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1、1Contents 课程主要内容：课程主要内容：Orientation and Introduction 绪论绪论1. Origin and Development of Tourism Environment Interpretation 旅游环境解说的起源及发展旅游环境解说的起源及发展2. Theoretical Bases and Principles of Interpretation 解说的理论基础及原则解说的理论基础及原则 3. Interpreters and Audience 解说者及解说受众解说者及解说受众4.TheMethodsofEnvironmentalInterpre
2、tiveExhibitionandConveying环境解说展示设计及传达方法5.MuseumsandVisitorCenters博物馆及游客中心6.InterpretivePlanningPractice解说规划实践7.EvaluationofInterpretiveProgram解说项目评价INTERPRETATIONChapter 4 TheMethodsofEnvironmentalInterpretiveExhibitionandConveying环境解说展示设计及传达方法1.WritingforInterpretation2.SignsAndExhibits3.Theelectro
3、nicmedia4.PersonalInterpretationandSelf-Guiding,Nonpersonalinterpretation 4.2.6AddingInteresttoExhibitsAddinginterestisparticularimportantwhenyouredesigninganexhibitforamuseumorinterpretivecenterthatalreadycontainsalotofotherexhibits.增加趣味尤其重要当你为博物馆或者解说中心设计展览时,因为那些地方已经包含很多其他的展示.Viewerstirequicklywhen
4、theyredoingalotofreading(aconditioncalledmuseumfatigue),especiallywhentheyrebeenstandingontheirfeettheentiretimeviewingexhibitafterexhibit.当参观者做了大量的阅读他们很快就疲惫不堪(被称为博物馆疲乏症),尤其是一直站着观看一幅一幅的展示.Onewaytoreducemuseumfatigueistoprovidebenches,rails,footrest(脚凳)andotherrestingdeviceforvisitors.Anotherwaytored
5、ucefatigueissimplytomakeyourexhibitsasinterestingandasstimulatingaspossible.减少博物馆疲惫症的一个方法是提供座椅等休息设施。另外一个减少疲惫的方法就是使你的展览尽量有趣和令人兴奋。NatureHistoryMuseum,NewYorkyoucanmakeexhibitsvisual展览视觉化youcanmakethemthree-dimensional三维youcanmaketheminteractiveor“participatory”.互动和参与you can make exhibits visualvisuals
6、arepowerfulcommunicators.Foreverywordyouconsider,consideralsowhetheravisualmightserveyoubetter.Thiswontalwaysbethecase，butifyouletthisbecomeyourguidingphilosophyofexhibitwillsoonbesayingmorewithless(words)视觉图片是很好的传达者，你考虑每个字，也要考虑是否有图片能够更好地帮你，不一定总是这样，但如果你让这种方法成为引导展览的要诀，很快你就能说少达多。Making exhibits three-
7、dimensional Addingathirddimensiontoindoorexhibitiseasy.Youmightbeabletoapplyafewofthesemethodstocertainkindsofoutdoorexhibits,youshouldcarefullyconsidertheclimaticconditionsandthepotentialforvandalism（汪达尔）andtheftbeforedoingso.添加三维效果对于室内的展览比较容易。也许你可能把这种方法应用到户外的一些展示中。你应该仔细地考虑气候条件以及潜在的汪达尔和偷盗行为。Youcanu
8、sethree-dimensionallettersinthetitle.在标题上用三维的字母Usespacer用垫片Userealobject（用实物）orprop(道具)intheforegroundofanexhibitcase.在展览架的前景用实物或道具Eveniftherestoftheexhibitisonlytwo-dimensional,suchanobjectcangivethewholedesignathree-dimensionalquality.ThreedimensiontitleYoucanmakethree-dimensionalsupportsfordispla
9、yingobjectsandspecimens.Boxesandshelvesareespeciallyeasytomakeifyouhavethewoodorothermaterial用三维的支撑来展示实物和标本。盒子和架子非常容易做。NatureHistoryMuseum,NewYorkMakingexhibitsinteractiveInteractiveexhibitsinviteviewerstoparticipatephysicallyinthelearningprocess.Thatis,theygivethemsomethingtodo.Besidesbeingmoreenjo
10、yable,interactiveexhibitsarebetter“teachers”thanstaticones.Fourpopulartypesofinteractiveexhibitsarequizboards,arrow-windowboards,mechanicalexhibitsandtactileexhibits.互动展览邀请参观者在学习过程中参与.即,能够做一些事情.除了更有愉悦,互动展览比起静止的展览来说也是更好的“老师“。四种受欢迎的（广泛应用的）互动解说的类型是测验板，箭头窗板，机械设置展示和触摸展示。a:arrow-windowboardb:quizboardc:ta
