组织胚胎学:免疫系统

上传人:大米 文档编号:568844456 上传时间:2024-07-27 格式:PPT 页数:102 大小:45.18MB
返回 下载 相关 举报
组织胚胎学:免疫系统_第1页
第1页 / 共102页
组织胚胎学:免疫系统_第2页
第2页 / 共102页
组织胚胎学:免疫系统_第3页
第3页 / 共102页
组织胚胎学:免疫系统_第4页
第4页 / 共102页
组织胚胎学:免疫系统_第5页
第5页 / 共102页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

《组织胚胎学:免疫系统》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《组织胚胎学:免疫系统(102页珍藏版)》请在金锄头文库上搜索。

1、skin, lymphoid tissue in mucous membrane of digestive, respiratory & urogenital tracts, tonsilslymph node along the course of the lymphatic vesselsspleen in the path of blood circulationthree defensive barriers of human bodyThe Lymphatic system has the ability to distinguish “self” (the organisms ow

2、n molecules) from “nonself ”(foreign substances).immune system免疫防御免疫防御免疫防御免疫防御(immunologic defence)免疫监视免疫监视免疫监视免疫监视(immunologic surveillance)免疫稳定免疫稳定免疫稳定免疫稳定(immunologic homeostasis)淋巴器官淋巴器官淋巴器官淋巴器官(lymphoid organ)淋巴组织淋巴组织淋巴组织淋巴组织(lymphoid tissue)免疫细胞免疫细胞免疫细胞免疫细胞(immune cell)免疫活性分子免疫活性分子免疫活性分子免疫活性分子

3、(immunocompetence molecule)function:components:免疫系统功能的分子基础免疫系统功能的分子基础免疫系统功能的分子基础免疫系统功能的分子基础1. 1. 主要组织相容性复合分子主要组织相容性复合分子主要组织相容性复合分子主要组织相容性复合分子(MHC 分子分子分子分子) (major histocompatibility complex molecule) 人:人:人:人:HLA(human leukocyte antigen) MHC 分子是自身细胞的标志分子是自身细胞的标志分子是自身细胞的标志分子是自身细胞的标志 MHC- 类分子类分子类分子类分子-

4、几乎表达在所有有核细胞表面几乎表达在所有有核细胞表面几乎表达在所有有核细胞表面几乎表达在所有有核细胞表面 MHC-类分子类分子类分子类分子-主要表达在专职主要表达在专职主要表达在专职主要表达在专职 APC2. 2. T, B 细胞表面的特异性抗原受体细胞表面的特异性抗原受体细胞表面的特异性抗原受体细胞表面的特异性抗原受体(special antigen receptor) 每个细胞只有一种每个细胞只有一种每个细胞只有一种每个细胞只有一种能识别抗原,参与免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞能识别抗原,参与免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞能识别抗原,参与免疫应答或与免疫应答有关的细胞能识别抗原,参与免疫应

5、答或与免疫应答有关的细胞immune cell1 1、淋巴细胞淋巴细胞淋巴细胞淋巴细胞(lymphocyte)2 2、抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞 (antigen presenting cell, APC)3 3、其他:浆细胞、粒细胞、肥大细胞、造血干细胞其他:浆细胞、粒细胞、肥大细胞、造血干细胞其他:浆细胞、粒细胞、肥大细胞、造血干细胞其他:浆细胞、粒细胞、肥大细胞、造血干细胞lymphocyte初始初始初始初始 T细胞细胞细胞细胞(小)(小)(小)(小) 活化的大淋巴细胞活化的大淋巴细胞活化的大淋巴细胞活化的大淋巴细胞 (免疫母细胞)(免疫母细胞)(免疫母细胞)(免疫

6、母细胞) 效应效应效应效应 T 细胞细胞细胞细胞(effector T cell) 淋巴因子淋巴因子淋巴因子淋巴因子 细胞免疫细胞免疫细胞免疫细胞免疫 记忆性记忆性记忆性记忆性 T 细胞细胞细胞细胞(memory T cell)(静息状态静息状态静息状态静息状态)抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞抗原肽抗原肽抗原肽抗原肽初始初始初始初始 B 细胞(小)细胞(小)细胞(小)细胞(小) 活化的大淋巴细胞活化的大淋巴细胞活化的大淋巴细胞活化的大淋巴细胞(免疫母细胞)(免疫母细胞)(免疫母细胞)(免疫母细胞) 效应效应效应效应 B 细胞(细胞(细胞(细胞(浆细胞)浆细胞)浆细胞)浆细胞)

