医学论文写作五大要素

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1、GCT 英语语法英语语法1. 1. 比较结构比较结构比较结构比较结构 2. 2. 倒装结构倒装结构倒装结构倒装结构 3. 3. 虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气 4. 4. 时态语态时态语态时态语态时态语态 5. 5. 非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词 . . 名词性从句名词性从句名词性从句名词性从句 第一部分第一部分第一部分第一部分: : 比较结构比较结构比较结构比较结构 英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词，英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词，英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词，英语中比较结构使用于形容词和副词， 因为只有形因为只有形因为只有形因为只有形容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。

2、考试中主容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。考试中主容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。考试中主容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级。考试中主要测试比较结构和特殊用法。要测试比较结构和特殊用法。要测试比较结构和特殊用法。要测试比较结构和特殊用法。 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一： 原级比较一般用原级比较一般用原级比较一般用原级比较一般用 as as ; not as as ; as as ; not as as ; the same as ; the same as ; 特殊结构特殊结构特殊结构特殊结构 A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+ A is to B what

3、 / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分倍数或几分倍数或几分倍数或几分之几之几之几之几 as + adj. / adv. + as +B. as + adj. / adv. + as +B. The work is not as difficult as you think. The work is not as difficult as you think. Air is to us as water is to fish. Air is to us as water is to fish. 我们与空气的关系就我们与空气的关系就我们与空气的关系就我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。像鱼和水

4、的关系。像鱼和水的关系。像鱼和水的关系。 This book is twice as thick as that one. This book is twice as thick as that one. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：比较级常用结构比较级常用结构比较级常用结构比较级常用结构 A A 比较级比较级比较级比较级 than + B than + B 特殊结构：特殊结构：特殊结构：特殊结构：the more the more (the more the more (越越越越越越越越)； more and more (more and more (越来越越来越越来越越来越) ) Th

5、is question is less difficult than that that question. This question is less difficult than that that question. ( (比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物比较对象为彼此独立的人或事物) ) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象比较对象比较对象比较对象具有所属关系，具有所属关系，具有所属关系，具有

6、所属关系， 含有最高级含义含有最高级含义含有最高级含义含有最高级含义) ) The city is becoming more and more beautiful. The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：以拉丁文以拉丁文以拉丁文以拉丁文-ior-ior结尾的含有比较意义的形容结尾的含有比较意义的形容结尾的含有比较意义的形容结尾的含有比较意义的形容词后接词后接词后接词后接to to 而不是而不是而不是而不是than. than. 这些词是：这些词是：这些词是：这些词是： superior, inferior

7、, senior , junior , major , minor, superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor, anterior, prior(anterior, prior(在在在在之前之前之前之前) , ) , posterior (posterior (在在在在之后之后之后之后) ) He is three years senior to me. He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. This type

8、 of computer is superior to that type. 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，最高级用于三者以上的事物之间的比较，所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介所以比较的范围自然是少不了。一般表示地方用介词词词词in; in; 表示所属关系和人物比较用介词表示所属关系和人物比较用介词表示所属关系和人物比较用介词表示所属关系和人物比较用介词 of. ( of. ( 即即即即

9、the +the +最高级最高级最高级最高级in /of ) in /of ) The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world. it is the third longest river in the world. The youngest member of the family is most The youngest member of t

10、he family is most successful. successful. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. 考点五：考点五：考点五：考点五：在在在在 more than more than 结构中，结构中，结构中，结构中， than than 有时可看作有时可看作有时可看作有时可看作关系代词，相当于关系代词，相当于关系代词，相当于关系代词，相当于than what than what Ther

11、e ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today. (Than = than what) today. (Than = than what) 人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。人们不应该像

12、今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症。 There are more wonders in heaven and earth than There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than = than what) are dreamt of. ( than = than what) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。 The medicine is more effecti

13、ve than is expected. The medicine is more effective than is expected. 考点六：考点六：考点六：考点六：英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词英语中有一小部分表示绝对意义的形容词没有比较级和最高级。如：没有比较级和最高级。如：没有比较级和最高级。如：没有比较级和最高级。如： dead, deaf, empty, total, dead, deaf, empty, total, whole, perfect, complete, right, wrong, e

14、qual, daily whole, perfect, complete, right, wrong, equal, daily false, final absolute, alone, round, pregnant, square, false, final absolute, alone, round, pregnant, square, supreme, unique, straight, eternal, unanimous (supreme, unique, straight, eternal, unanimous (意见意见意见意见一致的一致的一致的一致的) ) 考点七：考点七

15、：考点七：考点七：几组由几组由几组由几组由 “more than “more than ；more than” more than” 和和和和“no / not “no / not 比较级比较级比较级比较级” ” 等构成的惯用句式及其含义。等构成的惯用句式及其含义。等构成的惯用句式及其含义。等构成的惯用句式及其含义。 more than more than 其含义为其含义为其含义为其含义为: “: “不仅是，不仅是，不仅是，不仅是， 非常，非常，非常，非常， 十分十分十分十分” ”等，等，等，等， 用法和意义较多。用法和意义较多。用法和意义较多。用法和意义较多。 more than more

16、than 其含义可以是其含义可以是其含义可以是其含义可以是: “: “与其说与其说与其说与其说不如说，不如说，不如说，不如说， 不是不是不是不是而是而是而是而是” ” What we are doing today is more than donating What we are doing today is more than donating some money. some money. 今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。今天我们所做的不只是捐一些钱。 Their action was more than justified. T

17、heir action was more than justified. 他们的行动是他们的行动是他们的行动是他们的行动是完全有理由的。完全有理由的。完全有理由的。完全有理由的。 He is more brave than wise. He is more brave than wise. 他有勇无谋他有勇无谋他有勇无谋他有勇无谋 。 The book seems to be more a dictionary than a The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammer. grammer. 这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一

18、本这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。词典。词典。词典。 no more than no more than 强调少，意为强调少，意为强调少，意为强调少，意为“ “只有，不过，仅仅只有，不过，仅仅只有，不过，仅仅只有，不过，仅仅” ” not more than not more than 客观叙述，意为客观叙述，意为客观叙述，意为客观叙述，意为“ “不超过不超过不超过不超过” ” He has no more than five dollars on him. He has no more