11、ctile(触摸）exhibitd:mechanicalexhibitUseinteractivetechniques（互动技巧）tocreatevarietyinyourexhibits,butdonttrytomakeeveryexhibitinteractive.Largeurbansciencecentershavethisproblem.Theymayhavedozensofnicelookinginteractiveexhibits,eachoneverywelldesigned.Butafteranhourofpushingbuttons,pullingknobs(球形把手）,a
12、ndplayinggamestheyallstarttoseemaliketotheirviewers.Remember,allemphasisisequivalenttonoemphasis.Anexhibitbecomesaquizboardsimplybygivingviewersachancetotesttheirknowledge.Providingfeedbacktoviewersisthekeyfeatureofaquizboard.通过给予参观者机会去检验他们的知识，展示变为测验板。为参观者提供答案是测验板的主要特征。BoeingflightmuseumCorrectanswe
13、rsareusuallyprovidedunderahingedflap（翻板）orcoverofsomekind.TactileexhibitsSummaryWhenpeoplecomeintomuseums,zoos,orvisitorcenters,theyspendpartoftheirtimeinteractingwithexhibits(theyspendaboutonehalfoftheirtimeinthelunchroom,restroom,andgiftshop)Theexhibitsfocusthemonthetheme,themeaning,andthefeatures
14、ofplaceorsubjectofexhibition.Thischapterlistpracticalsuggestionsofhowtomakeexhibitscommunicatemessages,values,4.3.2 Nonpersonal Interpretation 非人员解说非人员解说Self-guidedtoursusuallyleadpeoplethroughapre-plannedsequenceofstops,eachonepresentingapartoftheme.自导游览通常带领人们通过事前规划的系列景点，每一个都会呈现主题的一部分。Self-guidedto
15、ursarecommonlyusedtoshowpeoplethingsthattheydotherwisenotsee,orwhichtheuntrainedeyeprobablywouldntnotice.自导游览通常展示给人们不会被看到到或者未经训练的眼睛没注意到的一些事物/景物。Theadvantage:Threedifferentmediaarecommonlyusedonself-guidedtours:Brochures,手册pamphlet,小册子Signs(exhibits,informationstations,kiosk,mapetc.)标识（展览展示，信息站，信息亭，地
16、图等）Audiodevices（语音设备）4.3.2.1TypesofSelf-guidedTours4.3.2.1TypesofSelf-guidedT4.3.2.2Whereshouldwalkingtoursbelocated?Oftenyouwonthavetoworryaboutwheretolocateaself-guidedtourbecausethetourrouteisalreadyinplace.Usuallyyourtaskwillbetoadaptorcovertanexistingtrailintoaself-guidedinterpretivetrail.Yoush
17、ouldconsider：sitesinterpretivepotential,景点解说潜力accessibility(可达性)usersafety使用者安全environmentimpacts环境冲击Choose trails that have interpretive potential 选择具有解说潜力的路径Thebestself-guidedtrailshaveinterpretivepotential.Theypassthroughadiversityofenvironmentsandhabitats,andtheytakepeoplenearsignificantfeatures
18、thatenhancetheexperience.最好的自导路径是有解说潜力的（值得解说）。它们经过多样化的环境和生境，他们使人们接近能够提高体验的重要景物。Althoughnotallself-guidedtrailscan(orshouldnecessarily)haveatrulyoutstandingfeature,anytrailthatputspeopleinviewingdistanceofthefollowingkindsoffeaturesprobablyhasinterpretativepotential.虽然不是所有自导路径都能（或者必须）有真正的杰出景物，任何路径可以把
19、人们带入参观的下列这些特征可能都有解说潜力。TrailAccessibility路径可进入性Inaforestorpark,self-guidedtrailsaretypicallylocatednearareaswhererelativelylargenumbersofpeoplego.Suchareasincludevisitorcenters,picnicareas,campgrounds，scenicsites,andotherplacesthatattractpeople.在森林或公园，自导路径通常位于大批游客前往的附近区域。这样的区域包括游客中心，野餐区域。营地，风景点和其他一些吸
20、引人的地方Sinceroutinemaintenance（日常维护）isrequiredonalmostanyself-guidedtrail,thecloseritcanbelocatedtoanofficialbuilding.Themoreconvenientitwillbetocheckthetrailperiodically（周期性的）forobstacles,toreplenish(补充)brochures,ortocheckforvandalismtonumberedposts,signs,orauxiliaryfacilities（辅助设施）suchasbrochureboxe
21、s,garbagecans（垃圾箱）andlatrines(公共厕所).日常的维护对于任何自导路径来说都是需要的，离办公地点越近，对于周期性地障碍物、手册的补充检查，或者检查海报栏、标识是否有被破坏，以及辅助设施，如手册盒，垃圾桶和公共卫生间等检查则越方便4.3.3Designaself-guidedtrailThelengthofself-guidedtrail:自导路径的长度averagerecommendedbymostexpertsisabouthalfamile(800m).rememberthatthemainpurposeofthetrailistostimulateintere
