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1、ThereasonsforthecomingofAmericanrealism:1)TheCivilWarwhichbrokeoutin1861ledpeopletoquestiontheassumptions:naturalgoodness,therelationshipbetweennatureandman,themercyofGod.2)increasingindustrializationandmechanizationofthecountrycausedextremesofwealthandpoverty,whichstrengthenstheirconflicts.I. Intro
2、duction第1页/共26页第一页，共27页。3)Thefrontierwasabouttoclose,areexaminationoflifebegan.Beneaththeglitteringsurfaceofprospectivetherelaysufferingandunhappiness,Disillusionmentandfrustrationwerewidelyfelt.4)TheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalismwasbyandlargeover.Meanwhileyoungerwritersappearedonthescene,such
3、asWilliamDeanHowells,HenryJames,MarkTwain,andsoon,whichmeansthecomingofnewliteraryage,Americanrealism.第2页/共26页第二页，共27页。LiteraryTerm:RealismItis,inliterature,anapproachthatattemptstodescribelifewithoutidealizationorromanticsubjectivity.Inpart.RealismwasareactionagainsttheRomanticemphasisonthestrange,
4、idealistic,andlong-agoandfar-away.Althoughrealismisnotlimitedtoanyonecenturyorgroupofwriters,itismostoftenassociatedwiththeliterarymovementin19th-centuryFrance,specificallywiththeFrenchnovelistsFlaubertandBalzac.第3页/共26页第三页，共27页。GeorgeEliotintroducedrealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduced
5、itintotheUnitedStates.Realismhasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,wherecharacterisaproductofsocialfactorsandenvironmentistheintegralelementinthedramaticcomplications.Latterwritersfeltthatrealismlaidtoomuchemphasisonexternalreality.Many,notablyHenryJam
6、es,turnedtoapsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind.第4页/共26页第四页，共27页。WhatisAmericanrealism?Asaliterarymovementrealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainst“thelie”ofromanticism.AmericanrealistssoughttoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywas,insistingthattheor
7、dinaryandthelocalwereassuitableforartisticportrayalofthemagnificentandtheremote.MostAmericanrealistsfoundtheirsubjectmatterintheexperiencesoftheAmericanmiddleclass.Theyintendedtolimitthemselvestooptimistictreatmentofthesurfaceoflife.Americanrealismdevelopedintonaturalismattheendofthecentury.第5页/共26页
8、第五页，共27页。ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriod1.WilliamDeanHowells:DeanofAmericanRealism2.HenryJames3.MarkTwain第6页/共26页第六页，共27页。WilliamDeanHowells第7页/共26页第七页，共27页。WilliamDeanHowellsWilliamDeanHowells(March1,1837May11,1920)wasanAmericanrealistauthorandliterarycritic.CriticismandFictionTheRiseofSilasLapham第8页/
9、共26页第八页，共27页。HisRealisticprinciplesa.Realismisfidelitytoexperienceandprobabilityofmotive.b.ManinhisnaturalandunaffecteddullnesswastheobjectofHowellssfictionalrepresentation.c.Realisminterpretsthecommonfeelingsofthecommonplacepeople.d.Truthisthehighestbeauty;moralitypenetratesallthings.第9页/共26页第九页，共2
10、7页。LocalColorism&MarkTwain第10页/共26页第十页，共27页。WhatisLocalColorism?Thedetailedrepresentationinprosefictionofthesetting,dialect,customs,dress,andwaysofthinkingandfeelingwhicharedistinctiveofaparticularregion.第11页/共26页第十一页，共27页。LocalColorismHamlinGarland“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothav
11、ebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative”Theultimateaim:tocreatetheillusionofanindigenous本土(bnt)的littleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside第12页/共26页第十二页，共27页。MotivationsPsychologically:expandwestward,withoutacohesiveculture,psychologicalneedtoassertculturalidentityIntelle