19、than five dollars on him. 他身上仅有他身上仅有他身上仅有他身上仅有5 5美元。美元。美元。美元。( (强调少强调少强调少强调少) ) He has not more than five dollars on him. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上带的钱不超过仅有他身上带的钱不超过仅有他身上带的钱不超过仅有他身上带的钱不超过仅有5 5美元。美元。美元。美元。( (强调数额少于强调数额少于强调数额少于强调数额少于5 5美美美美元元元元) ) no more thanno more than含有消极否定的意思，可

20、译为含有消极否定的意思，可译为含有消极否定的意思，可译为含有消极否定的意思，可译为“A“A与与与与B B都不都不都不都不，不，不，不，不 也不也不也不也不” ” not more than not more than 含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度上的差异。上的差异。上的差异。上的差异。 He is no more diligent than you. He is no more diligent than you. 他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。

21、( (两人都不勤奋两人都不勤奋两人都不勤奋两人都不勤奋) ) He is not more diligent than you. He is not more diligent than you. 他没有像你那样勤奋。他没有像你那样勤奋。他没有像你那样勤奋。他没有像你那样勤奋。( (两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋) ) no less than = as much as no less than = as much as 意为：意为：意为：意为：“ “竟有竟有竟有竟有之多，多之多，多之多，多之多，多达达达达” ”强调多强调多强调多强调多

22、 not less than not less than 意为意为意为意为“ “不少于，至少不少于，至少不少于，至少不少于，至少” ”，可观地描述，可观地描述，可观地描述，可观地描述 no less than no less than 前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩 。可译为：。可译为：。可译为：。可译为：“ “是是是是是，是，是，是， 正是，正是，正是，正是， 和和和和 一样，一样，一样，一样， 多达，多达，多达，多达，应有应有应有应有之多之多之多之多” ” His son has read n

23、o less than 50 English books. His son has read no less than 50 English books. 他的儿子竟然读了他的儿子竟然读了他的儿子竟然读了他的儿子竟然读了5050本英文书。本英文书。本英文书。本英文书。( (强调多强调多强调多强调多) ) His son has read not less than 50 English books. His son has read not less than 50 English books. 他的儿子读了不少于他的儿子读了不少于他的儿子读了不少于他的儿子读了不少于5050本英文书。本英文书

24、。本英文书。本英文书。( (不强调多或少不强调多或少不强调多或少不强调多或少) ) The middle-aged man was no less a person than the The middle-aged man was no less a person than the new minister. new minister. 这位中年人正是新来的部长。这位中年人正是新来的部长。这位中年人正是新来的部长。这位中年人正是新来的部长。 Her voice is no less sweet than it used to be. Her voice is no less sweet tha

25、n it used to be. 她的歌声和以前一样甜美。她的歌声和以前一样甜美。她的歌声和以前一样甜美。她的歌声和以前一样甜美。 第二部分第二部分第二部分第二部分: : 倒装结构倒装结构倒装结构倒装结构 倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象，该结构倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象，该结构倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象，该结构倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象，该结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个分为全部倒装和部分倒装。所谓全部倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的

26、一谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一谓语部分放在主语前面；而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分部分部分部分( (情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词) )放在主语之前。放在主语之前。放在主语之前。放在主语之前。 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有：在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有：在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词有：在句首时，句子要全部倒装。这些词

27、有： here, here, there, up, down, out, away, now, then, There was a there, up, down, out, away, now, then, There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. sudden gust of wind and away went his hat. In each room are ten students. In each room are ten students. 每个房间里有十个学每个房间里有十个学每个房间里有十个学每个房间里有十个

28、学生。生。生。生。 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时，要用部分倒装。这类词包括：要用部分倒装。这类词包括：要用部分倒装。这类词包括：要用部分倒装。这类词包括： not, never, neither, not, never, neither, seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no seldom, little, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no

29、 longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no longer, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only but also account, not only but also Nowhere in the world can you find a man who

30、 loves Nowhere in the world can you find a man who loves you so much. you so much. Not until he came back did I leave. (Not until he came back did I leave. (注意：只能是主注意：只能是主注意：只能是主注意：只能是主句的主谓倒装句的主谓倒装句的主谓倒装句的主谓倒装) ) On no account will the manager tolerate rudeness On no account will the manager tolerat

31、e rudeness from his employees. from his employees. 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三： as +adj. / adv. as +adj. / adv. 以及以及以及以及“to such a degree, to “to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.”such an extent, to such a point.”放在句首，放在句首，放在句首，放在句首， 表示程表示程表示程表示程度，句子要倒装。度，句子要倒装。度，句子要倒装。度，句子要倒装。 To such an exten

32、t did his health deteriorate that he To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire. was forced to retire. So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep. and sleep. 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：虚拟语气中，省去虚拟语气中，省去

33、虚拟语气中，省去虚拟语气中，省去if if 后，后，后，后， 从句需要倒装。从句需要倒装。从句需要倒装。从句需要倒装。 Had he not been promoted, he never have remained Had he not been promoted, he never have remained with the company. with the company. ( ( If he had not been promoted, ) If he had not been promoted, ) Should you change your mind, no one woul

34、d blame Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. you. Were he to leave today, he would get there by Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday. Monday. Had I known what was going to happen, I would Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have done such a thing. neve

35、r have done such a thing. 本来为本来为本来为本来为If I had known what If I had known what 考点五：考点五：考点五：考点五：“only + “only + 状语状语状语状语” ”放在句首时，句子需要倒放在句首时，句子需要倒放在句首时，句子需要倒放在句首时，句子需要倒装。装。装。装。 Only by working hard can you achieve your goal. Only by working hard can you achieve your goal. Only in this way can we solve

36、this problem Only in this way can we solve this problem successfully and effectively. successfully and effectively. 考点六：考点六：考点六：考点六： 由由由由as as 或或或或though though 引导的让步状语从句有时也引导的让步状语从句有时也引导的让步状语从句有时也引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。用倒装句，即把表语或部分谓语提前。 Patient though / as he