22、stinthelocalenvironment.大多数专家推荐800米。记住路径的主要意图是激发对地方环境的兴趣。Halfanhourisoftentimeenoughforapersonwalkingataleisurelypacetocompleteaself-guidedtrail.Atrailthattakesforty-fiveminutesisusuallyconsideredalongtrail.半小时的时间对于一个以悠闲地步伐完成自导路径就已足够。一条需要花45分钟的路径通常被认为是长路径。How many stops Trynottoexceedfifteenstops(fe
23、werisoftenbetter).尽量不要超过15个站点（景点）。Howdoyouplacethestops?Mostexpertsrecommendthatthemajorityofstopsbelocatedonthefirsthalfofthetrail.Andthatthefirststopbevisiblefromtheintroductorysign.大多数专家推荐大多数景点位于路径的前半段，从介绍的标识处可以看到第一处景点。Placingmostofstopsinthefirsthalfortrailalsomakessense.Sinceatthebeginningpeopl
24、earelikelytobeeagertoseewhatthetrailisabout.LThree self-guided trail layout 三种路径布局三种路径布局Looptrail:circular-startandfinishatthesamepoint.环状路径（环路）“Figureeight”：（8字形路径）Sometimesalooptrailisconnectedtoanotherlooptrail,forminga“figureeight”.有时两个环路相连形成8字形路径。Itgivespeopletheoptionofreturningwhentheyvecompl
25、etedthefirststop,orcontinuingontothesecondloop.Lineartrail:线状路径Theyrequirepeopletogoandreturnonthesametrail.Two-Looptrail“Figure eight”LAdd“mystery”intothetraillayout增加路径的神秘感Studieshaveshownthatpeopleprefertrailswithcurvestotrailsthatarestraight.人们更喜爱弯曲的路径。Sincecurvespreventusfromseeingwhatisaheadon
26、thetrail,DesigningforMystery吸引人的路径名字过去发生的故事或工艺品出现在这里弯曲的路径使风景或隐或现马利筋花的香气清凉的深色峡谷植被所形成的框景远处隐隐可见的山峰阳光从树冠透过在密林中开敞的空地邀请进入及探索远处的流水声Goodself-guidedtrail好的自导路径Manyofthebestself-guidedtrailshavethreeparts:Introductionsign介绍标识Abodyconsistingofthestopsonthetrail包括景点（停留点）的主体Andaconclusion结束Case:TheListeningTrail
27、atRavenwoodHighlandsNatureSanctuary,TheArcofAppalachiaPreserveSystemIntroduction : Driving Distance from Region 1, one-way: ThetrailheadislocatedatafiveminutedrivefromtheAppalachiaForestMuseum. Difficulty: Ravenwoodisaonemilelooptrail.Ithasoccasionalsteepbutmoderately-longascentsanddescents.Itsmaind
28、ifficultyliesinitsunevenfootingoverrocks,Itsbesttodevelopthesepartsin()orderthe2-3-1order(firstthestops,thentheconclusionandfinallytheintroductorysign).最好采用2-3-1的顺序来发展这些部分（首先是停留点，然后是结束部分，最终是介绍部分)2-3-1rule.2:Body,3:thenconclusion,1：introductionDescription.TheListeningTrailwasdesignedasacontemplation（
29、沉思）trailwithlotsofnaturalnichestooccupyandlisten.tothebirdcallswithout,orthequietvoicewithin.Thetrailoffersacavegrottotocurlupin,slanted(倾斜的）rocksinthecreektoreposeupon,andadeckjuttingoutoverthegorge（峡谷）Whatgoesintoastop?Everystoponaself-guidedtrailneedsatheme-title.Eachstopisathematicpartofthewhole
30、tour.Itseasytoseeeachstopsconnectiontotheoveralltheme.Moststopsonaself-guidedtour:（1）focustheaudiencesattentiononthefeaturebeinginterpreted（2）explainwhatssignificantorimportanttonoticeaboutthefeature,and（3)Most Stops Have Three Purpose小生物做大事小生物做大事木蚁掏空了这棵老树木蚁掏空了这棵老树-把倒木转化成明日森林把倒木转化成明日森林土壤。蚂蚁勤劳，它们土壤。蚂
31、蚁勤劳，它们日复一日地它们在地下日复一日地它们在地下挖掘隧道，吃力地上下挖掘隧道，吃力地上下搬运。看看蚂蚁，它们搬运。看看蚂蚁，它们永远不休息。永远不休息。Fromaphysicaldesignstandpoint，eachstopshouldbelocatedinaclearinglargeenoughforasmallgrouptocongregate（集合）。足够大的场地。FocusingOExplaining解释Asfewwordsaspossible.Describewhatthevisitorisseeingandtellwhataspectsofitaremostimportan
