《国际贸易Ch.9RegionalEconomicIntegration》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际贸易Ch.9RegionalEconomicIntegration（40页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、 CHAPTER 9 REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONn Types of Regional Economic Integrationn Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integrationn Regional Economic Integration in Europe, North America and AsiaRegional economic integration: A process in which states enter into aregional agreement in ord
2、er to enhance regional economic cooperationthrough regional institutions and rules.1 Types of Regional Economic Integration Preferential Tariff ArrangementFree Trade AreaCommon MarketCustoms UnionEconomic UnionRegionalRegionalEconomicEconomicIntegrationIntegration1.Preferential tariff arrangement优惠关
3、税政策优惠关税政策nThe countries involved reduce but do not undertake to eliminate totally their import tariffs (customs duties) on the trade in goods flowing between them; meanwhile, they retain tariff protection on goods entering their economies from outside.nThe least restrictive and loosest form of econo
4、mic integration among countries. 2. Free trade area自由贸易区自由贸易区nA group of countries that eliminate all tariffs on trade with each other but retain autonomy in determining their tariffs with nonmembers. nEach country continues to set its own policies in relation to nonmembers.nFor all goods or only fo
5、r certain classes of goods and services.nThe most notable are the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 3. Customs union关税联盟关税联盟nMembers of a customs union dismantle barriers to trade in goods and services among themselves. n In addition, a common trade
6、 policy with respect to nonmembers, typically, this takes the form of a common external tariff. nArrangements of this kind are clearly discriminatory, since they represent free trade within the bloc but discrimination against the rest of the world. 4. Common market共同市场共同市场nA common market has no bar
7、riers to trade among members and has a common external trade policy. nIn addition, however, factors of production are also mobile among members. nWhen factors of production are freely mobile, then capital, labor, and technology may be employed in their most productive uses.nThe Treaties of Rome in 1
8、957 established a common market within the European Community (EC).5. Economic union经济联盟经济联盟nAn economic union is now frequently described as economic and monetary union. nThe “economic” aspect of economic union refers to the existence of a common market. nThe “monetary” aspect relates to the associ
9、ated monetary and fiscal arrangements, and may involve the introduction of a common currency together with highly unified fiscal arrangements. nRequires nations to surrender a large measure of their national sovereignty . Three Shallow Two Deep Integration Stages Integration Stages Preferential Tari
10、ffArrangementPartialpreferentialtotradingpartnersFree Trade AreaEliminationofalltariffs,QRsandNTBsCustoms UnionCommonleveloftradebarriersVis-visnon-membersCommon MarketFreemovementoffactorsofproductionEconomic UnionIntegratingnationaleconomicpolicies&acommoncurrency2 The Static and Dynamic Effects o
11、f Regional Economic Integration1.Static effects of regional economic integrationnThe effects that occur directly on the formation of the integration project. nViner (1950) examined the case of customs union and got the conclusion: two static effects.(1)Trade creation Economic integration creates tra
12、de that would not have existed otherwise. 成员国之间相互取消关说和壁垒，使一些原先在本国内生产的产品现在被同盟国内成员国以更低成本 的进口产品所替代，使成员国的进口增加，创造新的贸易。the USA$70Mexico$60China$50$30 tariff on each bicycle from Mexico and China, no trade between the USA and Mexico, or between the USA and China0 tariff on Mexican bicycles, trade occurs.(2
13、) Trade diversion Economic integration diverts trade, away from a more efficient nonmember supplier to a less efficient member supplier.the USA$70Mexico$60China$50US$15 tariff on each bicycle0tariff(3) Administrative savingEconomic integration can lead to administrative saving by eliminating the nee
14、d for government officials to monitor the goods and services that cross the borders. (4) Collective terms of trade improvingn If a bloc of countries imposes the tariff, the fall in demand for the imported goods will be substantial. n The exporting country may then be forced to reduce the price of th
15、e goods. n The possibility of lower prices for imports results from the greater market power of the bloc relative to that of a single country.(5) Greater bargaining power in trade negotiation greater than they would have had negotiated on their own2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration(