7、抗体抗体抗体抗体体液免疫体液免疫体液免疫体液免疫 记忆性记忆性记忆性记忆性 B 细胞(静息状态)细胞(静息状态)细胞(静息状态)细胞(静息状态)抗原抗原抗原抗原lymphocytes1. 1. T cells(thymus dependent lymphocytes) -formed in thymus. -participate in cellular immune response.2. 2. B cells(bone marrow dependent lymphocytes) -formed in bone marrow. -participate in humoral immune r

8、esponse.3. 3. NK cells(natural killer lymphocytes, large granular lymphocyte, LGL) -attack virus-infected cells, transplanted cells, and cancer cells directly.-divided into 3 types based on the surface antigens. lymphocyteTh:helper T cell (CD4+)Tc:cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ )Tr:regulatory T cell (CD4+ ,

9、CD25+)T cells divided into Th, Tc, and Tr. 艾滋病(颈淋巴结肿大)艾滋病(颈淋巴结肿大)艾滋病(颈淋巴结肿大)艾滋病(颈淋巴结肿大)世界艾滋病日:世界艾滋病日:世界艾滋病日:世界艾滋病日:1212月月月月1 1日日日日 根据细胞能否表达根据细胞能否表达根据细胞能否表达根据细胞能否表达 MHC - 类分子类分子类分子类分子:专职专职专职专职:树突状细胞树突状细胞树突状细胞树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC) 血液血液血液血液DC, 间质间质间质间质DC, Langerhans cell, 面纱细胞面纱细胞面纱细胞面纱细胞, , 交错突细胞交

10、错突细胞交错突细胞交错突细胞, , 滤泡树突细胞滤泡树突细胞滤泡树突细胞滤泡树突细胞 巨噬细胞及单核吞噬细胞系统巨噬细胞及单核吞噬细胞系统巨噬细胞及单核吞噬细胞系统巨噬细胞及单核吞噬细胞系统 B cell非专职非专职非专职非专职: :成纤维细胞成纤维细胞成纤维细胞成纤维细胞、内皮细胞内皮细胞内皮细胞内皮细胞、上皮细胞上皮细胞上皮细胞上皮细胞( (微皱褶细胞微皱褶细胞微皱褶细胞微皱褶细胞)抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞抗原呈递细胞(antigen presenting cell, APC)能捕捉、加工、处理抗原,形成抗原肽能捕捉、加工、处理抗原,形成抗原肽能捕捉、加工、处理抗原,形成抗原肽

11、能捕捉、加工、处理抗原,形成抗原肽- -MHC分子复合物,并分子复合物,并分子复合物,并分子复合物,并将抗原肽提呈给将抗原肽提呈给将抗原肽提呈给将抗原肽提呈给T细胞,细胞,细胞,细胞,激发其活化、增殖的一类细胞激发其活化、增殖的一类细胞激发其活化、增殖的一类细胞激发其活化、增殖的一类细胞T T细胞细胞树突状细胞树突状细胞树突状细胞树突状细胞树突状细胞树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)来自骨髓多能干细胞,有多量树来自骨髓多能干细胞,有多量树来自骨髓多能干细胞,有多量树来自骨髓多能干细胞,有多量树枝状突起,具有很强免疫刺激能枝状突起,具有很强免疫刺激能枝状突起,具有很强免疫刺激能枝

12、状突起,具有很强免疫刺激能力,能启动力,能启动力,能启动力,能启动 T 细胞初级免疫应答细胞初级免疫应答细胞初级免疫应答细胞初级免疫应答反应的专职性抗原呈递细胞反应的专职性抗原呈递细胞反应的专职性抗原呈递细胞反应的专职性抗原呈递细胞DC内源性内源性内源性内源性Ag抗原肽与抗原肽与抗原肽与抗原肽与MHC-结合结合结合结合CD8+TDC外源性外源性外源性外源性Ag抗原肽与抗原肽与抗原肽与抗原肽与MHC-结合结合结合结合CD4+T1. 19721. 1972年,年,年,年,Van Furth 提出提出提出提出2. 2. MPS composed of the cells that are deriv

