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1、1College English (Integrated Course 4)UnitOne:FightingwiththeForcesofNatureNapoleonBonaparteTextA:TheIcyDefenderNapoleonBonaparte2v本文作者在文中论述了任何军事行动都必须重本文作者在文中论述了任何军事行动都必须重视自然的因素。作者在文章中比较了拿破仑和视自然的因素。作者在文章中比较了拿破仑和希特勒对俄罗斯（苏联）的军事行动，并得出希特勒对俄罗斯（苏联）的军事行动，并得出奇失败的原因奇失败的原因没有充分重视俄罗斯冬天的严没有充分重视俄罗斯冬天的严寒而失败。通过学习课文
2、，我们可以明白，人寒而失败。通过学习课文，我们可以明白，人类改变自然的目的是为了生存。但是，人类不类改变自然的目的是为了生存。但是，人类不能忽视自然规律。当希特勒和拿破仑意识到自能忽视自然规律。当希特勒和拿破仑意识到自己的傲慢自大的时候，一切都为时已晚。己的傲慢自大的时候，一切都为时已晚。v人道是骄兵必败。就拿破仑和希特勒两人人道是骄兵必败。就拿破仑和希特勒两人来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为自己战无来说吧，他们所向披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪卫士证不胜，不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪卫士证明他们错了。明他们错了。Theysaythatpridecomesbeforeafall.I
3、nthecaseofbothNapoleonandHitler,themanyvictoriestheyenjoyedledthemtobelievethatanythingwaspossible,thatnothingcouldstandintheirway.Russiasicydefenderwastoprovethemwrong.FightingwiththeForcesofNature3Parts ParasMain Ideas Part OnePart FourPart ThreePart TwoParas 1-2Paras3-11Paras 12-20Paras21Introduc
4、tionBoth Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Napoleons military campaigns against Russia . Hitlers military campaigns against the Soviet UnionConclusionThe elements of nature must be reckoned within any military campaign.NCE-B4NCE-B4Unit 1:
5、Fighting with the Forces of NatureUnit 1: Fighting with the Forces of NaturePartIVStructuralAnalysis4TranslateTranslate：e.g. The rise in interest rate will be disastrous in the case of small firms.InthecaseofRussia,theyhadsucceededatlast.Inthecaseofwomen，theyhavemoredifficultyingettingtheirjobs.就俄国而
6、言，他们最终获胜了。就俄国而言，他们最终获胜了。1. in the case of =(前言前言) as far asis concerned PartVIILanguagePoints5v扩展扩展:词组词组thecase=thefactvacaseinpoint典型的例子,例证vinanycase不管怎样,无论如何v(just)incase假使,以防万一(引导从句)vincaseof假如,如果发生vinnocase决不,无论如何不vinsomecases有时候vinninecasesoutoften十之八九ve.g.Youdbettertakeanumbrella(just)incase(i
7、trains)=incaseofrain.ve.g.Incaseoffire,dial119atonce.ve.g.IncasehearrivesbeforeIgetback,vpleaseaskhimtowait.6e.g. Many teachers complain that they cant make any improvement in the teaching methods as the existing exam system is in the way.TranslateTranslate：激烈的竞争阻碍了这个企业的发展。激烈的竞争阻碍了这个企业的发展。e.g. The f
8、ierce competition gets in the way of this enterprises development. e.g. I dont think kids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their development. 2. stand/get/be in the way =(前言前言)prevent from doing sth.7词组词组intheway/bytheway/inaway/inthisway/ontheway有什么区别有什
9、么区别vintheway=toblockthewayve.g.Herbusysociallifegotinthewayofherstudies.vontheway=whiletravellingorgoingve.g.Letswaitafewmoments.Hesontheway.vBytheway=inaddition(usedtointroduceanewsubjectinspeechve.g.Bytheway，haseverybodyarrived？v Inaway=tosomeextentve.g.Inaway，itisanimportantbook。v inthisway=以这种方式
10、ve.g.Inthisway，hehascollectedagreatmanystamps。8v3.Russiasicydefenderwastoprovethemwrong.(前言前言)vParaphraseThefreezingcoldwinterhelpedRussianstowinthecounterattackagainstthearmyofNapoleonandHitler,whichconvincedusthatwhattheytwobelievedwasnotcorrect.v解析解析助动词助动词be和不定式和不定式to连用，可以表示：连用，可以表示：v1)indicatedu
11、ty,necessity.=mustorought.(表示责任或必要)ve.g.Youaretohandinyourgraduationthesisbeforethedeadline.v2）Plannedarrangementtodoortohappen（按计划安排要做的或要发生的事）ve.g.Theconcertistobetelevisedlivetonight.9v3)was/weretodo（indicatesth.thatwouldhappeninthepastorisdestinedtohappen）(表示过去将来要发生的事或注定要发生的事）ve.g.Atthattimehedid
12、ntknowhewastogotocollegeinShanghai.v4)was/weretohavedone（indicatethattheplansorintentionsfailedtoberealized）常表示未能实现的计划或意图。ve.g.Weweretohaveseenyouoffinthestation,butweweretoobusyyesterday.v5)toindicatetheunrealconditioninthesubjunctivemood(在虚拟语气中表示非真实的情况。)ve.g.Ifitweretoraintomorrow=Wereittoraintomo
13、rrow,wewouldcancelourtriptoHongkong.10v4.(Para.OneL.2)HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefending（whodefended）theirhomeland.vParaphraseHewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopletodefendtheirmotherlandv1)fierceresistance=braveresistance/strongresistanceve.g.InancientChin