16、1)Increase competition and economies of scale Market size increases lower degree of monopoly Some industries require large scale production Internal economies of scale ( greater production) External economies of scale resulted from cheaper capital, more highly skilled labor, or superior technology (
17、2) Stimulate greater investment in the member countries3 Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia1.Economic integration in Europe(1) The origination and development of EUYearTreaty or OrganizationObjectives or Achievements1948The Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)Adm
18、inister Marshall Plan aid from the United States1952The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)Form a common market in coal and steel for member countries formed1958The European Economic Community (EEC)Expand the scope of the common market to all industrial and agricultural commodities1967ECSC, EEC
19、 and EACC merged to form the EC (the Merger Treaty )Create a single set of institutions for the three communities1985The Schengen AgreementLead the way toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states.1986The Single European Act (SEA
20、) Amend the Treaty of Rome Set a deadline for the creation of a full single market by 1992 Create deeper integration 1993The Maastricht Treaty Amend the Treaty of Rome Advance the agenda s deepening European Political Union (EPU) Create a new model for the Community based around three pillars coveri
21、ng economic relations, foreign affairs and home affairs, officially created the European Union (EU) Set in train the process of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 2007The Lisbon Treaty Intend to replace the earlier, failed European Constitution Entered into force on 1 December 2009 Amend the Treaty o
22、n European Union(TEU, Maastricht; 1992) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC, Rome; 1957). In this process, the TEC was renamed to Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).YearMembers1957:establishmentWestGermany,France,Italy,Belgium,theNetherlands,andLuxembourg1973:
23、1stenlargementDenmark,IrelandandtheUnitedKingdom1981:2ndenlargementGreece1986:3rdenlargementSpainandPortugal1995:4thenlargementAustria,SwedenandFinland2004:5thenlargementMalta,Cyprus,Slovenia,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,theCzechRepublic,Slovakia,andHungary2007:6thenlargementRomaniaandBulgariaEco
24、nomic Integration in Europe(2) EU institutions and other bodiesn Not a federation like the United States. n Nor is it simply an organisation for co-operation between governments, like the United Nations. n The countries that make up the EU remain independent sovereign nations but they pool their sov
25、ereignty in order to gain a strength and world influence none of them could have on their own. n Decisions on specific matters of joint interest can be made democratically at European level.Institutions of the EUThe European Parliament (EP) represents the EUs citizens and is directly elected by them
26、.The Council of the European Union represents the individual member states, main decision-making body.The European Commission seeks to uphold the interests of the Union as a whole.The Court of Justice upholds the rule of European law.The Court of Auditors checks the financing of the Unions activitie
27、s.2. Economic integration in North America (1)The origination of NAFTA Negotiations on North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) began in 1991. The agreement was signed between the United States and its first and third largest trading partners, Canada and Mexico in August, 1992 and took effect on
28、January 1, 1994. For the United States, NAFTA was an economic opportunity to capitalize on a growing export to the south. NAFTA was seen as a way to deepen the democratic processes in Mexico. The regional talks would spur progress on the slow-paced Uruguay Round of multilateral negotiations. The imp
29、orts from Mexico likely would include higher US content than competing imports from Asia, providing an additional benefit.For Mexico, NAFTA represented a way to lock in the reforms of apertura, or “market opening”. Mexico needed more rapid growth to provide new opportunities for its young, expanding
30、 population.For Canada, nThe objectives were less ambitious. Canadian officials suspected that a new agreement with Mexico would erode the hard-fought gains of the CUSFTA, which had come into force only in 1989. nHowever, the Canadian government decided that it had more to gain by joining the negoti
31、ation than by staying on the sideline. (2) The objectives of NAFTA Eliminate barriers to trade in goods and services between the territories of the Parties; Promote conditions of fair competition in the free trade area; Increase substantially investment opportunities; Provide protection and enforcem