37、 was, he was unwilling to wait Patient though / as he was, he was unwilling to wait three hours. three hours. 他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。他虽有耐心，但也不愿意等三个小时。 Child as / though he was, he had a good command of Child as / though he was, he had a good command of English. English. 他

38、虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。他虽然是个孩子，但已经熟知英语。 Try as he might, he couldnt the box. Try as he might, he couldnt the box. 不管他想什么不管他想什么不管他想什么不管他想什么办法，办法，办法，办法， 都没法打开那个箱子。都没法打开那个箱子。都没法打开那个箱子。都没法打开那个箱子。 考点七：考点七：考点七：考点七：由由由由be be 引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟引起的倒装句表示让步，并带有虚拟引起的倒装句表示让步

39、，并带有虚拟语气的结构特点，即语气的结构特点，即语气的结构特点，即语气的结构特点，即 be be 用原形。用原形。用原形。用原形。 The business of each day, be it selling goods or The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. shipping them, went quite smoothly. ( be it selling= whether in may be selling ) ( be it selling= wh

40、ether in may be selling ) 每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺每天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。利。利。利。 Be it so humble, there is no place like home. Be it so humble, there is no place like home. ( be it so humble = However humble it may be,) ( be it so humble = However humble it

41、may be,) 金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。金窝银窝，不如自己的草窝。第三部分：动词的语气第三部分：动词的语气第三部分：动词的语气第三部分：动词的语气 语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中语气是用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中有陈述语气有陈述语气有陈述语气有陈述语气(indicative mood)(indicative mood)、 祈使语气祈使语气祈使语气祈使语气(imperative mood)(imperative mood)、虚拟语

42、气、虚拟语气、虚拟语气、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)(subjunctive mood)，但是，但是，但是，但是MBAMBA联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：气在英语里主要用来表达：气在英语里主要用来表达：气在英语里主要用来表达： a. a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。相反或

43、难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。 b. b. 与客观事实相反地情景，与客观事实相反地情景，与客观事实相反地情景，与客观事实相反地情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表即强制性虚拟语气，表即强制性虚拟语气，表即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。虚拟语

44、气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显得而且一般有明显得而且一般有明显得而且一般有明显得标志。具体考点如下：标志。具体考点如下：标志。具体考点如下：标志。具体考点如下： 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：if if 句型句型句型句型 ( (共有三种句型共有三种句型共有三种句型共有三种句型) ) 1. 1. 与现在的事实相反：与现在

45、的事实相反：与现在的事实相反：与现在的事实相反： 从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, would (could, might) might) 动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形 If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day. day. 2. 2. 与过去的事实相反：与过去的事实相反：与过去的事实相反：与过去的事实相

46、反： 从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, would (could, might) might) 现在完成时现在完成时现在完成时现在完成时 If I had gone to America when I graduated from If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree. middle school, I would have got m

47、y PhD degree. 3. 3. 与将来的事实相反：与将来的事实相反：与将来的事实相反：与将来的事实相反： 从句用从句用从句用从句用should (were toshould (were to，did) + did) + 动词原形，主句的谓动词原形，主句的谓动词原形，主句的谓动词原形，主句的谓语用语用语用语用would (could, might) would (could, might) 动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形 If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go If it should/were to snow tomorrow,

48、I would go skiing. skiing. 4. 4. 虚拟语气条件句中虚拟语气条件句中虚拟语气条件句中虚拟语气条件句中if if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。的省略，此时主谓要倒装。的省略，此时主谓要倒装。的省略，此时主谓要倒装。 Had he worked harder, he would have got through Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam. the exam. 5. 5. 条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致

49、，条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致，( (例例例例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在在在在) )谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。 If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel m

50、uch better now. feel much better now. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. night. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二： wish wish 句型句型句型句型 表达表达表达表达“ “但愿但愿但愿但愿，要是，要是，要是，要是多好多好多好多好” ”的语气的语气的语气的语气 wishwish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变后宾语从句用虚

51、拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时( (如如如如did)did)；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“ “过去过去过去过去完成时完成时完成时完成时( (如如如如had done)had done)或情态动词的过去时或情态动词的过去时或情态动词的过去时或情态动词的过去时 + + 动词的动词的动词的动词

52、的现在完成时现在完成时现在完成时现在完成时( (如如如如could have done)”could have done)”形式；表示情况的形式；表示情况的形式；表示情况的形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用虚拟时，用虚拟时，用虚拟时，用“ “情态动词的过去时形式情态动词的过去时形式情态动词的过去时形式情态动词的过去时形式 + + 动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形( (如如如如might do)might do)。” ” I wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish I had been to the concert last night. I

53、wish he would forgive me. I wish he would forgive me. I wish I would remember all the English words in a I wish I would remember all the English words in a week. week. 同例：同例：同例：同例： 在在在在as if /as thoughas if /as though引导的状语从句中和以引导的状语从句中和以引导的状语从句中和以引导的状语从句中和以 if if onlyonly引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与引起

54、的感叹句中，谓语动词与引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wishwish引导的宾语引导的宾语引导的宾语引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：从句中的虚拟形式相同。例： He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time. He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time. He talks as if h e were the boss. He talks as if h e were the boss. 他说起话来就像他是他说起话来就像他是他说起话来就像他是

55、他说起话来就像他是老板。老板。老板。老板。 If only I were free now. (If only I were free now. (注意：注意：注意：注意： if only if only后面可以不后面可以不后面可以不后面可以不加主句加主句加主句加主句 ) ) 考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中，考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中，考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中，考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中， 即表示建议、即表示建议、即表示建议、即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + t

56、hat + + that + (should) + (should) + 动词原形，动词原形，动词原形，动词原形， 其中其中其中其中should should 经常被省略。这经常被省略。这经常被省略。这经常被省略。这类动词包括：类动词包括：类动词包括：类动词包括：suggest, propose, recommend, suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decr

57、ee (advise, decree (发布命令；下令发布命令；下令发布命令；下令发布命令；下令), determine, prefer, ), determine, prefer, stipulate, move(stipulate, move(动议，规定动议，规定动议，规定动议，规定) )，direct(direct(命令命令命令命令) )，maintain(maintain(坚持坚持坚持坚持) )，decidedecide，ask ask I suggest that you (should) not be late again next I suggest that you (shou

