,进行有关社会经济环境、资源条件、运输条件、气象条件、交通运输条件等情况的调查研究,收集有关资料。n进行备选地区方案的分析比较,提出一个合适地区的初步意见。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.
21、5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.地点选择阶段 组成场址选
22、择小组到初步确定地区内的若干备选地点进行调查研究和勘测。其主要工作包括:n从当地城市建设部门取得备选地点的地形图和城市规划图,征询关于地点选择的意见。n从当地气象、地质、地震等部门取得有关气温、气压、温度、湿度、降雨及降雪量、日照、风向、风力、地质、地形、洪水、地震等的历史统计资料。n进行地质水文的初步勘察和测量,取得有关勘察资料。n收集当地有关交通运输、供水、供电、通信、供热、排水设施的资料,并交涉有关交通运输线路、公用管线的连接问题。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.
23、Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.n 收集当地有关运输费用、施工费用、建筑造价、税费等经济资料。n 对各种资
24、料和实际情况进行核对、分析和各种数据的测算,经过比较,选定一个合适的场址方案。各阶段都要提出相应报告,尤其是在最后阶段要有详实的报告和资料,并附有各种图样以便领导和管理部门决策。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-201
25、1 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.2 影响场址选择的主要因素l市场情况l社会环境l资源条件l基础设施l配套供应 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation onl
26、y.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.2 影响场址选择的主要因素市场情况 设施的地理位置和客户越接近越好,产销两地接近,运输成本减少, 从大大降低总成本。要考虑地区对产品和服务的需求情况,消费水平要和产品与
27、服务相适应。社会环境 主要考虑当地政府政策法规、金融、税收等情况和制度。注意当地的政治环境是否稳定。资源条件 地区选择应该考虑主要原材料、燃料、动力、水资源等资源条件。不同的制造行业对资源有不同的要求:纺织厂应建在棉花产区;发电、食品、酿酒都需要大量的水,必须建在水资源有保障的地区。 此外,还应充分考虑人力资源。不同产品和生产方法对工人素质和技巧有不同的要求。工资水平也是一个重要的因素。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose
28、 Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.2 影响场址选择的主要因素基础设施 主要考虑交通道路、邮电通信、动力、燃料管线等基础设施,这对工厂投资多少影响很大。此外,
29、土地征用、拆迁、平整等费用,也需要考虑的。应尽量不选用耕地、农业生产用地来建工业设施。配套供应 对制造业而言,大型机电产品需要数量众多的零部件厂与之配套供应,即配套供应商,这对于及时供应零部件、支持精益生产、保证生产连续性、降低总成本都有重要的意义。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Clien
30、t Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.2.2 对具体建厂地点的要求面积与外形 建厂地点的面积与外形均应能按生产过程的需求把所有工场和建筑物合理地容纳下来。铁道与公路 厂内有铁道时,应能使其方便地与附近车间衔接,且不需要进行复杂的土方工程。应尽量缩短和高速公路的衔接。土质与倾斜度 避免选择地势不平、土
31、质松软的地点建厂;但过分平坦则不利于地面积水的排泄,最好是厂区地势能自一面或自中心向四周呈0.004的斜率倾斜。风向 场址应位于住宅区下风方向,以避免废弃烟尘及噪声影响住宅居民。但同时不能位于已有工厂的下风方向,以避免烟尘影响。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5
32、.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.为了在总平面布置时决定厂区与住宅区的相互位置,风向问题十分重要。应制作出表示该地最频繁的风向及风速的风玫瑰图(或称风向图)。年度风向图年度风向图风向不明显的年度图风向不明显的年度图冬季风向图冬季风向图冬季风向图冬季风向图Evaluation only.Created with Aspos
33、e.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose
34、Pty Ltd.4.2.2 对具体建厂地点的要求建厂地点的土壤情况 要求施工不需要进行复杂的基础改造工程(如填高、挖低等);不能选择已开采过的矿坑上面避免崩塌危险。不能选择古墓。地下水位 建厂地点的地下水位应尽可能低于厂房的地下建筑物如地下室、油库的深度。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Cl
35、ient Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.2.3 影响设施选址的成本和非成本因素为方便以后对设施选址的评价,可将众多影响因素分为成本因素和非成本因素。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2
36、.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.3 场址选择案例一重型机械厂选择场址。此厂年产量为3万吨的重
37、型机器,根据类似资料提出工厂的必要面积为6065公顷,经选址小组工作决定,图4-3所示A、B、C三个场址为候选位置。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation onl