32、ent of intellectual property rights; Create effective procedures for the implementation and application of this Agreement, for its joint administration and for the resolution of disputes; Establish a framework for further trilateral, regional and multilateral cooperation to expand and enhance the be
33、nefits of this Agreement. (3) The main contents of NAFTA NAFTA is a complex and lengthy document that includes 2,000 pages. n Market access for goods within North America. n Protection for foreign investment.n Protection for intellectual property.n Easier access for business travelers.n Access to go
34、vernment procurement.n Rules of Origin. (4) The impact of NAFTAnMerchandise trade among the NAFTA partners has more than tripled, reaching US$946.1 billion in 2008. nCanada-U.S. trade has nearly tripled, while trade between Mexico and the U.S. has more than quadrupled. nThe North American economy ha
35、s more than doubled in size. The combined GDP for Canada, the United States, and Mexico surpassed US$17 trillion in 2008, up from US$7.6 trillion in 1993.nIn 2008, Canada and the United States inward foreign direct investment stocks from NAFTA partner countries reached US$469.8 billion. Meanwhile, M
36、exico has become one of the largest recipients of foreign direct investment among emerging markets.3. Economic Integration in Asia (1)APECnAsia-Pacific Economic CooperationnThe premier forum for facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region. n21 members (
37、 Member Economies ) accounting for approximately 40.5% of the worlds population, approximately 54.2% of world GDP and about 43.7% of world trade.（文莱）（巴布亚新几内亚）2、亚太经合组织的宗旨亚太经合组织的宗旨相互依存，共同利益，坚持开放的多边相互依存，共同利益，坚持开放的多边贸易体制和减少区域贸易壁垒。贸易体制和减少区域贸易壁垒。 3、APEC的作用的作用贸易和投资自由化：便利化：经济技术合作：nThe idea of APEC was first
38、ly publicly broached by former Prime Minister of Australia, Mr. Bob Hawke in January 1989. nBetween 1989 and 1992, APEC met as an informal senior official and Ministerial level dialogue. In 1993, former United States President, Mr. Bill Clinton, established the practice of an annual APEC Economic Le
39、aders Meeting. The operation of APECn The only inter governmental grouping in the world operating on the basis of non-binding commitments. APEC has no treaty obligations required of its participants. n Decisions made within APEC are reached by consensus and commitments are undertaken on a voluntary
40、basis. n Every year one of the 21 APEC Member Economies plays host to APEC meetings and serves as the APEC Chair. The major achievements and benefits of APEC nIt focuses on opening markets to increase trade and investment among economies.nAs a consequence, intra-APEC merchandise trade (exports and i
41、mports) has grown from US$1.7 trillion in 1989 to US$8.44 trillion in 2007 an average increase of 8.5% per year. nOver 30 bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) have been concluded between APEC Member Economies. (ii) Business facilitation n Focuses on reducing the costs of business transactions, imp
42、roving access to trade information.nThe introduction of electronic/paperless systems by all member economies, covering the payment of duties, and customs and trade-related document processing.nThe APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) allows visa free travel and express lane transit at airports.nThe cost
43、 of business transactions across the region was reduced by 5% between 2002 and 2006. (iii) Economic and technical cooperation nTo build capacity and skills in APEC Member Economies at both the individual and institutional level.nTo provide training and cooperation to build capacities in all APEC Mem
44、ber Economies.nMore than 1200 projects have been initiated since 1993.(2) ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟东南亚国家联盟nThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) n1967: Established in Bangkok Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailandn1984: Brunei Darussalamn1985: Vietnamn1997: Lao PDR, Burma n1999:
45、Cambodia Construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade AreaASEANnBuilding on the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation of 1999, cooperation between the Southeast and Northeast Asian countries, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (ROK) has accelerated.nCooperate in a variety of areas: trade and inves
46、tment, environment, finance and monetary, etc.nIn November 2000, China first proposed the idea of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA). nCAFTA came into effect on 1 January 2010. nCAFTA is the largest free trade area in terms of population (about 1.7 billion) and the third largest free trade area in terms of trade volume (about 4.5 trillion U.S. dollars).