32、ttoobserve.Connecting联系Eachstopsthemetitletellstheaudiencewhatsimportantaboutthefeaturebeinginterpreted.Butitdoesntnecessarilytellhowitrelatestothetrailsbiggerstory.Oftenonlyonesentenceisneededtodothis.每个停留点的题目告诉观众被解说的景物的重要部分。也不须要告诉它是如何和路径的大故事相联系。通常用一句话来告知已经足够。Example:“Carpenterantsarehollowingoutth
33、isoldtree-”Thefirsthalfsentencefocusattentiononthetreethatsbeingexcavatedbyants.Therestoffirstparagraphexplainwhattheviewershouldnoticeaboutthetreeandwhatsimportantabouttheants.Thesecondparagraphisthethematicconnector-itconnectsthisstoptotheoverallthemeofthetrail第二段是主题连接者-把此停留点和路径的总体主题相相联系Theconclus
34、ion结束Theconclusionisalwaysthefinalstoponaself-guidedtrail.Agoodconclusiontoaself-guidedtourdoeswhatanyconclusionshoulddo-itreinforcesthetheme.在自导路径中总是在最后一站结束。好的结束总是能够强调主题Someconclusionsbrieflysummarizewhatwasseenanddoneduringthetour,andthenconcludebytellinghowitrelatedtothetheme.Goodconclusionaresho
35、rtandspecific.一些结束语简要地总结了在游览中看到了什么，做了什么，并总结其如何与主题相连。好的结束短而特别。Pollinator授粉者Pollen花粉Predator:食肉者Carnivore：食肉动物Prey:被捕食者IntroductorysignAgoodintroductorysignquicklyorients（引导）peopletothethemeofthetrail.Someofthebestintroductorysignsforeshadow（预示）orcreatesuspense（悬念）regardingthetrail.Inaddition,Often,it
36、agoodideatoshowanoutlineofthetrailroute,andifapplicable,thelocationofoneortwokeyfeatures.通常，显示路径线路的布局，如果可能，一至两个主要景物的地点。Alwaysimportantistotellvisitorswherethetrailwilltakethemandwheretheyllbewhentheyvefinished.BYosemiteNationalParkSelf-guidedTrailWe invite you to follow this trail through a re-const
37、ructed Yosemite India village of the 1870s. The largest Miwok village in Yosemite Valley. The village of Ahwahnee, was once in this area. Signs along the path will introduce you to the structures in the village and plants used by Native People. ExampleInaforestorpark,self-guidedtrailsaretypicallyloc
38、atednearareaswhererelativelylargenumbersofpeoplego.Suchareasincludevisitorcenters,picnicareas,campgrounds，scenicsites,andotherplacesthatattractpeople.比如说统一的抬头处理比如说统一的抬头处理 更详细信息标题文字。详细信息详细信息图片位置统一的页脚处理，有机构名称详细信息4.3.4Conceptualplanningforself-guidedtoursPlanningaself-guidedtourstartswithknowingthetour
39、area.规划自导游览始于对游览区域的充分了解Duringthefieldwork,besuretorecordthecolors,textures,andpredominantmaterialsinthelandscape.在实地调查阶段，确保记录在景观中的颜色、质地和主要素材。Theserecordswillhelpdesignerstoblendstructuresandotherdevelopments(signs,supports,benches,railings,etc.)withthenaturalenvironment.这些记录将帮助设计者把构筑和其他设施（标识，支撑材料，座椅
40、和栏杆等）与自然环境相结合。Decide a theme for the trail Itsimportanttodrawamapor(outline)ofthetourroute,indicatingthelocationsofimportantorinterestingfeature.Thismapwillhelpyoudecidewhichstopstoincludeinthetouronceyouveselectedatheme.对于一条游览路线画图是很重要的。可以表现出重要的或有趣的景物的位置。一旦确定了主题，这张图会帮你决定包括哪些停留点。Thinkthematically:“”a
41、fterpeoplehavecompletedthisself-guidedtour,Idlikethemtoknowthat.theme主题性思考：“人们走完这条路径后，我希望他们知道主题”Developa“thematicmap”Onceyouhaveathemetoworkwith,yourereadytoselectstopsforthetrail.一旦你有了主题，你就可以为路径选择逗留点。Youshouldselectonlythosewhichwillsupportthetheme.你应该选择那些能够支持主题的停留点Writeathemetitleforeachone.为每个停留点写出主题Thematicmap主题地图Makesurethetheme-titlereallydoessupportit.确认主题-题目真正支持它。案例案例臭白菜臭白菜多花蔷薇山胡桃山胡桃菌类山核桃树山核桃树藻类山毛榉山毛榉