58、ld) not be late again next time. time. I prefer that you ( should ) not do that. I prefer that you ( should ) not do that. 我认为你还我认为你还我认为你还我认为你还是别干那件事的好。是别干那件事的好。是别干那件事的好。是别干那件事的好。 注意一：注意一：注意一：注意一： 以上动词转化为名词以上动词转化为名词以上动词转化为名词以上动词转化为名词( (如：如：如：如：suggestion, suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command

59、, advice, desire, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication preference , resolution, indication 等等等等) )后接同位语从后接同位语从后接同位语从后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部句或表语从句时，从句要

60、求用虚拟语气，其谓语部句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用分用分用分用“(should)+ “(should)+ 动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形” (should” (should可省略可省略可省略可省略) )。 We are all for your proposal that the discussion be We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off. put off. His demand is that all of us (should) be p

61、resent at His demand is that all of us (should) be present at the meeting. the meeting. 注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。 What he said suggested(What he said sug

62、gested(表明表明表明表明)that he did not agree )that he did not agree with us. with us. 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：It is/was + It is/was + 形容词形容词形容词形容词 / / 过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词 + that + + that + (should) + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事重要性、强制性、合适性、义

63、务性，即某人对某事重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。的反应。的反应。的反应。 important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable(advisable(可取的，可取的，可取的，可取的， 明智的明智的明智的明智的), anxious, appropriate, ), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(compulsory(义

64、务的；强制的；强迫的义务的；强制的；强迫的义务的；强制的；强迫的义务的；强制的；强迫的), crucial (), crucial (至至至至关紧要的关紧要的关紧要的关紧要的), eager, essential, fitting, imperative (), eager, essential, fitting, imperative (命令命令命令命令的，的，的，的， 强制的，强制的，强制的，强制的， 必要的必要的必要的必要的), improper, natural, ), improper, natural, necessary, obligatory (necessary, oblig

65、atory (义不容辞的，义不容辞的，义不容辞的，义不容辞的， 必须的必须的必须的必须的), ), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested requested It was essential that the application forms be sent It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadli

66、ne. back before the deadline. It is requested that a vote be taken. It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表有人提请投票表有人提请投票表有人提请投票表决。决。决。决。 It is necessary that we all should do our best to It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us. protect environment around

67、 us. 注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如这样的形容词如这样的形容词如这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkablesurprising, unthinkable，incredibleincredible等后的等后的等后的等后的thatthat从句从句从句从句中中中中shouldshou

68、ld一般不省略，而且翻译为一般不省略，而且翻译为一般不省略，而且翻译为一般不省略，而且翻译为“ “竟然竟然竟然竟然” ”， 表示表示表示表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。 It is surprising that they should pass the time like It is surprising that they should pass the time like that. that. It is incredible that Jane should have finished

69、 her It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon. paper so soon. It is strange that there should be any hope of finding It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child. the lost child. 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：在在在在 would rather would rather， would sooner would soon

70、er， had had ratherrather， would just as soon would just as soon， would prefer would prefer 意为意为意为意为“ “宁可，但愿宁可，但愿宁可，但愿宁可，但愿” ”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。作，用过去完成时。作，用过去完成时。作，用过去完成时

71、。 I would rather that you painted the room green. I would rather that you painted the room green. Id just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. Id just as soon you had returned the book yesterday. 考点五：考点五：考点五：考点五： Its (about/high/ good ) time that Its (about/high/ good ) time that，表示，表示，表示，表示

72、“ “该是。的时候了该是。的时候了该是。的时候了该是。的时候了” ”， 含有含有含有含有 “ “晚一点晚一点晚一点晚一点” ” 的意的意的意的意思，思，思，思， 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。过去时。过去时。过去时。 Its time you went to bed. Its time you went to bed. Its high time that we took action. Its high time that we took action.

73、考点六：考点六：考点六：考点六：在在在在lest that lest that ， for fear that for fear that， in case in case that that 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示虚拟语气，表示虚拟语气，表示虚拟语气，表示“ “唯恐，以免唯恐，以免唯恐，以免唯恐，以免” ”，从句用，从句用，从句用，从句用 should + should +动词原形。动词原形。动词原形。动词原形。 He put his coat ov

74、er the child for fear (lest )that he He put his coat over the child for fear (lest )that he should catch cold. should catch cold. He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) He emphasized it again and again lest she (should) forget. forget. Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot (Tak

75、e a hat with you in case the sun is very hot (注意：注意：注意：注意：该句陈述某一事实该句陈述某一事实该句陈述某一事实该句陈述某一事实) ) 考点七：考点七：考点七：考点七：含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if if引导的条件句，而引导的条件句，而引导的条件句，而引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。 如：如

76、：如：如：without, without, but for, otherwisebut for, otherwise，or, but that, given, provided, or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not forsupposing, were it not for等等。等等。等等。等等。 Without your help, we couldnt have finished the Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work on time. wor

77、k on time. But for the English examination I would have gone But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night. to the concert last night. I wouldnt have succeeded without your help. I wouldnt have succeeded without your help. We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise w

78、e We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.would have telephoned him.第四部分：动词时态、语态第四部分：动词时态、语态第四部分：动词时态、语态第四部分：动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的

79、。英语中的态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9 9种，种，种，种，而且重点测试完成时态。而且重点测试完成时态。而且重点测试完成时态。而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，要掌握英语的时态和语态，要掌握英语的时态和语态，要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词必须掌握好英语中的助动词必须掌握好英语中的助动词必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)(do, be, have)和时间状和时间状和时间状和

80、时间状语这两个核心问题。语这两个核心问题。语这两个核心问题。语这两个核心问题。1 1、一般现在时、一般现在时、一般现在时、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, often, always, from time to time from time to time 等时间状语；等时间状语；等时间状语；等时间状语

81、； 表示客观规律和永表示客观规律和永表示客观规律和永表示客观规律和永恒真理等。恒真理等。恒真理等。恒真理等。 He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning. morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. The earth goes around the sun.