13、ed from monocytes in blood and as meanwhile have high capability to phagocytose.3. 3. MPS includes macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, Kupffer cells and dust cells, etc.单核吞噬细胞系统单核吞噬细胞系统单核吞噬细胞系统单核吞噬细胞系统(mononuclear phagocytic system, MPS)淋巴组织淋巴组织淋巴组织淋巴组织lymphoid tissuelymphoid tissuelymphoid tissue(

14、immune tissue)structure: reticular cells and fibers form network numerous cells fill in it (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells, APC)classification: 弥散淋巴组织弥散淋巴组织弥散淋巴组织弥散淋巴组织(diffuse lymphoid tissue) 淋巴小结淋巴小结淋巴小结淋巴小结(lymphoid nodule) 又称淋巴滤泡又称淋巴滤泡又称淋巴滤泡又称淋巴滤泡(lymphoid follicle) diffuse

15、lymphoid tissue1. 1. Mainly contains T cells and has obscure boundary with surrounding CT. 2. 2. Has postcapillary venules, which are lined by high endothelium and are the important channels for lymphocyte recirculation.3. 3. It is the place where the lymphoid nodule is formed when stimulated by ant

16、igens.postcapillary venule(high endothelial venule, HEV)The postcapillary venules are lined by simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium, from which the lymphocytes in blood enter the lymphoid tissue. They, together with small blind sinus, are the important channels for lymphocyte recirculation.lymphoid n

17、oduleBall-like structure with distinct boundary, mainly contains B cells. 初级淋巴小结初级淋巴小结初级淋巴小结初级淋巴小结primary lymphoid nodule未受抗原刺激未受抗原刺激未受抗原刺激未受抗原刺激较小,无生发中心较小,无生发中心较小,无生发中心较小,无生发中心小淋巴细胞小淋巴细胞小淋巴细胞小淋巴细胞次级淋巴小结次级淋巴小结次级淋巴小结次级淋巴小结secondary lymphoid nodule受到抗原刺激受到抗原刺激受到抗原刺激受到抗原刺激有生发中心有生发中心有生发中心有生发中心大中小淋巴细胞大中小

18、淋巴细胞大中小淋巴细胞大中小淋巴细胞根据免疫功能状态:根据免疫功能状态:根据免疫功能状态:根据免疫功能状态:secondary lymphoid nodule暗区暗区暗区暗区(dark zone)(大淋巴细胞)(大淋巴细胞)(大淋巴细胞)(大淋巴细胞)明区明区明区明区(light zone)(中淋巴细胞)(中淋巴细胞)(中淋巴细胞)(中淋巴细胞)小结帽小结帽小结帽小结帽(cap)(小淋巴细胞)(小淋巴细胞)(小淋巴细胞)(小淋巴细胞)生生生生发发发发中中中中心心心心( germinal center )滤泡树突细胞滤泡树突细胞滤泡树突细胞滤泡树突细胞, Th, macrophage滤泡树突细胞

19、(小结树突状细胞)滤泡树突细胞(小结树突状细胞)滤泡树突细胞(小结树突状细胞)滤泡树突细胞(小结树突状细胞)(follicular dendritic cell, FDC)1. 1. APC2. 2. light zone3. 3. have multiple, thin, hair-like processes that bind antigen on their surfaces, to be presented to B cells.4. 4. no expression of MHC- molecules5. 5. have Fc receptor and C3 3 receptor:

20、 collect the antigen- antibody complexes and transfer them to BLC and Th6. 6. function: active the BLC regulate the synthesis of antibody滤泡树突细胞(小结树突状细胞)滤泡树突细胞(小结树突状细胞)滤泡树突细胞(小结树突状细胞)滤泡树突细胞(小结树突状细胞)(follicular dendritic cells, FDC)(tingible body macrophage)根据存在形式分:根据存在形式分:孤立淋巴小结孤立淋巴小结solitary lymphoi