38、y.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.候选场址候选场址热电站热电站Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5
39、.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.4 选址的评价方法选址的评价方法 4.4.1 成本因素评价法成本因素评价法 盈亏点平衡法盈亏点平衡法 工程经济和财务管理中的基本方法。工程经济和财务管理中的基本方法。在选址评价中可用在选址评价中可用以确定特定产量规模下,成本为最低的设施选址方案以确定特定产量规模下,成本为最低的设施选
40、址方案。它建立在产量、成本、预测销售收入的基础之上。它建立在产量、成本、预测销售收入的基础之上。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created
41、with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.例例4-1 某外资企业拟在国内新建一条生产线,确定了三个备某外资企业拟在国内新建一条生产线,确定了三个备选场址,由于各场址土地费用、建设费用、原材料成本不尽选场址,由于各场址土地费用、建设费用、原材料成本不尽相同,从而生产成本也不相同,三个场址的生产成本已经计相同,从而生产成本也不相同,三个场址的生产成本已经计算如下表,试确定最佳场址。算如下表,试确定最佳场址。 解:解: 先求先求A、B两方案的交点产量,再求两方案的
42、交点产量,再求B、C两方案的交点两方案的交点产量,从而决定不同生产规模下的最优选址。产量,从而决定不同生产规模下的最优选址。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation
43、 only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.对于对于A、B两方案,设在两方案,设在M点生产成本相同,且产量为点生产成本相同,且产量为QM,则,则 QM = 2.92万件万件对于对于B、C两方案,设在两方案,设在N点生产成本相同,且产量为点生产成本相同,且产量为QN,则,则 QN = 13.89万件万件结论:如按生产成本最低为标准,当产量低于结论:如按生产成本最低为标准,当产量低于2.92万件时万件时选选A址,产量在址,产量在2.91
44、和和13.89万件之间时选万件之间时选B址,产址,产量大于量大于13.89万件时选万件时选C址。址。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Create
45、d with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 重心法重心法 当产品成本中当产品成本中运输费用所占比重较大运输费用所占比重较大,企业的原材料,企业的原材料由由多个原材料供应地多个原材料供应地提供或其产品运往多个销售点,提供或其产品运往多个销售点,可以考虑用重心法选择运输费用最少的场址。可以考虑用重心法选择运输费用最少的场址。 (P111)图图4-4 重心法选址坐标图重心法选址坐标图Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Sli
46、des for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty L
47、td.已知: j :工厂到各处j的每单位物流量单位距离所需的运输费 用(运输费率) j:工厂到各处j的物流量 dj: 工厂到各处的直线运输距离此外有, 工厂到各处总运输费用设为:(4-5)(4-6)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyrigh
48、t 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(4-9)(4-10)则新建工厂的地址为:迭代计算步骤为:Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.
49、Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1)给出式工厂初始位置(xd(0), yd(0);2)利用式(4-6)计算出与(xd(0), yd(0)相应的总运输费用T(0);3)将(xd(0), yd(0)分别代入式(4
50、-5)、(4-9)和(4-10)中,计算出工厂的改进位置 (xd(1), yd(1) ;4)利用式(4-6)计算出与(xd(1), yd(1)相应的总运输费用T(1) ;重心法迭代计算步骤:重心法迭代计算步骤:Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Co
51、pyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.5)将T(1)与T(0)进行比较,若T(1)T(0)则说明初始位置(xd(0), yd(0)便是最优解,停止迭代;6)如此反复迭代计算,直至T(k+1)T(k) ,求出(xd(k),yd(k)这一最优解为止。重心法迭代计算步骤(续):重心法迭代计算步骤(续):Evaluation only.Created
52、 with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2
53、011 Aspose Pty Ltd.例4-2 已知一工厂F及各供货点和仓库的位置关系如图4-5所示,现需新建一配送中心P将工厂生产的产品配送给各处,问此配送中心应设在图上何处最为经济合理。已有各设施的坐标位置和输送产品需要量见表4-3。(P113) Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Clie
