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1、HofstedesCulturalDimensions于尚弘CONTENTS1.PowerDistance（权力距离）2.IndividualismvsCollectivism（个人主义vs集体主义）3.UncertaintyAvoidance（不确定性规避）4.MasculinityvsFemininity（男性度vs女性度）5.Long-TermOrientationvsShort-termorientation（长期取向vs短期取向）Powerdistanceisdefinedastheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutions a
2、nd organizations within a country expect and accept that powerisdistributedunequally(Hofstedeetal.,2010:61).People in large power distance societies accept a hierarchical order in whicheverybodyhasaplacethatneedsnofurtherjustification,whereasthoseinsmallpowerdistancesocietiesstriveforpowerequalizati
3、onanddemandjustificationforpowerinequalities.PowerDistance定义：在一个国家内部，组织机构中处于弱势地位的成员对权力分布不平等的接受度在权力距离远的社会中，人们接受等级制度，而不去寻求正义。然而在权力距离小的社会中，人们谋求权力的平等，在不平等面前要求伸张正义。Individualismpertainstosocietiesinwhichthetiesbetweenindividualsareloose:everyoneisexpectedtolookafterhim-orherselfandhisorher immediate fami
4、ly. Collectivism as itsoppositepertainstosocietiesinwhichpeoplefrom birth onward are integrated into strong,cohesivein-groups,whichthroughoutpeopleslifetimecontinuetoprotecttheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty(Hofstedeetal.,2010:92).Peopleinanindividualist culturearemoreconcerned with their ownself
5、-interest, andwilltendtobeinfluencedlessbygrouporsocietalnorms.Inacollectivistculture,theindividualismorelikelytobemotivatedbygroupinterests.Peopleareguidedbywhatisthe best for the group through sharing,cooperation,andgroupharmony.IndividualismvsCollectivism个人主义意味着在这样的社会中，社会成员之间的联系很松散，每个人只关心自己或与之亲近的
6、人。相反，在集体主义社会中，人们从出生起就融入到强大而紧密的群体当中，这个群体为人们提供终身的保护以换取人们对于该群体的绝对忠诚.在个人主义文化里，人们更关注自身利益，较少受到集体和社会准则的影响。在集体主义文化中，个体容易被集体利益驱使，做出有利于集体的事情，如共享，合作及维护团体和睦。Uncertaintyavoidanceisdefinedastheextenttowhichthemembersofaculturefeelthreatenedbyambiguousorunknownsituations(Hofstedeetal.,2010:191).Stronguncertaintyav
7、oidancesocietiesmaintainrigidcodesofbeliefandbehaviorandareintoleranttowardsdeviantpersonsandideas,butweakuncertainty avoidance societies maintain a more relaxed atmosphere inwhichpracticecountsmorethanprinciplesanddevianceismoreeasilytolerated.UncertaintyAvoidance定义：某种文化中的成员在面对不确定的或未知的情况时感到威胁的程度.不确
8、定规避性强的社会对于思想和行为有着严格的限制，不能容忍越轨的人和想法；但是不确定规避性弱的社会氛围更加轻松，人们认为实践大于规则，偏离正轨的行为也更容易被人们接受。MasculinityvsFemininity男性度代表社会中两性角色差距显著。男性应变现为自信、坚强、注重物质成功而女性应更谦虚、温柔、关注生活质量。相反，女性度意味着社会中两性角色相互重叠。男女都注重维护良好的人际关系，关心弱者，团结一致。Masculinitystandsforasocietyinwhichsocialgender roles are clearly distinct: Men aresupposedtobea
9、ssertive,tough,andfocusedonmaterialsuccess;womenaresupposedtobemoremodest,tender,andconcernedwiththequalityoflife(Hofstede, 2001: 297). Femininity, as theopposite of masculinity, stands for a society inwhichsocialgenderrolesoverlap.Theymaintainwarm personal relationships, care for the weak,andsolida
10、rity(Hofstede,1984).Long-termOrientationvsShort-termOrientationLong-term orientation stands for “thefostering of virtues oriented toward futurerewards in particular, perseverance andthrift”.Short-termorientation,astheoppositepole, stands for the fostering of virtuesrelatedtothepastandpresentinpartic
11、ular,respect for tradition, preservation of “face”and fulfilling “social obligations”(HofstedeandHofstede,2005).长期导向意味着培育以追求未来回报为导向的品德尤其是坚韧和节俭。与之相对的另一端，短期导向，意味着培育与过去和现在相关的品德尤其是尊重传统、维护面子，以及履行社会义务References1Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ and Minkov M (2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3
12、rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.2Hofstede G (2001) Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, andOrganizations across Nations, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage3Hofstede G (1984) Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, abridged edn. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage4Hofstede, G. and Hofstede, G.J. (2005), Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind,McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