21、d nodule单独存在单独存在消化管、呼吸系统、消化管、呼吸系统、生殖系统等生殖系统等集合淋巴小结集合淋巴小结aggregated lymphoid nodules10-40 个成群存在个成群存在扁桃体、小肠扁桃体、小肠 Peyer板、阑尾等板、阑尾等lymphoid organ(immune organ) central lymphoid organ1. 1. 早,出生前发育完善早,出生前发育完善早,出生前发育完善早,出生前发育完善2. 2.不受抗原影响不受抗原影响不受抗原影响不受抗原影响3. 3.向周围淋巴器官输送淋巴细胞向周围淋巴器官输送淋巴细胞向周围淋巴器官输送淋巴细胞向周围淋巴器官

22、输送淋巴细胞4. 4.造血干细胞造血干细胞造血干细胞造血干细胞处女型处女型处女型处女型T, B细胞细胞细胞细胞(virginT, B cell)的场所的场所的场所的场所 T cell-胸腺胸腺胸腺胸腺, , B cell-骨髓骨髓骨髓骨髓peripheral lymphoid organ1. 1.晚,出生后发育完善晚,出生后发育完善晚,出生后发育完善晚,出生后发育完善2. 2.必须有抗原刺激必须有抗原刺激必须有抗原刺激必须有抗原刺激3. 3.接受和容纳由中枢淋巴器官接受和容纳由中枢淋巴器官接受和容纳由中枢淋巴器官接受和容纳由中枢淋巴器官 迁来的淋巴细胞迁来的淋巴细胞迁来的淋巴细胞迁来的淋巴细胞

23、4. 4.免疫活性细胞定居增殖场免疫活性细胞定居增殖场免疫活性细胞定居增殖场免疫活性细胞定居增殖场 所;免疫应答主要部位所;免疫应答主要部位所;免疫应答主要部位所;免疫应答主要部位 胸腺胸腺胸腺胸腺(thymus)胸腺胸腺胸腺胸腺(thymus)It is a paired organ located in the superior mediastinum, anterior to the heart and great vessels.It is fully formed and functional at birth.胸腺胸腺胸腺胸腺(thymus)胸腺胸腺胸腺胸腺(thymus)caps

24、ule -composed of connective tissue, which protrudes into parenchyma to form the supporting interlobular septum(小叶间隔小叶间隔小叶间隔小叶间隔) that divide the parenchyma into incomplete lobules.stromaparenchyma:cortex:dark-staining medulla:lighter-stainingstructure:thymic cortexthymic cortex1. 1.thymic epithelial

25、 cell(epithelial reticular cell) subcapsular epithelial cell 被膜下、小叶间隔表面;单层扁平,突起以桥粒连接被膜下、小叶间隔表面;单层扁平,突起以桥粒连接被膜下、小叶间隔表面;单层扁平,突起以桥粒连接被膜下、小叶间隔表面;单层扁平,突起以桥粒连接 胸腺哺育细胞胸腺哺育细胞胸腺哺育细胞胸腺哺育细胞(thymic nurse cell) 2 2-microglobulin- -趋化因子趋化因子趋化因子趋化因子- -吸引淋巴干细胞进入胸腺吸引淋巴干细胞进入胸腺吸引淋巴干细胞进入胸腺吸引淋巴干细胞进入胸腺 To produce thymosi

26、n( (胸腺素胸腺素胸腺素胸腺素) ), thymopoietin( (胸腺生成素胸腺生成素胸腺生成素胸腺生成素) ) 与基膜形成有关与基膜形成有关与基膜形成有关与基膜形成有关 stellate epithelial cell:星形,突起以桥粒相连(支架)星形,突起以桥粒相连(支架)星形,突起以桥粒相连(支架)星形,突起以桥粒相连(支架) 不分泌激素,诱导胸腺细胞发育分化不分泌激素,诱导胸腺细胞发育分化不分泌激素,诱导胸腺细胞发育分化不分泌激素,诱导胸腺细胞发育分化2. 2.thymocyte:the T cells in different developing stages 外皮质层:大而

27、幼稚外皮质层:大而幼稚外皮质层:大而幼稚外皮质层:大而幼稚 深皮质层:小而成熟深皮质层:小而成熟深皮质层:小而成熟深皮质层:小而成熟thymic cortex胸腺微环境(胸腺微环境(胸腺微环境(胸腺微环境(microenvironment):):):): 1. 1. thymocyte 2. 2. 胸腺基质细胞胸腺基质细胞胸腺基质细胞胸腺基质细胞(thymic stromal cell): The cells that support the thymocyte differentiation are called thymic stromal cells, which include epi