14、a,peoplefedupwithtribulationsbegantoputupfierceresistancetotheemperorcontrolsvfiercea.=extremelyintense，violentandangry,ve.g.Inthefiercefightingthelightlywoundedrefusedtoleavethefrontlinev搭配搭配fiercecompetitionv1.Afierceexam2.Afiercesilence3.Fierceloyalty11v4.Afiercefighterv5.afiercewindv6.afiercesto
15、rmv7.afiercelightv5.(Para.OneL.4)HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.vParaphraseHewaspreparedforthelongmarchthroughRussianlandtoMoscow,thecapitalcity.v1)bepreparedfor:bepreparedfor强调准备好的状态.准备好,对.有所准备。v=preparefor后面的宾语是准备的目的,ve.g.Bepreparedforanythingtohappen.ve.g.Hop
16、eforthebestbutbepreparedfortheworst.12v6.(Para.OneL.5)ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow-theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.vParaphraseButhedidnotexpecthewouldfacethedestructiveenemyinMoscowRussianbitterlycoldwinter.v解析解析notpreparedfor=referstonotpsychologicallyreadyv1)devasta
17、tinga.=verydestructive,veryimpressiveve.g.TheaggressiveIraqwarlaunchedbyAmericawasreallyadevastatingwar.13ve.g.ThedevastatingTsunamitsn:miruinedthesmallcountrystourism.ve.g.OurEmbassywasdevastatedbythreebombsofNATO.ve.g.Theearthquakedevastatedalargepartofthecity.vdevastateda.=veryshockedandupsetve.g
18、.Peterwasdevastatedbyhiswifesdeath.ve.g.Thecountrywasdevastatedbyalongwar.14e.g. The events took place on a raw February morning.This cutting board is only used to cut raw meat.TranslateTranslate：工厂把原材料做成成品供出口和国内消费工厂把原材料做成成品供出口和国内消费.Industrial plants processed the raw material into finished products
19、 for export and for domestic consumption.coldandwet;notcooked,notrefined,notanalyzed阴冷的阴冷的,未煮熟的未煮熟的未加工的未加工的, 未分析的未分析的2) raw a. 15TranslateTranslate：(a)coldandmiserable,dreary(b)Providingnoencouragement;depressing(c)Gloomyandsomber;dreary:3)bleaka.e.g.IdontlikethebleakwintersinMoscow.e.g.Thefutureoft
20、hisfirmwillbeverybleakindeediftheycantdevisenewmodelsofproducts.十二月初的天气又阴冷又难受。十二月初的天气又阴冷又难受。e.g.TheweatherinearlyDecemberwasbleakandunpleasant.16v7.(Para.TwoL.8)In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.vParaphraseIn1941,AdolfHitlerwhowasthenl
21、eaderofNaziGermanystartedamilitarycampaignagainsttheSovietUnionwhichwecalledRussiaatthattime.v解析解析(1).leaderofNaziGermany在句子中作在句子中作Hitler的同位语，的同位语，v注意：在英语中，当表示职位、头衔、社会关系的名词不带任何修饰成注意：在英语中，当表示职位、头衔、社会关系的名词不带任何修饰成分，在句子充当同位语、表语、补语时，该名词前不加冠词。分，在句子充当同位语、表语、补语时，该名词前不加冠词。ve.g.ThisisMr.Wang,Vicechairmanofthe
22、Englishdepartment.这是王先生，英语系主任。v(2).asRussiathenwascalled为非限定性定语从句，其先行词是为非限定性定语从句，其先行词是theSovietUnionvAs作为关系代词或关系副词，可以用来引导定语从句，包括限定性定语作为关系代词或关系副词，可以用来引导定语从句，包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。这是各类考试中常见的考点：从句和非限定性定语从句。这是各类考试中常见的考点：vA:as引导非限定语从句引导非限定语从句:as指整个主句：指整个主句：17ve.g.Asisknowntotheworld,MarkTwainisagreatAmerica
23、nwriterve.g.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproductionvas指代主句中的短语指代主句中的短语:ve.g.Mostelectronicdevicesofthiskind,asaremanufacturedforsuchpurpose,aretightlypacked.vB:as与与thesame，such连用，引导限定性定语连用，引导限定性定语从句，从句，as在句中可充当主语、宾语、或表语等：在句中可充当主语、宾语、或表语等：ve.g.Shanghaiisno
24、tthesameasitusedtobe.18e.g. Beginning in the early 1960s, humans launched probes to explore other planets. TranslateTranslate：该公司决定发动一起大规模的广告宣传来促进新品。该公司决定发动一起大规模的广告宣传来促进新品。e.g. The company decided to launch alarge-scale advertisement campaign topromotethenewproduct.1.send (sth) on its course; start
25、, :发射发射;开开2.Tosetorthrust(aself-propelledcraftorprojectile)inmotion发射：使或强行使发射：使或强行使（自助推进航空器或发射物）发动（自助推进航空器或发射物）发动3.Tobeginanewventureorphase;embark:开始新的冒险或步骤开始新的冒险或步骤（开办，创办）从事（开办，创办）从事：launch19vlauncharocket;atorpedo,spaceshuttle,spaceshipve.g.OnOctober4,1957,Sovietscientistslaunchedtheworldsfirstar
26、tificialsatellite.vvTranslateTranslate：v中国成功发射载人飞船的消息使全国人民激动不已。vThenewsthatChinesesucceededinlaunchingamannedspaceshipfilledthewholecountrywithgreatexcitement.ve.g.HitlersadviserstriedtopersuadehimtoavoidtherisksoflaunchingawintercampaignintheSovietUnionandwaituntilspring.ve.g.Shedecidedtolaunchacom