82、 Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：中，仍用一般现在时。如：中，仍用一般现在时。如：中，仍用一般现在时。如： I learned that the earth goes around the sun I learned that the earth go

83、es around the sun when I was in primary school. when I was in primary school. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时；常用的引导词有：时；常用的引导词有：时；常用的引导词有： 时间：时间：时间：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, when, until, after, before, as soon as, o

84、nce, the moment/the minute, the day; once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：条件：条件：条件：if, if, unless, provided. unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. soon. 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：在在在在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, m

85、ake sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter matter 宾语从句，宾语从句，宾语从句，宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将从句用一般现在时代替一般将从句用一般现在时代替一般将从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。来时。来时。来时。 So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment. finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作，只要他努力工作

86、，只要他努力工作，只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试我不介意他什么时候做完试我不介意他什么时候做完试我不介意他什么时候做完试验。验。验。验。 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：在在在在the more the more (the more the more (越越越越越越越越) ) 句型中句型中句型中句型中, , 若主句是一般将来时若主句是一般将来时若主句是一般将来时若主句是一般将来时, , 从句通常用一般现在从句通常用一般现在从句通常用一般现在从句通常用一般现在时。时。时。时。 The harder you study, the better results you The harde

87、r you study, the better results you will get. will get. 2 2、现在进行时、现在进行时、现在进行时、现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如alwaysalways，constantlyconstantly，continuallycontinually，aga

88、inagain等连用表示说话人等连用表示说话人等连用表示说话人等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class. We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. The little

89、boy is always making trouble. 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。在进行的动作。在进行的动作。在进行的动作。 Look out when you are crossing the street. Look out when you are crossing the street. Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 Dont wake him up if h

90、e is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. tomorrow morning. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday. Marry is leaving on Friday. 3 3、现在完成时、现在完成时、现在完成时、现在完成时 表示动作发

91、生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：成时有一些标志性的时间状语：成时有一些标志性的时间状语：成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：for + for + 时间段；时间段；时间段；时间段；since + since + 时间点时间点时间点时间点 They ha

92、ve lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years. I have learned English for ten years. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：常见的不确定的时间状语：常见的不确定的时间状语：常见的不确定的时间状语：lat

93、ely; recently, lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, days, Has it stopped raining yet ? Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：在表示在表示在表示在表示“ “最近几世纪最近几世纪最近几世纪最近几世纪/ / 年年年年/ / 月以来月以来月以来月以来”时时时时间状语中，谓语

94、动词用现在完成时。间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past few years/months/weeks/daysin the past few years/months/weeks/days；over over the past few years; during the last three months; for the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; th

95、roughout the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history history 等等等等 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：表示表示表示表示“ “第几次做某事，第几次做某事，第几次做某事，第几次做某事，” ”或在或在或在或在 “It is the “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +best (worst, most interesting ) +名词名词名词名词 that” that” 后面跟后面跟后面跟后面跟现在完成时。现在完成时。现在完成时。现在完成时。 Thi

96、s is my first time that I have visited China. This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written. That is the only book that he has written. 4 4一般过去时一般过去时一般

97、过去时一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time

98、; once; during the war; week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, before; a few days ago; when, 注意：注意：注意：注意： 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：used to + doused to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再，表示过去经常但现在已不再，表示过去经常但现在已不再，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。维持的习惯动作。维持的习惯动作。维持的习惯动作。toto为不定式，后接动词原形。为不定式，后接动词原形。

99、为不定式，后接动词原形。为不定式，后接动词原形。 be/become/get used to + doingbe/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于，表示习惯于，表示习惯于，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot. He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early. He has got used to getting up early. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来

100、在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。时。时。时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise raise 5. 5. 过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。动作。动作。动作。 The boy was doing his homework when his The boy was

101、 doing his homework when his father came back from work. father came back from work. He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. he heard someone shouted for help. What were you doing at nine last night? What were

102、 you doing at nine last night? The radio was being repaired when you called The radio was being repaired when you called me. me. 6. 6. 过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时 表表表表 示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在去完成时的动作发生在去完成时的动作发生在去完成时的动作发生在“ “过去的过去过去的过去过去的过去过去的过去

103、” ”，句中有明，句中有明，句中有明，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用用用用 ( before, after, by, up till ) ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. By the end of last ter

104、m we had finished the By the end of last term we had finished the book. book. They finished earlier than we had expected. They finished earlier than we had expected. 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：用于用于用于用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句

105、用一般过句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。去时。去时。去时。 I had hardly finished my work when he came to I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. see me. I had no sooner got into the room than it began I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. to snow. No sooner had I arrived

106、 home than the No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）（注意主谓倒装）（注意主谓倒装）（注意主谓倒装） 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：表示表示表示表示“ “第几次做某事第几次做某事第几次做某事第几次做某事” ”，主句用过去时，主句用过去时，主句用过去时，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。从句用过去完成时。从句用过去完成时。从句用过去完成时。 That was the second time that she had seen her That was the se

107、cond time that she had seen her grandfather. grandfather. It was 3 years since we had partedIt was 3 years since we had parted。 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：动词动词动词动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿用过去完成时，表示未

108、实现的愿用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。望、打算和意图。望、打算和意图。望、打算和意图。 I had hoped that I could do the job. I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy. I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 7. 7. 一般将来时一般将来时一般将来时一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情

109、况。常和表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语等表示将来的时间状语等表示将来的时间状语等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达连用，其表现形式多达连用，其表现形式多达连用，其表现形式多达5 5种。种。种。种。 Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. 2008. 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时

110、间状语从句或一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：条件状语从句的主句中：条件状语从句的主句中：条件状语从句的主句中： We will begin our class as soon as the teacher We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes. comes. （主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将

111、来时。）在时替代一般将来时。）在时替代一般将来时。）在时替代一般将来时。） 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如某些表示短暂性动作的动词如某些表示短暂性动作的动词如某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, arrive, come, go, leave, startgo, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 考点三

112、：考点三：考点三：考点三：“ “祈使句祈使句祈使句祈使句 + and/or + + and/or + 句子句子句子句子” ”，这种结构中，这种结构中，这种结构中，这种结构中andand后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。 Use your head and you will find a way. Use your head and you will find a way. 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：“am (is, are) going to + “am (is, are) going to + 动词原形动词原