28、thelial reticular cells, macrophages, IDC, eosinophils, mast cells, fibroblasts, myoid cell, etc. 3. 3. 细胞外基质细胞外基质细胞外基质细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 4. 4. 细胞因子(细胞因子(细胞因子(细胞因子(cytokine)胸腺小体胸腺小体胸腺小体胸腺小体(thymic corpuscle, Hassall corpuscle)thymic medullathymocyte:少,但成熟少,但成熟少,但成熟少,但成熟交错突细胞(交错突细胞(交错突细

29、胞(交错突细胞(interdigitating dendritic cell, IDC)macrophagesthymic epithelial cell:多多多多 medullary epithelial cell:secrete thymosin thymic corpuscle epithelial cell: exist in Hassalls corpuscles(thymic corpuscle) The acidophilic characteristic structures of thymus, which are composed of concentrically arr

30、anged, flattened thymic corpuscle epithelial cells that become filled with keratin filaments, degenerate and sometimes calcify. Function unknown. 人类胸腺小体-胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP)-刺激胸腺DC成熟-诱导胸腺内Tr的增殖和分化thymic medulla老年人胸腺老年人胸腺老年人胸腺老年人胸腺Thymus begins to perish in puberty. The thy

31、mus in adult contains a lot of fat cells instead of thymocytes.胸腺的血液供应胸腺的血液供应胸腺的血液供应胸腺的血液供应小动脉小动脉被膜被膜小叶间隔小叶间隔皮髓交界皮髓交界微动脉微动脉Cap.皮质(连续)皮质(连续)髓质(有孔)髓质(有孔)皮髓交界皮髓交界毛细血管后微静脉毛细血管后微静脉被膜被膜小叶间隔小叶间隔出胸腺出胸腺continuous capillaryendothelium(tight junction)endothelial basal laminaspace(macrophage)basal laminaepithel

32、ial reticular cell血血血血- - - -胸腺屏障胸腺屏障胸腺屏障胸腺屏障(blood-thymus barrier)Prevents circulating antigens from reaching the thymus where T lymphocytes are being formed.function:1.Place for mature and differentiation of TLC The thymus is the site of the terminal differentiation and selection of T lymphocytes-

33、naive T cell.2. Immune regulation The thymus produce several hormone that act as growth factors to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes.thymus淋淋淋淋巴巴巴巴结结结结( lymph node )淋巴结淋巴结淋巴结淋巴结(lymph node)hilus淋巴结淋巴结淋巴结淋巴结(lymphoid node)capsule小梁小梁小梁小梁(trabecula)stroma:blood vessel, nerve

34、, 输入淋巴管输入淋巴管输入淋巴管输入淋巴管(afferent lymphatic vessel) 输出淋巴管输出淋巴管输出淋巴管输出淋巴管(efferent lymphatic vessel)parenchyma:cortex medulla淋巴结淋巴结淋巴结淋巴结(lymph node)structure:A peripheral lymphoid organ.Locates in the pathway of lymph circulation. cortexcortex深层皮质单位深层皮质单位深层皮质单位深层皮质单位(deep cortex unite):中央区、周围区中央区、周围区中

35、央区、周围区中央区、周围区cortex浅层皮质浅层皮质浅层皮质浅层皮质(superficial cortex) The outer cortex, situated under the capsule, consists of many lymphatic nodules with or without germinative center, formed mainly by B cells. lymphoid nodule:B cell, follicular dendritic cell diffuse lymphoid tissue:T cell, interdigitating cel

36、l深皮质深皮质深皮质深皮质(deep cortex, 副皮质区副皮质区副皮质区副皮质区 paracortical zone)皮质淋巴窦皮质淋巴窦皮质淋巴窦皮质淋巴窦(cortical sinus)cortex深皮质深皮质深皮质深皮质(deep cortex) Composed of diffuse lymphatic tissue occupied by T cells. Also called deep cortex unit. It is the thymus dependent area in lymph node. Deep cortex units have semi-spheric