27、panytomakeelectronictoys.20v搭配搭配launchacareer;launchabusinessventure.开创一项事业；开始一项冒险事业开创一项事业；开始一项冒险事业vLaunchanattack/invasion/acampaign发动进发动进攻攻/入侵入侵/运动运动vLaunchamassproductionmovement开展群众开展群众性生产运动性生产运动v8.(Para.TwoL.10)Hitlersmilitarymightwasunequaled.HiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.v
28、ParaphraseHitlersmilitarypowerwasUnbeatable.Hiswarmachinedestroyed/sweptawaytheresistanceinmostofEurope.21e.g. Themilitarymightofthatsmallcountryhasbeenlargelyunderestimated.TranslateTranslate：展览会上陈列着大量的土特产品。展览会上陈列着大量的土特产品。e.g.Theexhibitiondisplayedamightoflocalproducts.1.Thepower,force,orinfluenceh
29、eldbyapersonorgroup.力量，实力，威力2.Physicalstrength.体力3.Strengthorabilitytodosomething.能力：做某事的力量或能力1)mightn.e.g.Davidpushedthecarwithallofhismight,butitdidntmoveaninch.e.g.Therewasamightthathewillacceptourinvitation22v搭配搭配(1)with/by(allones)mightandmain=ashardassb.could竭尽全力地，全力以赴地v(2)might(just)aswell=ha
30、venostrongreasonnottodo倒不如,最好还是,还是.为好ve.g.Theboyshoutedwith/by(allones)mightandmain(ashardashecould)butnobodycametorescuehim.ve.g.Youmightaswellnotknowathingatallasknowitonlyalittle.v2)unequaleda.=superiortoallothers,unmatched/greatorbetterthananyother/unrivaled.无与伦比的，无敌的,无双的vvTranslateTranslate：希特勒
31、的军事实力堪称无敌。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。希特勒的军事实力堪称无敌。ve.g.Hitlersmilitarymightwasunequaled.ve.g.Hefacedhisenemywithunequaledcourage.23区分区分unequal=notequalinamount不平等ve.g.Thisfootballmatchisanunequalcontest.ve.g.UnequalmarriagesareseldomhappyvvTranslateTranslate：v这些不平等条约是在被迫的情况下签订的。ve.g.Theseunequaltreat
32、iesweremadeunderduress.v3)mowdown=killorinjureseriouslyinaviolentevent,ofteninlargenumbers.屠杀,大量杀伤ve.g.Threepeopleweremoweddownlastnightwhenadrunkendriverlostcontrolofhiscar.24v9.(Para.TwoL.11)Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametoth
33、eaidoftheSovietsoldiers.vParaphraseHitlerwantedtofightaquickbattletoforceaquickdecision,but,likeNapoleonbeforehim,hegotapainfullesson.TheRussianwintergavethehelpoftheSovietsoldiersv希特勒希望速战速决，但是，就像在他之前的拿破仑一样，他得到的是痛苦的教训。仍是俄罗斯的冬天助了苏维埃士兵一臂之力。25e.g. Some people complained that too much money has been spe
34、nt on political campaigns.TranslateTranslate：德国在北非的战役中被打败了。德国在北非的战役中被打败了。e.g. The Germans were defeated in the campaign in North Africa.a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim 战役战役, 活动活动,运动运动campaign一个一个战役战役必须经过周密的部署必须经过周密的部署e.g.Amilitarycampaignhastobecarefullypl
35、annedout.考点考点carryon/wage/launch/startacampaign发起（开展）运动发起（开展）运动NCE-B4NCE-B426v10.(Para.ThreeL.4)Napoleon,(whowas)confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.vParaphraseAsNapoleonwasconfidentofaquickvictory,hemadeapredictionabout/foretoldtheconquestofRussiain5weeks.v(1).Markedbya
36、ssurance,asofsuccess.以确信为特征的，如对成功的确信v(2).Markedbyconfidenceinoneself;self-assured.对自己有信心的；v(3).Verybold;presumptuous.大胆的；狂妄的ve.g.Yourencouragementmadememoreconfidentofmyfuture.ve.g.Confidentofwinningthenextelection,BarackHusseinObamathinksthathewillgetreappointmentasGeorgeBush.v27e.g.Thosewhoaretooc
37、onfidentintheirownopinion.v搭配搭配beconfidentof/about/thatvhaveconfidencein.对有信心对有信心vhaveeveryconfidencein对对.有绝对把握有绝对把握vhavealotofconfidences充满信心充满信心vlackconfidencein对对.缺乏信心缺乏信心vinspireconfidencesb./sth.使使.鼓起信心鼓起信心vbetrayconfidences泄露秘密泄露秘密v2)predictvt.=makeapredictionabout;tellinadvance;foretell预言，预示某
38、事，预测(意为:“预言”，“预告”，ve.g.Itisvirtuallyimpossibletopredictthefutureaccurately.28Translate:Translate:预测自己未来的最好方法是创造自己的未来。ve.g.Thebestwaytopredictyourfutureistocreateit.v3)conquestn.=theactofconquering，defeat征服,战胜vTranslate：他们有信心战胜疾病。：他们有信心战胜疾病。ve.g.Theyareconfidentoftheconquestofthedisease.ve.g.Withther
39、apiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theconquestofcancerisnolongeradaydream.vvTranslate:Translate:罗马人把征服范围扩大到了不列颠。ve.g.TheRomansextendedtheirconqueststoBritain.v搭配搭配fortheconquestof为要征服。vmakeaconquestof征服；赢得的感情。29ve.g.Fortheconquestofthisborder,theylaunchedasweepingwar.ve.g.Therichandhandsomeyoungm