54、nt Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.单一配送中心的位置分析采用的方法与计算重心法相同,因此被称为重心法。此法优点是按运输费用最小原则来选址,并对候选位置不加限制,因此具有很到的灵活性。但其缺点也是灵活性大,而实际地理位置可能在不适于选址的地点入高山或河流湖泊中。此外上述分析计算的距离均为直线距离,这
55、往往也不符合实际情况。为此,实际距离不上直线的可在运输费率j中加以修正,使之适当增大用以补偿计算距离所产生的偏差。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only
56、.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 线性规划线性规划- -运输问题运输问题 设有设有m个工厂向个工厂向n个销售点供货,工厂的总产量个销售点供货,工厂的总产量Pi,售货地,售货地j的需求量为的需求量为Sj,其中,其中i=1,2,m;j=1,2,n,且,且产销平衡产销平衡。设。设Wij为从工厂为从工厂i到销售点到销售点j的运输量,的运输量,Gij为单位产品运输成本,运输问题就是求为单位产品运输成本,运输问题就是求适合的适合的Wij,使总
57、运输费用最低。,使总运输费用最低。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5
58、 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.数学描述: Wij0运输量运输量=产量产量产量产量=需求量需求量Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2
59、011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.最小元素法最小元素法 例例 已知各生产地已知各生产地A1、A2、A3、A4到各销售地到各销售地B1、B2、B3、B4的生产与运输费用,如下表。求生产运输费用的最的生产与运输费用,如下表。求生产运输费用的最小值。小值。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Cli
60、ent Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.例4-3 某鞋业公司现有两个工厂F
61、1及F2,生产运动鞋供应四个销售点S1、S2、S3、S4,由于需求量不断增加必须另设新厂,可供选择的地点为F3及F4,试问选择其中哪一个场址为好。各生产厂以万箱为单位的产品生产费用及各厂至各销售点的运输费用如表4-5所示。 (P115)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profi
62、le 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.例4-4 某企业通过两家工厂F1、F2向 A、B、C、D四个售货点供货。现欲设另一工厂,可供选择场址的地点为F3、F4,产品的生产成本与运输费用如下表,试确定最佳场址。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5
63、Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 总费用表 Evaluati
64、on only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.C
65、opyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. F1、F2、F3 生产运输费用表: Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Cre
66、ated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. F1、F2、F4 生产运输费用表Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2
67、.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 启发式方法启发式方法 服务业中常常遇到在服务业中常常遇到在一个地区内建立多少个服务点的问题一个地区内建立多少个服务点的问题,这是一个复杂的问题,企图找到一个最优解是很费时间的。这是一个复杂的问题,企图找到一个最优解是很费时间的。对这类问题,介绍一种可行的解决方法,通过一个例子说对这类问题,
68、介绍一种可行的解决方法,通过一个例子说明如何用明如何用启发式方法解决问题启发式方法解决问题。例例4-5 某医疗机构想建两个诊所,为某医疗机构想建两个诊所,为4个设区中的居民提个设区中的居民提供方便的医疗服务,假定每个设区在其地界内人口均匀分供方便的医疗服务,假定每个设区在其地界内人口均匀分拨,又假定各设区可能就诊于各个诊所的人数的权重因素拨,又假定各设区可能就诊于各个诊所的人数的权重因素如表如表4-9所示。现在要解决的问题是,这两个诊所设置在哪所示。现在要解决的问题是,这两个诊所设置在哪两个设区内,使它们为两个设区内,使它们为4个设区服务时的距离个设区服务时的距离/人口费用为人口费用为最低。最
69、低。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile
70、 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.表4-9 4个设区人口、距离和相对权重因素 从设区至诊所距离设区人口/千人人口相对权重ABCDA011812101.1B11010781.4C81009200.7D9.5790121.0Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .N
71、ET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.解解 按以下步骤进行:按以下步骤进行:(1)由表由表4-9构造出权重的人口构造出权重的人口/距离表距离表4-10,如从设区,如从设区A到诊所到诊所B为为111.110 = 121。从设区至诊所距离ABCDA012188132B123.2011