37、al appearance. The plane surface is opposite to an afferent lymphatic vessel, and the other surface is continuous to medulla. The inner part of the unit is occupied by T cells and its periphery contains many post capillary venules and small blind sinus(小盲淋巴窦小盲淋巴窦小盲淋巴窦小盲淋巴窦), which are the beginnings

38、 of medullary sinus.交错突细胞交错突细胞交错突细胞交错突细胞(interdigitating cell)1. 1.位于位于位于位于 T 细胞分布区细胞分布区细胞分布区细胞分布区2. 2.树突状细胞:核分叶,分枝状突起相互交错树突状细胞:核分叶,分枝状突起相互交错树突状细胞:核分叶,分枝状突起相互交错树突状细胞:核分叶,分枝状突起相互交错3. 3.周围有许多周围有许多周围有许多周围有许多Th 细胞细胞细胞细胞4. 4.细胞表面表达大量的细胞表面表达大量的细胞表面表达大量的细胞表面表达大量的 MHC- 类分子类分子类分子类分子5. 5.提呈抗原给提呈抗原给提呈抗原给提呈抗原给

39、T 细胞细胞细胞细胞,并诱导其分裂分化或释并诱导其分裂分化或释并诱导其分裂分化或释并诱导其分裂分化或释 放淋巴因子,引起细胞免疫应答放淋巴因子,引起细胞免疫应答放淋巴因子,引起细胞免疫应答放淋巴因子,引起细胞免疫应答交错突细胞交错突细胞交错突细胞交错突细胞(interdigitating cell)1.被膜下窦被膜下窦 subcapsular sinus exist between the outer cortex and capsule, and receive lymph from the afferent lymph vessels. 2.小梁周窦小梁周窦 peritrabecullar

40、 sinus usually have blind ends and are parallel to trabeculae. The ones between deep cortex units are called thin channels(窄通道), which communicate the medullary sinus.皮质淋巴窦皮质淋巴窦皮质淋巴窦皮质淋巴窦(cortical sinus)淋巴结被膜下窦模式图淋巴结被膜下窦模式图窦壁:扁平内皮细胞窦壁:扁平内皮细胞窦壁:扁平内皮细胞窦壁:扁平内皮细胞 薄层薄层薄层薄层基质基质基质基质 少量网状纤维少量网状纤维少量网状纤维少量网状纤

41、维 一层扁平网状细胞一层扁平网状细胞一层扁平网状细胞一层扁平网状细胞窦腔:星状内皮细胞窦腔:星状内皮细胞窦腔:星状内皮细胞窦腔:星状内皮细胞 巨噬细胞巨噬细胞巨噬细胞巨噬细胞 偶见面纱细胞偶见面纱细胞偶见面纱细胞偶见面纱细胞(veiled cell)淋巴窦淋巴窦淋巴窦淋巴窦(lymphoid sinus)淋巴结内淋巴流动的通道淋巴结内淋巴流动的通道淋巴结内淋巴流动的通道淋巴结内淋巴流动的通道The slowly running lymph gives more chances for immune cells to detect antigens.medulla髓索髓索髓索髓索(medulla

42、ry cord): cord-like lymphoid tissue in which B lymphocytes predominate. 髓窦髓窦髓窦髓窦(medullary simus): 髓索之间或髓索与小梁之间的空隙髓索之间或髓索与小梁之间的空隙髓索之间或髓索与小梁之间的空隙髓索之间或髓索与小梁之间的空隙 connect the thin channels and contain more macrophages.medullaLocated in the center and connects hilum directly. lymphlymphafferent lymphati

43、c vesselafferent lymphatic vesselsubcapsular sinussubcapsular sinusthin channelthin channelmedullary sinusmedullary sinusefferent lymphatic vesselefferent lymphatic vesselthe pathway of lymph fluidrecirculation of lymphocyterecirculation of lymphocyte意义:有利于识别抗原和肿瘤细胞,促进免疫细胞之意义:有利于识别抗原和肿瘤细胞,促进免疫细胞之意义:

44、有利于识别抗原和肿瘤细胞,促进免疫细胞之意义:有利于识别抗原和肿瘤细胞,促进免疫细胞之 间的合作,间的合作,间的合作,间的合作,使分散于全身的免疫细胞成为一个使分散于全身的免疫细胞成为一个使分散于全身的免疫细胞成为一个使分散于全身的免疫细胞成为一个 相互关连的整体。相互关连的整体。相互关连的整体。相互关连的整体。淋巴细胞淋巴细胞淋巴细胞淋巴细胞输出淋巴管输出淋巴管输出淋巴管输出淋巴管淋巴组织淋巴组织淋巴组织淋巴组织血液循环血液循环血液循环血液循环高内皮静脉高内皮静脉高内皮静脉高内皮静脉1. 1. 效应性效应性效应性效应性 T, B, NK 细胞不参加再循环细胞不参加再循环细胞不参加再循环细胞不

45、参加再循环 2. 2. 记忆性记忆性记忆性记忆性 T, B 细胞再循环最活跃细胞再循环最活跃细胞再循环最活跃细胞再循环最活跃 3 3. . T 细胞再循环比细胞再循环比细胞再循环比细胞再循环比 B 细胞快细胞快细胞快细胞快recirculation of lymphocyte1. 1. Filter lymphoid fluid2. 2. Act as the site of immune response 3. 3. Participate in recirculation of lymphocytesfunction of Lymph node脾脾脾脾(spleen)脾脾脾脾(spleen

46、)脾脾脾脾(spleen)A peripheral lymphoid organ. Situates in the blood circulation pathway.structure:capsule:Thick serous membrane containing DCT and smooth muscles. Penetrates into parenchyma to form trabeculae, which have support function and contain trabecular arteries/veins.stroma:nerve、blood vesselpar

47、enchyma:白髓白髓白髓白髓(white pulp) 边缘区边缘区边缘区边缘区(marginal zone) 红髓红髓红髓红髓(red pulp)脾白髓光镜像脾白髓光镜像脾白髓光镜像脾白髓光镜像white pulp1 1-2 2 mm gray-white spots1 1、动脉周围淋巴鞘动脉周围淋巴鞘动脉周围淋巴鞘动脉周围淋巴鞘(periarterial lymphatic sheath, PALS) diffuse lymphoid tissue surrounding the central artery, which is companied by a lymphatic vess

48、el (鞘内(鞘内(鞘内(鞘内 T 细细细细 胞迁出脾的通道)胞迁出脾的通道)胞迁出脾的通道)胞迁出脾的通道).主要是主要是主要是主要是 T 细胞,属脾的胸腺依赖区。细胞,属脾的胸腺依赖区。细胞,属脾的胸腺依赖区。细胞,属脾的胸腺依赖区。2 2、脾小体脾小体脾小体脾小体(splenic corpuscle)lymphoid nodules that append to the PALS.主要是主要是主要是主要是 B 细胞。细胞。细胞。细胞。red pulpred pulpred pulpred pulp含大量血细胞,新鲜脾切面呈红色。含大量血细胞,新鲜脾切面呈红色。含大量血细胞,新鲜脾切面呈红

49、色。含大量血细胞,新鲜脾切面呈红色。constitute about 2 2/3 3 of splenic volume1 1、脾索脾索脾索脾索(splenic cord)滤血滤血滤血滤血 lymphoid tissue cords containing many blood cells. 含含含含 B 细胞、浆细胞、巨噬细胞细胞、浆细胞、巨噬细胞细胞、浆细胞、巨噬细胞细胞、浆细胞、巨噬细胞2 2、脾窦脾窦脾窦脾窦(splenic sinusoid)sinusoidal capillaries Occupy the spaces among the splenic cords. Lined b

50、y rod- shaped endothelia with their long axis parallel to the long axis of sinus and surrounded by circular reticular fibers. The intercellular spaces are very large, which allow blood cells to pass readily into and out of the sinuses. Processes of macrophages monitor the antigens in the blood.边缘区边缘

51、区边缘区边缘区(marginal zone)-locates at the boundary of white and red pulp-is the unique way for lymphocytes in blood and in white pulp to exchange-plays a major role in splenic immune responsesthe marginal sinus(边缘窦):(边缘窦):(边缘窦):(边缘窦):Between the marginal region and white pulp, there are many dilated end