40、anmadeaconquestofthegirl.v词义辨析词义辨析vconquerv.=defeatbyforce,overcomebyphysical(mental,)征服,克服vconquerorn.=someonewhoisvictoriousbyforceofarms征服者，胜利者（指靠武力征服对方的胜利者）vwinnern.=acommonword,itreferstothepersonwhosucceedsinthegameorinthecontestbyhisefforts普通用词，通常指比赛或竞赛中的优胜者，也指经过努力的成功者。30v11.(Para.FourL.3-5)T
41、hequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.vParaphraseNapoleonexpectedthequick,decisivev
42、ictorythatneverhappened.NapoleonwassurprisedthattheRussiansdidntresistandfight.InsteadofresistancetotheFrench,theyretreatedeastward.Whentheyweregoing,theyburnedtheircropsandhomes.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameunabletomakeprogressbyaslow-movingsupplylines.31decisiveproducing a defi
43、nite result or conclusion; having or showing the ability to decide quickly决定性的：有权决定的；结论性的决定性的：有权决定的；结论性的e.g. The injury to their key player could be adecisivefactorinthegame.e.g. Most of the decisive land campaigns of World War I occurred on the continent of Europe.TranslateTranslate：为了消灭奴隶制，林肯采取了决定
44、性的措施。为了消灭奴隶制，林肯采取了决定性的措施。Lincoln took decisive measures to end slavery. 普遍认为欧元的采用是向欧洲一体化迈进的决定性的一步。普遍认为欧元的采用是向欧洲一体化迈进的决定性的一步。The adopting of the euro is widely viewed as a decisive step toward a single European government.NCE-B4NCE-B432v1)standv.n.=resist/resistance抵制v1)standv.n.=resist/resistance抵制v
45、1)standv.n.=resist/resistance抵制v1)standv.n.=resist/resistance抵制e.g. Wemustmakeafirmstandagainsttheloweringofeducationalstandard.搭配搭配standagainst抵抗,standoutagainst继续抵抗standupagainst反对makeastandagainst)=takestandagainst抵抗(阻击)takeastandonsth.表面立场TranslateTranslate：e.g.Moreandmorepeoplearestandingagains
46、t(standingoutagainst)whatisaveryunpopularpieceoflegislationTranslate:Translate:越来越多的人开始抵制一项非常不得人心的法规。resist/resistance抵制抵制2)standv.n.NCE-B4NCE-B433retreatmove back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty撤退撤退,改变改变,退避退避e.g. We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retr
47、eat; when they retreat, we pursue. TranslateTranslate：1.在激战之后，部队向南方撤退。在激战之后，部队向南方撤退。2.几经失败之后，敌军被迫后撤。几经失败之后，敌军被迫后撤。e.g. After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward.e.g.Afterseveralreversestheenemywasforcedtoretreat.NCE-B4NCE-B434backindexbreakoverbe/get bogged down be stuck/ unable to make
48、progress陷入泥沼，不能前进，使陷入困境陷入泥沼，不能前进，使陷入困境e.g. Most the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical defects and inexperienced crews.大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。大军紧追不舍，但它的长驱直入很快由于粮草运输缓慢而停顿下来。TranslateTranslate：当地政府对于如何处理工业设备释放出的危险化学当地政府对于如何处理工业设备释放出的危险化学物质一筹莫展。物质一筹莫展。e.g. The local government got bogg
49、ed down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.NCE-B4NCE-B435v搭配搭配vtogetboggeddown被缠住vgetboggeddownin使陷入泥沼.使动弹不得vgetboggeddownindebt债务缠身，债台高筑vgetboggeddownindebt债务缠身，债台高筑,.vgetboggeddownineverydayroutine陷在日常事务堆里vgetbogged/stuckinthemud陷进泥里:v12.(Para
50、.FiveL.1)InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.vParaphraseInAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesfoughtatSmolensk,inabattlethousandsofpeoplewerekilledonbothsides.36engagebegin fighting with sb.; (cause to ) take part in or do ; occupy or attrac
51、t sb.s interestetc.与与交战交战;使从事使从事;占用占用(时间时间,精力等精力等)e.g. Thecommanderorderedthesoldierstoengageforourproject.e.g.Wefailedtoengageanyactivesupportforourproject.TranslateTranslate：1.我没空闲谈我没空闲谈.2.读书占用了认真学习的学生的大部分时间读书占用了认真学习的学生的大部分时间e.g. I have no time to engage in gossip.e.g.Studyingengagesmostofaserious
52、studentstime.NCE-B4NCE-B437v搭配搭配engage(sb)in=makesb.takepartin使某人从事于，参加vbeengagedin(on)/beengagedoneselfin=bebusywith正做着,正忙着vbeengagedtosb./engageoneselfto=formallyagreetomarrysb.与某人定婚vbeengaged=beoccupiedengagesb.=beginfightingwithsb与某人交战v13.(Para.FiveL.5)Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.Hewasnowfac
53、edwithacrucialdecision.vParaphraseNapoleonhadnotwondecisivevictory.Hewasnowconfrontedwithaveryimportantdecision381.be faced withhave to deal with面临，要对付面临，要对付beconfrontedwith面临，面对着面临，面对着.e.g. The librarians were faced with the huge task of listing all the books. e.g.Shedidntknowwhatshecoulddo,whenshe