72、278.4C1121400126D114841080表4-10 权重的人口/距离(距离人口权重因素)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Create
73、d with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(2)由表由表4-10中中每列相加每列相加,然后挑,然后挑选出最低成本所在列选出最低成本所在列,选,选作为诊所的一个选址作为诊所的一个选址。本例中为。本例中为C列,即在列,即在C设区设一诊设区设一诊所,如表所,如表4-11。从设区至诊所距离ABCDA012188132B123.2011278.4C1121400126D114841080349.2345308336.4表4-11 步骤2表Evaluation on
74、ly.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyri
75、ght 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(3) 对每一行来说,除零以外对每一行来说,除零以外比较比较从某一设区去已经确定地从某一设区去已经确定地址的诊所的成本,也就是址的诊所的成本,也就是在同一行中找出数字非零的最小在同一行中找出数字非零的最小数字的那一列数字的那一列。如成本低于已确定地址诊所的成本就保留,。如成本低于已确定地址诊所的成本就保留,否则就将此数字减少到已确定地址诊所的成本。将表否则就将此数字减少到已确定地址诊所的成本。将表4-11修改后如表修改后如表4-12。从设区至已定诊所距离ABCDA0888888B112011278.4C0000D108841080 22
76、0.172 308 166.4表4-12 步骤3表Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for
77、.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(4) 除设区除设区C设一诊所外还需增加另一个诊所,将表设一诊所外还需增加另一个诊所,将表4-12中中每列数字相加得到一行数字,其中最小者即为成本最低者,每列数字相加得到一行数字,其中最小者即为成本最低者,由此可选出设在设区由此可选出设在设区D的另一诊所地址。的另一诊所地址。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2
78、011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(5) 先将设区先将设区C的诊所从列表中去掉,重复步骤的诊所从列表中去掉,重复步骤(3),将表,将表4-1
79、2修改整理后如表修改整理后如表4-13所示。将表所示。将表4-13中每列数字相加得中每列数字相加得到一行数字,其中最小者即为成本最低者,由此可选出设到一行数字,其中最小者即为成本最低者,由此可选出设在设区在设区A的另一诊所地址。的另一诊所地址。从设区至已定诊所距离ABDA08888B78.4078.4C000D000 78.4.88 166.4表4-13 步骤5表Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Eva
80、luation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(6) 继续重复步骤继续重复步骤(4)和和(5),可选出最后一个诊所地址,即,可选出最后一个诊所地址,即为为B设区。如表设区。如表4-14。从设区至已
81、定诊所距离ABA00B78.40C00D00 78.4.0 表4-14 步骤6表Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Asp
82、ose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.至此,问题已经全部解决,选择诊所地址的顺序为:首选至此,问题已经全部解决,选择诊所地址的顺序为:首选C,其次其次D,再选,再选A,最后为,最后为B。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with A
83、spose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4.4.2 4.4.2 根据综合因素的评价方法根据综合因素的评价方法设施选址经常要考虑很多成本因素和非成本因素。成本因设施选址经常要考虑很多成本因素和非成本因素。成本因素通常可以用货币形式来衡量,而非成本
84、因素却难于用货素通常可以用货币形式来衡量,而非成本因素却难于用货币和成本来衡量。当非成本因素在选址中占有重要地位时,币和成本来衡量。当非成本因素在选址中占有重要地位时,就要用综合因素的评价方法,常用的有两种:分级加权评就要用综合因素的评价方法,常用的有两种:分级加权评分法,因次分析法。分法,因次分析法。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspo
85、se.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.分级加权评分法分级加权评分法1 1)针对场址选择的基本要求和特点列出要考虑的各种因)针对场址选择的基本要求和特点列出要考虑的各种因素;素;2 2)对场址选择涉及的)对场址选择涉及的非经济因素非经济因素赋以不同的
86、赋以不同的权重权重,权重,权重大小为大小为1-101-10;3 3)对各因素就每个)对各因素就每个备选场址进行评级备选场址进行评级,共分为五级,用,共分为五级,用五个元音字母五个元音字母A A、E E、I I、O O、U U表示。各个级别分别对应表示。各个级别分别对应不同的分数,不同的分数,A=4A=4分、分、E=3E=3分、分、I=2I=2分、分、O=1O=1分、分、U=0U=0分;分;4) 4) 将每个因素的将每个因素的权重乘以其对应级别权重乘以其对应级别的分数,得到该因的分数,得到该因素所得分数,将各因素所得分数相加,分数最高者为素所得分数,将各因素所得分数相加,分数最高者为最佳场址方案