113、形动词原形动词原形” ”，表，表，表，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 “am (is, are) about to + “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形” ”表示按照表示按照表示按照表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 “am (is, are) to + “am (is, are) to + 动词原形动词原形动词原形动词原形” ”表示必须

114、、必然表示必须、必然表示必须、必然表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。或计划将要做的事。或计划将要做的事。或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in this May. They are to be married in this May. 8 8、将来进行时、将来进行时、将来进行时、将来进行时 表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。定会发生的事情。定会发生的事情。定会发生的事情。 Ill be doing my homework t

115、his time tomorrow. Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天明天明天明天这会我正在写作业。这会我正在写作业。这会我正在写作业。这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. delegation at the airport. 9 9、将来完成时、将来完成时、将来完成时、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状表在将来某

116、时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。语非常明显。语非常明显。语非常明显。 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：常用的时间状语一般用常用的时间状语一般用常用的时间状语一般用常用的时间状语一般用by+by+将来的时间。如：将来的时间。如：将来的时间。如：将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next yearMar

117、ch next year以及由以及由以及由以及由by the time, beforeby the time, before或或或或whenwhen等引导的副词从句。等引导的副词从句。等引导的副词从句。等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1 000 miles on foot. 1 000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will B

118、y the time you reach the station, the train will have left. have left. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。由现在完成时表示。由现在完成时表示。由现在完成时表示。 The children will do their homework the The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived

119、 back from school. moment they have arrived back from school. 10. 10. 动词的语态动词的语态动词的语态动词的语态 一般用于强调受者，一般用于强调受者，一般用于强调受者，一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名做题时谓语动词不再有名做题时谓语动词不再有名做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。语气和非谓语动词一起考，只

120、是需要注意以下考点。语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组不能用于被动语态的动词和词组不能用于被动语态的动词和词组不能用于被动语态的动词和词组 come true, consist of, take place, happen, come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, become, rise, occur, belong, break o

121、ut, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed It took place before liberation. It took place before liberation. 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, , 而且而且而且而且常与常与常与常与well, quite, easily, badlywell, qu

122、ite, easily, badly等副词连用。等副词连用。等副词连用。等副词连用。 lock ( lock ( 锁锁锁锁 ) ; wash ( ) ; wash ( 洗洗洗洗 ); sell ( ); sell ( 卖卖卖卖 ); read ( ); read ( 读读读读 ); ); wear ( wear ( 穿穿穿穿 ); blame ( ); blame (责备责备责备责备) )；ride (ride (乘坐乘坐乘坐乘坐) )； write ( write ( 写写写写 ) )； Glass breaks easily. Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。玻璃容

123、易破碎。玻璃容易破碎。玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。这车走起来很稳。这车走起来很稳。这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。这箱子很好锁。这箱子很好锁。这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。这本书很畅销。这本书很畅销。这本书很畅销。 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：一些常用经典被动句型：一些常用经典被动句型：一些常用经

124、典被动句型： It is said, It is reported, It is widely It is said, It is reported, It is widely believedbelieved， It is expected, It is estimated, It is expected, It is estimated, 这些句子一般翻译为这些句子一般翻译为这些句子一般翻译为这些句子一般翻译为“ “据说据说据说据说”，“ “人们认人们认人们认人们认为为为为”， 而而而而 “ “以前人们认为以前人们认为以前人们认为以前人们认为” ” 则应该说：则应该说：则应该说：则应该说：

125、It was It was believed, It was thoughtbelieved, It was thought第五部分：非谓语动词第五部分：非谓语动词第五部分：非谓语动词第五部分：非谓语动词 所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征，不主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征，不主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征，不主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语，仅可以接宾语，仅可以接宾语，

126、仅可以接宾语， 而且还有时态护和语态的变化。而且还有时态护和语态的变化。而且还有时态护和语态的变化。而且还有时态护和语态的变化。 此此此此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必考的语点，也是每年必考的语点，也是每年必考的语点，也是每年必考的语 法知识。具体表现形式有三法知

127、识。具体表现形式有三法知识。具体表现形式有三法知识。具体表现形式有三种：种：种：种：1. 1. 动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式 to + V ; 2. to + V ; 2. 动名词动名词动名词动名词 V-ing; 3. V-ing; 3. 过去过去过去过去分词分词分词分词 V-ed V-ed 。三者的核心含义和区别如下三者的核心含义和区别如下三者的核心含义和区别如下三者的核心含义和区别如下： 动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式动词不定式 to + V to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，一般用来表示目的或结果，一般用来表示目的或结果，一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。或者某

128、个具体的动作。或者某个具体的动作。或者某个具体的动作。 动名词动名词动名词动名词 V-ing V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和一般用来表示动作的主动概念和一般用来表示动作的主动概念和一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。进行意义。进行意义。进行意义。 过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词 V-ed V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和一般用来表示动作的被动概念和一般用来表示动作的被动概念和一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。完成意义。完成意义。完成意义。 ( (一一一一) )关于动词不定式的考点如下：关于动词不定式的考点如下：关于动词不定式的考点如下：关于动词不定式的考点如下： 考点一

129、：考点一：考点一：考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。 这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等打算、企图等打算、企图等打算、企图等 afford begin consent expect hesitate neglect afford begin consent expect hesitate neglect prepare threaten prepare th

130、reaten agree bother decide fail hinder offer pretend agree bother decide fail hinder offer pretend undertake undertake ask care demand fear intend plan refuse venture ask care demand fear intend plan refuse venture attempt choose desire hate learn pledge resolve attempt choose desire hate learn pled

131、ge resolve volunteer volunteer beg claim endeavor help manage prefer start beg claim endeavor help manage prefer start want want He pledged never to come back until he had He pledged never to come back until he had made great success. made great success. I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.