54、wasfacedwithanemergency.TranslateTranslate：这些毕业生面临新的挑战。这些毕业生面临新的挑战。These graduates are faced with new challenges. 他面临失业的可能。他面临失业的可能。He is faced with the possibility of being unemployed.NCE-B4NCE-B4Unit 1: Fighting with the Forces of NatureUnit 1: Fighting with the Forces of Nature39v扩展扩展faceupto=beb
55、raveenoughtoacceptordealwith勇敢地对付、接受/正视(而不畏缩)vfacesth.sb.out=opposeordealwithbravely勇敢地反对（对付）vfacesb.with=forcetomeetordealwith/bringfacetofacewith使面临，把.摆在.面前ve.g.Manypeoplejustcantfaceuptothefactthattheyaretoooldtoworkanymore.v扩展扩展facesth.=beoppositeto面向，正对vfacetoface=inthedirectpresenceof面对面地vinth
56、efaceof=inspiteof面对.而不顾（或接受）ve.g.Shelefthomeinthefaceofstrongoppositionfromherparents.402.) crucialvery important (followed by to)vitaltotheresolutionofacrisis;e.g. Herworkhasbeencrucialtotheprojectssuccess.e.g.Successorfailureherewouldbecrucialtohisprospect.TranslateTranslate：消费者信心的提高对经济复苏至关重要。消费者信
57、心的提高对经济复苏至关重要。Improved consumer confidence is crucial to economic recovery. 重要的是我们应该知道怎样正确使用这些电器。重要的是我们应该知道怎样正确使用这些电器。Its crucial that we should know how to use the electric appliances properly. 41v14.(Para.SixL.1-2)NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.vParaphraseNapoleondecid
58、edtoriskeverythingonasingleventure,movingtoMoscow,whichwas448kilometersaway.take a gamblee.g. The company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.NCE-B4NCE-B4take a risk冒险冒险/孤注一掷孤注一掷takeachance(ones)chanceonsth.TranslateTranslate：她孤注一掷把所有的积蓄投入股票。她孤注一掷把所有的积蓄投入股票。She is t
59、aking a gamble of investing all her money in stocks.42vSheknowsanefficientandreliablebrokeriscrucialtoherwealthgrowth.ve.g.Thecoachdecidedtotakethegambleofreplacingthefootballstarwithanewplayerwhomtheopponentsdidnotknowmuchabout.v扩展扩展vgambleonsth.=打赌，对（商品）作冒险投资，vgamblesth.away=riskandlose赌掉，输光vgambl
60、eonthehorses在赛马下赌注；vgambleatcards赌纸牌vgamblesth.on/in投机，冒险43press on/aheadcontinue doing sth. in a determined way oftendespiteobstaclesordifficulties（不顾困难地）继续进行，加紧进行（不顾困难地）继续进行，加紧进行(used in the pattern: press on/ahead (with sth.)e.g. Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform
61、.e.g.Theworkersformedauniontopressforhigherwages.TranslateTranslate：罢工的组织者决定继续罢工。罢工的组织者决定继续罢工。Organizers of the strike are determined to press on.44v扩展扩展presssth.onsb.=forcesb.toacceptsth.强迫某人接受某事vpresssb.forsth.=demandurgently;makerepeatedrequestsfor催促，敦促,迫切要求vpressforward=奋力向前奋力向前,加紧(决心继续)vpressho
62、me=坚定到底，坚定到底，vpresshardupon=进逼，穷追进逼，穷追ve.g.Idontknowwhethertoacceptthisnewjob,andthefirmispressingmeforadecision.ve.g.Hetriedtopresshisownopiniononus.ve.g.Theywantedustopressforwardwiththework.45v15.(Para.SixL.4-6)Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebatt
63、lefield.vParaphraseWhennightfell,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussians,whoweredeadorwounded,layonthebattlefieldv解析解析liedeadorwounded=liedeadorliewoundedvLie+adj.为固定搭配，为固定搭配，adj.在句中作主语补在句中作主语补足语，足语，表示主语所处的状态。表示主语所处的状态。v类似的结构：类似的结构：fall+adj.本课中第九段本课中第九段L.5-7：46ve.g.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadi
64、ntheirtracks.ve.g.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.ve.g.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.v类似的结构常见的还有：类似的结构常见的还有：ve.g.Thesunrisesred.ve.g.Theleavesturnyellow.ve.g.Hefellasleep.ve.g.Thebaghungempty.v16.(Para.SevenL.1-3)Again,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationoftheci
65、tybecameanemptyvictory.（Meaninglessvictory）vParaphraseTheRussianarmyretreatedtosafetyandgaveNapoleonanemptycity.471)cleara.(1)Freefromobstruction畅通的，畅通的，无阻的：无阻的：(2)Freefromdoubtorconfusion;certain.没有疑问或困惑的没有疑问或困惑的(3)absolute绝对的(4)Freefromguilt;untroubled无罪的；无忧虑的：无罪的；无忧虑的：(5)Havingbeenfreedfromcontac
66、t无关的，免除的无关的，免除的TranslateTranslate：她的罪有明显证据她的罪有明显证据无阻碍的视野；通向胜利的畅通的道路无阻碍的视野；通向胜利的畅通的道路e.g.Iprefertokeepclearoftownduringtherush-hour.我不愿意在交通拥挤的时间去市区。我不愿意在交通拥挤的时间去市区。e.g.Shehasaclearevidenceofherguilt.e.g.aclearview;aclearpathtovictory.482) occupation1.工作;职业ajob;employment2.消遣awayofspendingtime3.占领thea