87、。最佳场址方案。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client
88、Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 加权因素法举例加权因素法举例 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evalu
89、ation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.因次分析法因次分析法 因次分析法是一种将各候选方案的成本因素成本因素和非非成本因素成本因素同时加权并加以比较的方法。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Cre
90、ated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.因次分析法因次分析法 n列举各种影响因素,将这些因素分为客观因素列举各种影响因素,将这些因素分为客观因素和主观因素两类,客观因素能用货币来评价,和主观因素两类,客观因素能用货币来评价
91、,主观因素是定性的,不能用货币表示。主观因素是定性的,不能用货币表示。n确定主观因素和客观因素的比重,用以反映主确定主观因素和客观因素的比重,用以反映主观因素与客观因素的相对重要性。观因素与客观因素的相对重要性。n确定客观量度值,再确定主观评比值和主观量确定客观量度值,再确定主观评比值和主观量度值,最后将客观量度值和主观量度值进行加度值,最后将客观量度值和主观量度值进行加权平均,得到位置量度值,即是选址方案的整权平均,得到位置量度值,即是选址方案的整体评估值,最大者入选。体评估值,最大者入选。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET
92、 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1)研究要考虑的各
93、种因素,从中确定哪些因素是必要的。如果某一选址无法满足一项必要因素,应将其删除。如:饮料厂必须依赖水源,就不能考虑一个缺乏水源的选址。确定必要因素的目的是将不适宜的选址排除在外。2)将各种必要因素分因素分为客观因素(成本因素)和主观因素(非成本因素)两大类两大类,同时决定主观因素和客观因素的比重,用以反映二者的相对重要性相对重要性。如果主观因素和客观因素同样重要,则比重均为0.5。设X主观因素的比重值,1-X客观因素的比重值,OX 1。X越接近1,则主观因素比客观因素更重要。各自的比重值可通过征询专家意见决定。因次分析法的实施步骤因次分析法的实施步骤Evaluation only.Create
94、d with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-
95、2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.因次分析法的实施步骤因次分析法的实施步骤3)确定客观量度值确定客观量度值。对每一可行选址可以找到一个客观量度值OMi,此值大小受选址各项成本的影响。OMi =Ci i i选址方案的第选址方案的第j j项成本;项成本;Cij 第第i i选址方案的总成本;选址方案的总成本; 各选址方案总成本的倒数之和;各选址方案总成本的倒数之和;OMi 第第i i选址方案的客观量度值;选址方案的客观量度值;M 客观因素数目;客观因素数目;N 选址方案数目。选址方案数目。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3
96、.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4)确定主观评比值确定
97、主观评比值。各项主观因素因为没有一量化值作为比较,所以用强迫选择法作为衡量各选址优劣的比较。强迫选择法是将每一选址方案和其他选址方案分别作出成对的比较。令最佳的比重值为1,较差的比重值为0。此后,根据各选址方案所得到的比重与总比重的比值来计算该选址的主观评比值Sik。主观评比值为一量化的比较值。可以利用它来比较各选址方案的优劣。主观评比值在01变化,愈接近1,则代表该选址方案比其他选址方案优越。因次分析法的实施步骤因次分析法的实施步骤Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Co
98、pyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.因次分析法的实施步骤因次分析法的实施步骤Sik i选址方案对选址方案对k因素的
99、主观评比值;因素的主观评比值;Wik i选址方案选址方案k因素中的比重;因素中的比重; k因素的总比重值。因素的总比重值。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation
100、only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.5)确定主观量度值确定主观量度值。主观因素常常不止一个,同时各主观因素间的重要性也各不相同。所以首先需要对各主观因素配上一个重要性指数Ik(采用强迫分析法来确定Ik值的具体分配),然后再以每因素的主观评比值与该因素的重要性指数Ik相乘,分别计算每一选址方案的主观量度值SMi。因次分析法的实施步骤因次分析法的实施步骤Ik 主观因素的重要性指数;主观因素的重要性指数;Sik i选址方案对于选址方
101、案对于k因素的主观因素的主观 评比值;评比值;M 主观因素的数目;主观因素的数目;Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with As
102、pose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.6)确定位置量度值。确定位置量度值。位置量度值LMi为选址方案的整体评估值。因次分析法的实施步骤因次分析法的实施步骤 X 主观比重值;主观比重值;1-X 客观比重值;客观比重值;SMi i i选址的主观量度值;选址的主观量度值;OMi i i选址的客观量度值选址的客观量度值Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.C