132、 I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带在以下情况下常使用不带在以下情况下常使用不带在以下情况下常使用不带( (或省略或省略或省略或省略)to)to的动的动的动的动词不定式：词不定式：词不定式：词不定式： 1. 1. 感官动词后面：感官动词后面：感官动词后面：感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, feel, listen, hear,

133、 look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive notice, see, watch, observe, perceive I saw a man enter the shop. I saw a man enter the shop. 2. 2. 个别表示使役意义的动词，如：个别表示使役意义的动词，如：个别表示使役意义的动词，如：个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, have, let, makemake， The teacher has us write a composition every The teacher has us

134、write a composition every week. week. 3. 3. 一些情态动词，一些情态动词，一些情态动词，一些情态动词，had better, would had better, would ratherthanratherthan，would soonerthanwould soonerthan，rather rather than, may well dothan, may well do，may as well do (may as well do (还是还是还是还是好了好了好了好了) )，can not butcan not but，can not help b

135、utcan not help but等句型，等句型，等句型，等句型， Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi. by taxi. We might as well put up here for tonight. We might as well put up here for tonight. 4. 4. 在在在在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, do (did, does, done)

136、nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do everything )but (except) do 句型中。句型中。句型中。句型中。 I can do nothing but follow your advice. I can do nothing but follow your advice. 如果如果如果如果butbut或或或或exceptexcept之前没有之前没有之前没有之前没有dodo，help, help, 其后的其后的其后的其后的to to 不不不不能省略。能省略。能省略。能省略。 There is no choice but t

137、o wait and see. There is no choice but to wait and see. 5. 5. 由由由由 all, what all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被引导的主语从句或者主语被引导的主语从句或者主语被引导的主语从句或者主语被only, only, first, one, least first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有含有含有含有dodo时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去时，其

138、表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去toto。 What I have to do is take a rest. What I have to do is take a rest. The only thing I could do was do it myself. The only thing I could do was do it myself. 6. 6. 由并列连词由并列连词由并列连词由并列连词andand，except, but, than, or except, but, than, or 连接两连接两连接两连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的

139、不定式时，个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时， 第二个动词不定式不带第二个动词不定式不带第二个动词不定式不带第二个动词不定式不带toto。 Id like to stay with you, help you and learn Id like to stay with you, help you and learn from you. from you. She told us to stay at home and wait till she She told us to stay at home and wai

140、t till she came back. came back. 注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略则不能省略则不能省略则不能省略to. to. To try and fail is better than not to try at all. To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝尝尝尝试而失败也比不尝试好。试而失败也比不尝试好。试而失败也比不尝试好。试而失败也比不尝试好。 He has

141、nt decided weather to quit or to stay. He hasnt decided weather to quit or to stay. 他他他他还没有决定是去还是留。还没有决定是去还是留。还没有决定是去还是留。还没有决定是去还是留。 To be or not to be, that is a question. To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是生存还是生存还是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。是死亡，这是一个问题。是死亡，这是一个问题。是死亡，这是一个问题。 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：有些动词后一般跟带有

142、些动词后一般跟带有些动词后一般跟带有些动词后一般跟带“ “疑问词疑问词疑问词疑问词 + + 动词不定动词不定动词不定动词不定式式式式” ”作宾语，如：作宾语，如：作宾语，如：作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss, consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonderunderstand, wonder等。等。等。等

143、。 I wonder who to invite. I wonder who to invite. 我不知请谁。我不知请谁。我不知请谁。我不知请谁。 Ask my brother where to put the car. Ask my brother where to put the car. 问一下我哥车问一下我哥车问一下我哥车问一下我哥车停在哪儿。停在哪儿。停在哪儿。停在哪儿。 ( (二二二二) )关于动名词的考点如下：关于动名词的考点如下：关于动名词的考点如下：关于动名词的考点如下： 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词。直接接动名词做宾语的动词。直接接动名词做宾语

144、的动词。直接接动名词做宾语的动词。 admit avoid dread excuse forgive permit recall admit avoid dread excuse forgive permit recall stop stop advise consider encourage fancy imagine advise consider encourage fancy imagine postpone recollect give up postpone recollect give up allow delay endure feel like involve practis

145、e allow delay endure feel like involve practise resent cant help resent cant help anticipate deny enjoy finish mind prevent resist anticipate deny enjoy finish mind prevent resist cant stand cant stand appreciate dislike escape forbid miss propose appreciate dislike escape forbid miss propose risk s

146、uggest risk suggest Forbid smoking on trains. Forbid smoking on trains. 火车上禁止吸烟。火车上禁止吸烟。火车上禁止吸烟。火车上禁止吸烟。 We have to postpone sending our answer to the We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. request. 我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。 注意：上述动词中注意：上述动词中

147、注意：上述动词中注意：上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语补足语补足语补足语, , 如：如：如：如：Allow somebody to do something. Allow somebody to do something. I recommended going by subway. I recommended

148、going by subway. 我建议坐地我建议坐地我建议坐地我建议坐地铁去。铁去。铁去。铁去。 The doctor recommended me to take a few The doctor recommended me to take a few days rest. days rest. 医生劝我休息几天。医生劝我休息几天。医生劝我休息几天。医生劝我休息几天。 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：下列短语中下列短语中下列短语中下列短语中to to 为介词，后面只能接动名词为介词，后面只能接动名词为介词，后面只能接动名词为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。或名词。或名词。或名词。 keep

149、 to apply to indifference to look forward to keep to apply to indifference to look forward to with an eye to with an eye to amount to committo be familiar to stand up amount to committo be familiar to stand up to with regard to to with regard to take to oweto be faithful to put ones mind to take to

150、oweto be faithful to put ones mind to with a view to with a view to turn to resign to be superior to get down to be turn to resign to be superior to get down to be opposed to opposed to succeed to attribute to be sensitive to live up succeed to attribute to be sensitive to live up to in relation to

151、to in relation to admit to dedicate to be devoted to owing to admit to dedicate to be devoted to owing to aid to aid to point to limit to be committed to thanks to point to limit to be committed to thanks to object to object to No woman could succeed to the throne. No woman could succeed to the thro

152、ne. 妇女不妇女不妇女不妇女不能继承王位。能继承王位。能继承王位。能继承王位。 I am looking forward to seeing you again. I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼我盼我盼我盼着再见到你。着再见到你。着再见到你。着再见到你。 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：在在在在demand, deserve, need, require, want, demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth worth 等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的

153、意思，即等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。不定式的被动形式。不定式的被动形式。不定式的被动形式。 My socks want mending / to be mended. My socks want mending / to be mended. This grammatical rule deserves mentioning. This grammatic