12、ctually:thefrontierhumoristspreparethegroundforlocalcolorism.第13页/共26页第十三页，共27页。GeneralFeaturesAtendencytoglorifyandidealize.Minutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheregionsandtruthfuldepictionofthecommonpeople.第14页/共26页第十四页，共27页。MarkTwain(1836-1910)“AllofAmericanliteraturecomesfromonegreatbook,Twa
13、insAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.”(ErnestHemingway)“Inmyopinion,MarkTwainwasthefirsttrulyAmericanwriter,andallofussincearehisheirs,whodescendedfromhim.”(WilliamFaulkner)第15页/共26页第十五页，共27页。MarkTwainsLifeSamuelLanghorneClemens,Hanibal,Missouri(1835)Leavingschool(1847)ApilotontheMississippiRiver(1857-186
14、1)FriendshipwithHowellsandMarriage(OliviaLangdon)(1870)Helostallhismoneythroughbadinvestments(1895)第16页/共26页第十六页，共27页。HisWritingsTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(1865)TheGildedAge(1873)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)LifeontheMississippi(1883)AConnecticutYa
15、nkeeinKingArthursCourt(1889)TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900)第17页/共26页第十七页，共27页。MarkTwainasaRealistTwainwasfirstandforemostknownasalocalcolorist:HistheoriesoflocalismThenovelistslaysbeforeyouthewaysandspeechandlifeofafewpeoplegroupedinacertainplacehisownplaceandthatisonebook.Intime,heandhisbrethre
16、nwillreporttoyouthelifeandthepeopleofthewholenation.第18页/共26页第十八页，共27页。“ From which all modern American literature comes”(Ernest Hemingway)第19页/共26页第十九页，共27页。CharacterizationofHuckFinnAtypicalAmericanboywith“asoundheartandadeformedconscience”“Weblowedoutacylinder-head”“Goodgracious!Anybodyhurt?”“Nom
17、.Killedanigger.”“Well,itslucky;becausesometimespeopledogethurt”(aconversationbetweenFinnandauntSally)Aninnocentandreluctantrebel第20页/共26页第二十页，共27页。ThemesofthenovelThecontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexperience,natureandculture,wildernessandcivilization.Thethemeofself-realizationandofseekingonesidentity(C
18、anyoudeducethesymbolicmeaningofthejourneydowntheriver?)ajourneyofgrowthandmaturityandabouthowHuckchangedhisprejudiceagainsttheBlackpeople.thegrowthofachildandtherelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsareuniversaltheme:Humanismultimatelytriumphs.第21页/共26页第二十一页，共27页。ContributionsofthebookTheprofoundportraitofH
19、uckFinnandveritablerecreationoflivingmodels第22页/共26页第二十二页，共27页。Thecolloquialstyle.“Inthisbook,anumberofdialectsareused,towit:theMissourinegrodialect;theextremestformsofthebackwoodsSouthwesterndialect;theordinaryPikeCountydialect;andfourmodifiedvarietiesofthislast.Theshadingshavenotbeendoneinahaphaza
20、rdfashion,orbyguesswork;butpainstakingly,andwiththetrustworthyguidanceandsupportofpersonalfamiliaritywiththeseseveralformsofspeech.第23页/共26页第二十三页，共27页。MarkTwainusesdifferentdialectformsfordifferentcharacterswiththefollowingfeatures.1.Anglo-Saxonwords2.shortandsimplesentencestructures3.repetitionofma
21、nywordsandconnectives4.ungrammaticaldialect第24页/共26页第二十四页，共27页。Buttherewarntnoanswer,andnobodycomeoutofthewigwam.Jimwasgone!Isetupashoutandthenanotherandthenanotherone;andrunthiswayandthatinthewoods,whoopingandscreeching;butitwarntnouseoldJimwasgone.ThenIsetdownandcried;Icouldnthelpit.(HuckFinn)ItisTwainthatmadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheAmericanliterature.第25页/共26页第二十五页，共27页。感谢您的观赏(gunshng)！第26页/共26页第二十六页，共27页。内容(nirng)总结The reasons for the coming of American realism:。Mark Twain (1836-1910)。“Well, its lucky。感谢您的观赏(gunshng)第二十七页，共27页。