103、opyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.因次分析法举例因次分析法举例例例4-64-6 筹建一玩具厂,可供选择的候选厂
104、址有筹建一玩具厂,可供选择的候选厂址有D D、E E、F F三处,因地址不三处,因地址不同各厂生产成本亦有区别,各厂址每年费用如表同各厂生产成本亦有区别,各厂址每年费用如表4-164-16所示。此外,为决所示。此外,为决定厂址还考虑了一些重要的非成本因素,如当地竞争力、气候变化和周定厂址还考虑了一些重要的非成本因素,如当地竞争力、气候变化和周围环境是否符合玩具生产等。对于竞争能力而言,围环境是否符合玩具生产等。对于竞争能力而言,F F地最强,地最强,D D、E E两地两地相平;就气候来说,相平;就气候来说,D D比比E E好,好,F F地最好;至于环境,地最好;至于环境,E E地最优,其次为地
105、最优,其次为F F、D D地。如果各主观因素的重要性指数地。如果各主观因素的重要性指数D D、E E、F F依次为依次为0.60.6、0.30.3和和0.10.1,要,要求用因此分析法评定最佳场址在何处。求用因此分析法评定最佳场址在何处。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Prof
106、ile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.解:首先计算解:首先计算D、E、F三处的位置量度值,然后再作比三处的位置量度值,然后再作比较,计算过程如下:较,计算过程如下:(1)客观量度值)客观量度值OMi的计算的计算以位置D为例,总成本Ci523,则1/Ci 0.0019123个方案总成本的倒数之和为 0.005632
107、故:D位置的客观量度值 OMD 0.3395 以此类推,可得到位置E、F的客观量度值: OME 0.3382 OMF 0.3233OMi =Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Ev
108、aluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(2 2)主观评比值)主观评比值Sik的计算的计算根据三个不同的主观因素,D、E、F三处的主观评比值Sik分别如下:a)竞争能力比较b)气候比较厂址DEDFEF比重SiaD1010.25E1010.25F1120.5厂址DEDFEF比重SibD1010.33E0000F1120.67总比重值:3总比重值:4两两比较两两比较F地最好,地最好,D、E两地持平两地持平D比比E好,
109、好, F地最好地最好Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client
110、 Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(2 2)主观评比值)主观评比值Sik的计算(续)的计算(续)c)环境比较根据上述各主观因素的重要性指数Ik、各选址位置的主观评比值Sik,可以计算出每一可行位置D、E、F的主观量度值SMi。厂址DEDEEF比重SicD0000E1120.67F1010.33总比重值:3两两比较E最好,最好,F次之,次之,D最次最次Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright
111、2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(2 2)主观评比值)主观评比值Sik的计算(续)的计算(续)因素DEF重要性a0.250.2
112、50.50.6b0.3300.670.3c00.670.330.1主观评比值主观评比值Sik的计算结果如下:的计算结果如下: SM SMD D = 0.25*0.6 + 0.33*0.3 + 0*0.1 = 0.249 = 0.25*0.6 + 0.33*0.3 + 0*0.1 = 0.249 SM SME E = 0.25*0.6 + 0*0.3 + 0.67*0.1 = 0.217 = 0.25*0.6 + 0*0.3 + 0.67*0.1 = 0.217 SM SMF F = 0.5*0.6 + 0.67*0.3 + 0.33*0.1 = 0.534 = 0.5*0.6 + 0.67*0
113、.3 + 0.33*0.1 = 0.534 表4-17 各候选厂址主观评比值Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspos
114、e.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.(3 3)位置量度值)位置量度值LMLMi i的计算的计算本例因未给出主观因素和客观因素的相互比重,故假设同等重要即相等,所以主观比重值X0.5.根据公式 可计算出 LMD = 0.5*0.249 + 0.5*0.3395 = 0.2943 LME = 0.5*0.217 + 0.5*0.3382 = 0.2776 LMF = 0.5*0.534 + 0.5*0.3223 = 0.4281(4 4)决策)决策根据各位置量度值LMi的大小
115、,可以看出F厂址所得位置量度值在三个候选地址中最高,故选F作为建厂厂址。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.
116、Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.练习题练习题某公司拟建一爆竹加工厂,有三处待选场址A、B、C,重要经济因素成本如表所示,非经济因素主要考虑政策法规、气候因素和安全因素。就政策而言,A地最宽松,B地次之,C地最次;就气候而言A地,B地相平,C地次之;就安全而言,C地最好,A地最差。据专家评估,三种非经济因素比重为0.5,0.4和0.1。要求用因次分析法确定最佳场址。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.