67、ctofoccupyingaplaceTranslateTranslate：1.日本占领台湾达五十一年之久。日本占领台湾达五十一年之久。2.他的职业是公车司机。他的职业是公车司机。e.g. During the Japanese occupation of China, millions of innocent Chinese people were killed by Japanese soldiers.e.g.Readingisausefuloccupationtous.阅读对我们是一种有益的消遣。阅读对我们是一种有益的消遣。.e.g.TheJapaneseoccupationofTaiw
68、anlastedfifty-oneyears.e.g.Heisabusdriverbyoccupation.49v17.(Para.SevenL.1-2)NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:vParaphraseNapoleonofferedanagreementtostopfightingtoAlexander,buttheCzarknewhecouldwaitpatientlyforachance:v1)trucen.=Atemporarycessationorsuspensio
69、nofhostilitiesbyagreementoftheopposingsides;anarmistice.ve.g.Thistrucelastsforseveraldays,dependingonthelocation.ve.g.Thetwosidescalledatrucetoavoidfurtherbloodshed.ve.g.Atrucewasdeclaredbetweenthetwoarmies.502.bide ones timewait patiently for a chance等待时机等待时机e.g. His political rivals are biding the
70、ir time for an attack on his policies.NCE-B4NCE-B4TranslateTranslate：1.他等待时机，直到哈佛大学给他提供了一个教授的职他等待时机，直到哈佛大学给他提供了一个教授的职位。位。2.只要我们等待时机，总会有希望的。只要我们等待时机，总会有希望的。1. e.g. He bided his time until Harvard University offered him a scholarship.2.e.g.Ifwebideourtimethechancewillcome.51v18.(Para.EightL.1-2)Napole
71、onsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.vParaphraseNapoleonwassoonconscious/awarethathecouldnotsupplyfood,clothes,andcampstohisarmyduringthewinterinMoscow.v1)feed=(1)Togivefoodto;supplywithnourishment:给予食物；供给营养：v搭配搭配(feed+on/with/to)v通常用通常用:feedsth.tosb.或或feedsb.
72、on/withsth.52ve.g.Shefeedsthecatonfish.v(此句用法是英国英语。)ve.g.Shefeedsthecatwithfish.v(在这里with用法没有上句的on来的普遍)ve.g.Shefeedsfishtothecat.v(此句用法是美国英语，属正常的用法。)ve.g.Shefeedsthecatfish.v(这种用法比较新鲜。)v(2)Toprovideforconsumption,utilization,oroperation:=providewith供应：供消费、使用或运转：ve.g.Theinformationobtainedisoftenfedi
73、ntoacomputerforrapidprocessing.53v2）clothev.=providewithclothesorputclotheson给.提供衣服，穿上,赋予ve.g.Hehadtoworkhardtofeedandclothethelargefamilyve.g.Theyclothetheirchildreninthelatestfashions.v3)quarter=.providehousingorlodgingfor(esp.soldiers,militarypersonnel)(尤其是为士兵)提供住宿，使扎营：ve.g.Thetroopswerequartered
74、inthecity.v军队驻扎在城里。ve.g.Hequarteredhismenonfamiliesinthetown.54v19.(Para.NineL.5-8)Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.vParaphraseExhaustedhorsesfellanddie
75、d.Artillery(Bigguns)werecaughtinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldiersfellillandfrozetodeath.WhiletheFrenchsoldierdraggedon,theyleftthedeadalongtheroad.SomeFrenchwoulddiedalongeverymile./Frenchsoldiersdraggedslowly,movingnumerouscasualtiesalongtheway.55v1)falldead=falldead,especiallyinbattle
76、死亡：倒下死去，尤指在战争中ve.g.Inthebattle,theyoungsoldierwasshotandfelldead.v2)intheirtracks=exactlywhereoneis就地，当场/suddenly突然ve.g.Yourquestionstoppedhiminhistracks.v搭配搭配stopsb.rightinhistracks当场制止了他当场制止了他vstop/halt(dead)inonestracks突然停住突然停住v比较比较ononestrack:=pursuingsb.追踪追踪ve.g.Thepoliceareonthetrackofanescape
77、dprisoner.v3)became/be/getstuck=a.befixed,beblockedorobstructed=beunabletomovefurther不能动的,被卡住的,被困住ve.g.Itwasunfortunatelythatthebuswewereongotstuckinthemud.56v4)takeill=suddenlyfallill突然生病ve.g.Oneoftheguestsistakenillduringthenightandwehavetocallthedoctor.ve.g.Oldpeopleoughtnevertolivealone,iftheywe
78、retakenilltherewouldbenoonetolookafterthem.v5)freezetodeath=dieofcold冻死vTranslate:卖火柴的小女孩给冻死了。卖火柴的小女孩给冻死了。ve.g.Thelittlematchgirlwasfrozentodeath.ve.g.Withoutatentorsleepingbag,youcouldfreezestodeath(becomesocoldthatyoudie)outthereonthemountainside.576) drag onmove slowly and with effort; Continue e
79、ndlessly and tediously缓慢费力地走；拖延缓慢费力地走；拖延,lastanunpleasantlylongtime枯燥地拖延时间枯燥地拖延时间考点考点hangup使等候使等候,拖延拖延,耽搁耽搁holdoff,推迟；抵挡；不使推迟；抵挡；不使.putoff延期，推迟延期，推迟e.g. e.g.Timedragsonwhenyouhavenothingtodo.TranslateTranslate：NCE-B4NCE-B41.这次国际会议要拖多久？这次国际会议要拖多久？2.电影的前半部分很有趣，但是后半部分拖拖拉拉。电影的前半部分很有趣，但是后半部分拖拖拉拉。e.g. How
80、 long is the international conference going to drag on?e.g.Thefirsthalfofthefilmwasinterestingbutthesecondhalfdraggedon.58v20.(Para.TenL.1-2)AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.vParaphraseTheRussianarmywaspreparedtobringitsforcetogether.Meanwhile,theF