52、s of branches of central atrery.含含含含 T, B 细胞,巨噬细胞细胞,巨噬细胞细胞,巨噬细胞细胞,巨噬细胞边缘区边缘区边缘区边缘区(marginal zone)成人胃血管和脾血管成人胃血管和脾血管 图注:成人胃血管和脾血管前面观(图注:成人胃血管和脾血管前面观(图注:成人胃血管和脾血管前面观(图注:成人胃血管和脾血管前面观(ABS法)图中左侧大部法)图中左侧大部法)图中左侧大部法)图中左侧大部分为胃的血管,可见胃左右动脉和胃网膜左右动脉以及胃短分为胃的血管,可见胃左右动脉和胃网膜左右动脉以及胃短分为胃的血管,可见胃左右动脉和胃网膜左右动脉以及胃短分为胃的血管,

53、可见胃左右动脉和胃网膜左右动脉以及胃短动脉等;图中右侧小部分为脾的血管。动脉等;图中右侧小部分为脾的血管。动脉等;图中右侧小部分为脾的血管。动脉等;图中右侧小部分为脾的血管。 blood circulation pathway blood circulation pathway blood circulation pathway blood circulationpathway 笔毛微动脉笔毛微动脉笔毛微动脉笔毛微动脉penicillar arteriole髓微静脉髓微静脉髓微静脉髓微静脉 pulp venule小梁静脉小梁静脉小梁静脉小梁静脉 trabecular vein脾静脉脾静脉脾静脉

54、脾静脉 splenic vein脾动脉脾动脉脾动脉脾动脉 splenic artery小梁动脉小梁动脉小梁动脉小梁动脉 trabecular artery中央动脉中央动脉中央动脉中央动脉central artery边缘窦边缘窦边缘窦边缘窦marginal sinuse髓微动脉髓微动脉髓微动脉髓微动脉 pulp arteriole鞘毛细血管鞘毛细血管鞘毛细血管鞘毛细血管 sheathed capillary动脉毛细血管动脉毛细血管动脉毛细血管动脉毛细血管 arterial capillary脾索脾索脾索脾索 splenic cord脾窦脾窦脾窦脾窦 splenic sinus1. 1. filt

55、ration of blood2. 2. immune response3. 3. formation of blood when as fetus4. 4. blood storageFunction of spleen扁扁扁扁桃桃桃桃体体体体( tonsil )腭扁桃体腭扁桃体腭扁桃体腭扁桃体 Palatine tonsil1.Crypt 2.stratified squamous epithelium 3.lymphoid nodules 4.diffuse lymphoid tissue 5. germinative center 6.capsule 7.mucous glands 扁

56、桃体光镜像扁桃体光镜像扁桃体光镜像扁桃体光镜像扁桃体肿大扁桃体肿大扁桃体肿大扁桃体肿大(Adenoids) Summary The immune system comprises immune cells, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs. The immune cells include lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, phagocytes and APC. The cells are arranged into lymphoid system that is either discretely caps

57、ulated organs or accumulations of diffuse lymphoid tissue. The cells of immune system are able to distinguish what is “foreign” (i.e. non-self) from self, and destroy the “foreign” substances that could be real foreign invaders or changed self cells. By adaptive and innate immunity, the immune syste

58、m protect us from attack by microbes, dead self cells and cancer cells. The effects of immune response may cause immunologic defence, immunologic homeostasis and immunologic surveillance in physiologically and hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, tumor and transplantation rejection in pathological

59、ly.Key pointsOrganization and function of immune systemTypes,histological feature and functions of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cellsOrganization of diffuse lymphatic tissues and lymphatic nodulesMicrostructure and functions of thymus,lymph node,spleen and tonsil 新新新新雷雷雷雷 张张张张维维维维屏屏屏屏造造造造物物物物无无无无言言言言却却却却有有有有情情情情,每每每每於於於於寒寒寒寒尽尽尽尽觉觉觉觉春春春春生生生生;千千千千红红红红万万万万紫紫紫紫安安安安排排排排著著著著,只只只只待待待待新新新新雷雷雷雷第第第第一一一一声声声声。

展开阅读全文
相关资源
正为您匹配相似的精品文档
相关搜索

最新文档


当前位置:首页 > 高等教育 > 研究生课件

电脑版 |金锄头文库版权所有
经营许可证:蜀ICP备13022795号 | 川公网安备 51140202000112号