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1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分及练习句子成分及练习一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；v次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和足语、同位语和插入语插入语。二）主语：二）主语：v主语主语(Subject) 表示句子表示句子说的是什么人或什么事的是什么人或什么事. 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在但在t
2、herebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregi
3、rls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语（三）谓语 v谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和
4、状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.（三）谓语（三）谓语 vv2、复合谓语：复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词构过去分词构成。如：
5、成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（四）表语（四）表语 v表语表语(Predicative)v用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。v表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表
6、语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwenty one?（数词）（数词）6.Hisjobisto teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplaying fo
7、otball.（动名词）（动名词）8.Themeetingisof great importance.（介词短语）介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）（副词）10.Thetruthisthat he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，一词，例如：例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词持
8、续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：Healwayskept silentatmeeting.3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，这一概念，主要有主要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：Heseems (tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有f
9、eel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达表达结果是结果是;证明是证明是，之，之意，例如：意，例如：Therumorproved false.Hisplanturned outasuccess.（五
10、）宾语（五）宾语v宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylistenin
11、gtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）v宾语种类宾语种类：v（1）双宾语（间接宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：直接宾语），例如：Lendme your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,c
12、ook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.v（2）复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：宾补），例如：vTheyelectedhim their monitor.v下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，
13、如：Herefusedto lend me his bike.v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreaking the window.v下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。等。vforgettodo表示表示“未发生的动作未
14、发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如：vDontforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来还没来)vIforgotreturningthebooktohim.v(书已还给他了书已还给他了)v（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 v宾语补足语（宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach
15、，ask，see，have，order，make等。等。“宾补宾补”一般可由名一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeour
16、citywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语 v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。v定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisa beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.Chinaisadeveloping country;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词（分词）3.Therearethirty womenteachersinourschool.（名词）（名词）4.His
17、rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）动名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabout how to learn English.（介词短语）介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwho sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)（八）状语（八）状语 v修饰动词、形容词、副词或
18、整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youm
19、ustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下： 1.Howaboutmeetingagainat six?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecause of the rain.3.Ishallgothereif it doesnt rain.4.MrSmithliveson the third floor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwith great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）vShecameinwith a dictionary in her ha
20、nd.6.In order to catch up with the others,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthat he fell asleep immediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthough she is old.9.Iamtallerthan he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语） （九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Z
21、hou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.v2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.v3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.v4.Wha
22、tabeautifulChinesepainting!v5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbialv6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.v7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.v8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.v9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.v10.Hiswishistobecomeascient
23、ist.v11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.v12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.v13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?v15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.v16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?v17
24、.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.v18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.v19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.v20.Theapplestastedsweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative划分划分句子成分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthe
25、windblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.Iveorderedsomesoupf
26、oryou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.AprilDayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifoundthebookinthecorneroftheroom.19.hefinishedlunchandwentin
27、tothegarden.20.Thetelephonerang.21.Westudyhard.22.Hisfathermighthavedied.23.Willyouleavethedooropenwhengoingout.24.Canyoumakethedogstandstill?25.Thelandlordhadthemworkingdayandnight.26.Ithinkasoundknowledgeofgrammarisimportanttogoodwriting.27.Weallbreathe,eat,drink.28.Iwokeupat6:00inthemorning.29.Th
28、ebookweighsfivekilos.30.TheywillbeflyingtoLondon.31.Theshopassistantfoundsomecertainmaterialsforme.32.HepromisedmeanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.33.Pleasepassanewly-publishedmagazinetome.34.HelivedinGuangZhou.35.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.36.Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.37.Sheisteachingthepi
29、anotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.38.Ilikepopularmusic.39.Sheknowswhattodonext.40.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：vI hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad
30、 on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We
31、 have a lot of machines on the farm. vAlthough the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evenin
32、g we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）： vMost Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of mea
33、t too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many
34、different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、选择填空：v()1._willleaveforBeijing.vA.NowtherethemanvB.ThemanherenowvC.ThemanwhoisherenowvD.Themanisherenowv()2.Theweather_.vA.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldvC.notwetandcoldD.werewet
35、andcoldv()3.Theappletasted_.vA.sweetsB.sweetlyvC.nicelyD.sweetv()4.Hegotup_yesterdaymorning.vA.latelyB.latevC.latestD.latterv()5.Theactor_attheageof70.vA.deadB.diedvC.dyedD.dyingv()6._wereallverytired,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.vA.We,usB.Us,wevC.We,ourD.We,wev()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch_.vA.crowdB.
36、crowdingvC.crowdedD.crowdedlyv()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEnglishwell.vA.its B.itvC.thatD.thatisv()9.Thedog_mad.vA.looksB.islookedvC.isbeinglookedD.waslookedv()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.vA.thatB.whenvC.inwhichD.where附：句子成分详解表附：句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意意义充当充当词类例句例句主主语表示句子表示句子说的是什么人或什么的是什么人或什么事事名
37、，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，式，动名名词，短，短语或或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语说明主明主语做什么，是什么或怎做什么，是什么或怎么么样动词或或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示表示动作行作行为的的对象象同主同主语Both of us like English.表表语与与联系系动词连用，一起构成用，一起构成谓语，说明主明主语的性的性质或特征或特征同主同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定定语用来修用来修饰名名词或代或代词
38、形，代，数，名形，代，数，名, 副，介副，介词短短语或句子或句子We have eight lessons every day.状状语修修饰动词，形容，形容词，副，副词，表，表示示动作作发生的生的时间，地点，原，地点，原因，目的，方式，因，目的，方式，结果等果等副副词，介，介词短短语或句或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足足语逻辑上与上与宾语是主是主谓关系关系形容形容词，名，名词，介，介词短短语等等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！