81、renchmenwerehurryingawayfromRussiansothattheycouldpreventthedefeatawaitingthem.v解析解析whileandwhen,as都表示都表示“在在的时候的时候”，但含义有所不同。，但含义有所不同。ve.g.Catholicchurcheswerecompletedduring(while)otherswerebeingbuilt.(应该为应该为while)（托福：（托福：1979）ve.g.While（hewas） aprofessorofphysicsatMassachusettsInstituteoftechnology
82、,EdwardCharlesPickeringestablishedthefirstphysicslaboratoryintheUnitedStates.v在马萨诸塞州理工学院任物理学教授期间，爱德华查尔斯皮克林创建了美国第一个物理实验室。（托福：（托福：1980）59ve.g.As(可换作可换作when)digestedfoodreachesthecellsofthebody,itisoxidized,orslowlyburned.v（本句不能（本句不能As换作换作while的原因是：的原因是：while不能表示非持续性动作）不能表示非持续性动作）当被消化的食物到达身体的细胞时，便被氧化，或
83、者说被慢慢地消化。（托福托福1992）ve.g.As(可换作可换作whenorwhile)itorbitstheSun,Uranusrotatesonitsaxis,animaginarylinethroughitscenter.(因为因为as既可以表示主句动作发生的背景，也可以表示主句既可以表示主句动作发生的背景，也可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生的动作和从句的动作同时发生)v天王星在绕太阳运行的同时绕着其自身的轴旋转，这个轴是天王星在绕太阳运行的同时绕着其自身的轴旋转，这个轴是一条假想的穿过其中心的线。（托福一条假想的穿过其中心的线。（托福1993）ve.g.Astimegoesby
84、,youwillgrowwiser.随着时间的流随着时间的流逝你会变得更加聪明。逝你会变得更加聪明。v（当（当As意为意为“随着随着”，表示两种正在发展或变化的情况，表示两种正在发展或变化的情况时不用时不用whenorwhile。）。）v(当主句动作用当主句动作用was/wereabouttodo/wasorweredoing,从句用一般过去时，只能用从句用一般过去时，只能用when)例如：例如：60ve.g.Iwasleavingwhenitbegantorain.ve.g.Iwasabouttotakeabathwhenthedoorbellrang.v1)gatheritsstrengt
85、h=Tocometogetherinagroup;assemble.集合：集合成为一组；聚集，集中力量ve.g.Thepatientisgatheringstrength.ve.g.gatherstrength力量逐渐增强。v2)certaindefeat=bedoomedtofailure注定的失败ve.g.Ifyousucceedbyframingothers,certaindefeatwillbefallyou.v要是你靠陷害别人的方式取得成功，最终你也是要失败的。v3)trapv.=catchinorasifinatrap设圈套,陷入（困境）,诱捕,诱骗,抓住,使受限制ve.g.Byc
86、leverquestioningtheytrappedhimintomakingaconfession.61vTranslate:塌方后，有些矿工被困在地下。ve.g.Someminersweretrappedundergroundafterthecollapse.v4)swollena.=grownbigger,widerthanusual=expanded涨水的，肿胀的，扩大的ve.g.Theriverwasswollenwithfloodwater.ve.g.Hisfacewasswollen(up)withtoothache.v21.(Para.TenL.4-7)ButNapoleon
87、,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.vParaphraseFortunately,Napoleonactuallywasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butwiththelossof50,000soldiers
88、.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thedefeatedtroops/thesurvivorsinraggedclotheswalkeddifficultlywiththeirbadlyhurtfeetandlegs.621)byastrokeofluckanunexpectedluckorfortunebeluckyindeedtomeetwithextraordinaryfortune意外的好运意外的好运,偶然的好运偶然的好运TranslateTranslate：我在这里碰见你真是运气。我在这里碰见你真是运气。电脑化使我们既提高了效率又节约了开支。电脑化使我们既提高了效率又节约
89、了开支。NCE-B4NCE-B4考点考点on/atthestroke=exactlyatthetime准时，（到场，一准时，（到场，一出席）出席）分不差分不差,haveastrokeofgood(bad)luck交了一次交了一次好运或倒了一次霉好运或倒了一次霉strokeofsth.n.=Asuddenoccurrenceorresult:一次突然发生或一个突然的结果：一次突然发生或一个突然的结果：e.g.Hewonacarinthelotterylastweek.Thatishisfirststrokeofgoodlucke.g.ItwasastrokeofluckthatIfoundyou
90、here.e.g.Bycomputerizingwecould,atastroke/inonestroke,improveefficiencyandreduce632) at the cost of with the loss of, attheexpenseof以以.为代价为代价e.g. He saved his daughterat the cost of his own life. e.g.Itisnotgoodforyoungladiestokeepslimatthecostoftheirhealth. TranslateTranslate：1.当地政府发展经济却以环境为代价。当地政府
91、发展经济却以环境为代价。2.居礼夫人不惜以生命为代价将研究做到底。居礼夫人不惜以生命为代价将研究做到底。e.g. The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment. e.g.MadameCuriecarriedthroughherresearchesatthecostofherownlife.NCE-B4NCE-B464v考点考点atacost(of)以以.的代价的代价,花花.vatallcosts不惜任何代价不惜任何代价,无论如何无论如何vatanycost不惜任何代价不惜任何代价,无论如何无论
92、如何vatcost按成本价格按成本价格,按原价按原价vathalfcost以半价不花钱等以半价不花钱等vatnocost以半价不花钱等以半价不花钱等vatthecostof以以.为代价为代价,用用.换来的换来的;丧失丧失;牺牲牺牲vtoonescost=付出代价才付出代价才,吃亏后才吃亏后才vatallcosts不惜任何代价vatcost照原价,照成本653)tattereda.ragged/shabby破烂的，破烂的，穿破烂衣的,衣服褴褛的TranslateTranslate：她穿着破烂的衣服，样子很像乞丐。她穿着破烂的衣服，样子很像乞丐。e.g.Thehomelessmanstattere
93、dclotheswereallheowned.e.g.Sheworetatteredclothes,lookinglikeabeggar.664)limp(1)walklamely,walk with difficulty,esp. when one foot or leg is hurt一瘸一拐一瘸一拐(2)limpa.=withoutenergyorwill柔软的柔软的,无力的无力的,软弱的软弱的e.g. Thecaraccidentforcedhimtolimpfortherestofhislife. e.g.Theflowerslookedlimpinthehotdryweather.
94、e.g.Thisyoungmaniswearingalimpgreysweater.1.Translate:近朱者赤，近墨者黑。近朱者赤，近墨者黑。2.它们一瘸一拐地朝庄园缓缓地走回它们一瘸一拐地朝庄园缓缓地走回.e.g.Ifyoulivewithalamepersonyouwilllearntolimp.e.g.Slowlytheybegantolimpbacktowardsthefarm.67v22(Para.ElevenL.1-2)OfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthous
95、andcameback.vParaphrase60millionsoldierswereledbyNapoleonintoRussia,onlylessthan10millionsoldiersreturnedv解析解析Ofthesixhundredthousandsoldiers是部是部分倒装句，将介词短语作定语提前，该句子可还原分倒装句，将介词短语作定语提前，该句子可还原为：为：lessthanonehundredthousandofthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussiacameback68v23(Para.ElevenL
96、.5-6)TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestwardacrossEurope.Soon,Britain,Austria,Russia,andPrussiaformedapowerfulallianceandattackedthesestragglers.InMarch1814,Pariswascaptured.Napoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanend.vParaphraseTheWeakenedFrencharmycontinuedtoretreatwestwardinEurope
97、.Soon,Britain,Austria,Russia,andPrussiaformedapowerfulalliancetoattackthestragglers.NapoleonfailedtoconquerEurope,andParisfellinMarch.Napoleongaveupthethroneandwentintobanishment,theempirehefoundeddestroyed691.weaken v. (cause to) become weak or weaker,使使.弱弱,变弱变弱,lessenthestrengthof/元气大伤的，元气大伤的，Tran
98、slateTranslate：1.亚洲经济危机给一些国家带来了重创。亚洲经济危机给一些国家带来了重创。2.什么也动摇不了他要当律师的决心。什么也动摇不了他要当律师的决心。e.g. The Asian financial crisis severely weakened some countries.e.g.Nothingcanweakenhisresolvetobecomealawyer.e.g. Pneumonia often proves fatal to people with a weakened immune system. e.g.youcannotstrengthenthewea
99、kbyweakeningthestrong. 702) alliancea union or an association formed for mutual benefit, esp. between countries or organizations联盟，同盟；联盟，同盟；e.g. NATO is considered as the most powerful military alliance in modern history.考点考点inalliancewith与与.结成联盟。结成联盟。enterintoanalliancewith与与.结成联盟结成联盟makeanalliance
100、结成联盟结成联盟TranslateTranslate： 1940年，德国和日本正式结为联盟。年，德国和日本正式结为联盟。Japan and Germany made their formal alliance in 1940.713)stragglern.someonewhostraysorfallsbehind落伍士兵落伍士兵,落后者落后者;落伍者落伍者,散兵游勇散兵游勇4 4）abdicatev.abdicatev.=resignfrombeingking(emperor)/responsibility退位,e.g.KingEdwardVIIIabdicatedin1936.e.g.Wew
101、atchedthelastofthestragglerscomein,threehoursafterthefirstrunners.e.g.Thenationwasthrilled,shockedandsympathetic.WhetherEdwardwouldabdicateinfavourofhisbrotherbecamethequestionofthehour.72考点考点abdicateabdicatetheoffice辞职辞职toabdicateonesresponsibilities放弃责任放弃责任abdicatethethroneinsb.sfavour让位给某人让位给某人Tr
102、anslateTranslate：总统由于其本国的政治情况于总统由于其本国的政治情况于1959年被流放。年被流放。5)gointoexile=fleefromhome/runawayto/gointobanishment,逃亡。逃亡。exilen.=enforcedremovalfromonesnativecountryorhome流放流放：被强迫离开自己的国家去过流放生活被强迫离开自己的国家去过流放生活考点考点gointoexile.逃亡逃亡.liveinexile.过离乡背井生活过离乡背井生活;流亡流亡(异乡异乡).sendsb.intoexile.流放某人流放某人drivesb.intoexile.流放某人流放某人.e.g.ThePresidentwentintoexilein1959becauseofthepoliticalsituationinhisowncountry.