154、al rule deserves mentioning. That novel is well worth reading. That novel is well worth reading. 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：在下列在下列在下列在下列it it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中， 用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。 It is no use (no good, no point, no sense, a wa

155、ste It is no use (no good, no point, no sense, a waste of timeof time等名词等名词等名词等名词) + doing sth. ) + doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, uselessIt is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词等形容词等形容词等形容词) + ) + doing sth.; doing sth.; There is no point ( use, sense, goodThere is no point ( use, se

156、nse, good等名词等名词等名词等名词) + ) + doing sth. doing sth. Its no use crying over spilt milk. Its no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。后悔没有用。后悔没有用。后悔没有用。 Its simply a waste of time and money seeing Its simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie. that movie. There is no point in my going out to date

157、There is no point in my going out to date someone. someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。 I find it no good advising him to go with us. I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我我我我发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。发现建议他和我们一起去美什么好处。 考点五：考点五：考点五：考点

158、五：在在在在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, “have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in ) doing sth. pleasure, a difficult time )(in ) doing sth. 结构中，后结构中，后结构中，后结构中，后接动名词；接动名词；接动名词；接动名词； 但注意但注意但注意但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have take the trouble to do sth. , have no tim

159、e to do sth. no time to do sth. 后接不定式。后接不定式。后接不定式。后接不定式。 The teachers have had some problems deciding The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the when they should return the final papers to the students. students. I worked so late in the office last n

160、ight that I I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. hardly had time to catch the last bus. 考点六：考点六：考点六：考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；但表示的

161、意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：些动词有：些动词有：些动词有：remember to do sth. remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事记得将要去做某事记得将要去做某事记得将要去做某事 remember doing sth. remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事记得已经做过某事记得已经做过某事记得已经做过某事 Please remember to take the

162、 medicine. ( Please remember to take the medicine. (还没吃还没吃还没吃还没吃) ) I remember taking the medicine. ( I remember taking the medicine. (已经吃过已经吃过已经吃过已经吃过) ) forget to do sth. forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情忘记了该做的事情忘记了该做的事情忘记了该做的事情 forget doing sth. forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过了的事情忘记了已经做过了的事情忘记了已经做过了的事情忘记了已经做过

163、了的事情 I forgot to mail the letter. ( I forgot to mail the letter. ( 没有发信没有发信没有发信没有发信) ) I forgot mailing the letter. ( I forgot mailing the letter. ( 忘记曾经发过信忘记曾经发过信忘记曾经发过信忘记曾经发过信) ) stop to do sth. stop to do sth. 停止手中的事去做另一件事停止手中的事去做另一件事停止手中的事去做另一件事停止手中的事去做另一件事 stop doing sth. stop doing sth. 停止正在做的

164、事情停止正在做的事情停止正在做的事情停止正在做的事情 We stopped to have a rest. We stopped to have a rest. I really must stop smoking. I really must stop smoking. go on to do sth. go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事情继续做另一件事情继续做另一件事情继续做另一件事情 go on doing sth. go on doing sth. 继续作正在做的事继续作正在做的事继续作正在做的事继续作正在做的事 try to do sth. try to do sth.

165、 努力，试图去做某事努力，试图去做某事努力，试图去做某事努力，试图去做某事 try doing sth. try doing sth. 尝试，试着做某事尝试，试着做某事尝试，试着做某事尝试，试着做某事 The president welcomed the new students and The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. then went on to explain the college regulations. Peter went on

166、 sleeping despite the noise outside. Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside. mean to do sth. mean to do sth. 打算做某事打算做某事打算做某事打算做某事 mean doing sth. mean doing sth. 意味着做某事意味着做某事意味着做某事意味着做某事 I dont mean to be rude, but could you stop I dont mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking? smoking?

167、 Jumping from job to job means losing some Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit. benefit. regret to do sth. regret to do sth. 对某事感到遗憾对某事感到遗憾对某事感到遗憾对某事感到遗憾 regret doing sth. regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事后悔做过某事后悔做过某事后悔做过某事 I regret to tell you that you failed the test. I regret to tell you tha

168、t you failed the test. I regret lending him so much money. He never I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back. paid me back. ( (三三三三) )非谓语动词的其他考点非谓语动词的其他考点非谓语动词的其他考点非谓语动词的其他考点 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：独立主格结构独立主格结构独立主格结构独立主格结构 分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句分词的独立结构

169、可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语( (一般为名一般为名一般为名一般为名词词词词) )，它便是分词的独立结构。该

170、分词与其逻辑主语，它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语，它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语，它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系， 就用现在就用现在就用现在就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。分

171、词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如至于分词的时态则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如至于分词的时态则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如至于分词的时态则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一般用过去果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一般用过去果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一般用过去果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一般用过去时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用过去完成时。即过去完成时。即过去完成时。

172、即过去完成时。即 having done having done 或或或或 having been done. having been done. 分词的独立结构前也可以有分词的独立结构前也可以有分词的独立结构前也可以有分词的独立结构前也可以有withwith， without without或或或或therethere。withwith本身没有词义，本身没有词义，本身没有词义，本身没有词义，therethere实际上是引导词，实际上是引导词，实际上是引导词，实际上是引导词，beingbeing后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。后面的名词

173、才是分词的逻辑主语。 Weather permitting, well be going fishing Weather permitting, well be going fishing tomorrow. tomorrow. The students having finished reading the text, The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions. the teacher went on to ask them some questi

174、ons. All the money having been spent, we started All the money having been spent, we started looking for work. looking for work. With her hair beautifully doneWith her hair beautifully done，the customer the customer left the hair-dressers happily. left the hair-dressers happily. With night coming on

175、, they went home. With night coming on, they went home. 天晚了，天晚了，天晚了，天晚了，他们回家了。他们回家了。他们回家了。他们回家了。 He left home, without a single word said. He left home, without a single word said. 没说一没说一没说一没说一句话，他就离开了家。句话，他就离开了家。句话，他就离开了家。句话，他就离开了家。 There being nothing to do, we played games. There being nothing to

176、 do, we played games. 没没没没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。( (语法常语法常语法常语法常考题考题考题考题) ) to be done to be done 不定式的被动态表示将来的动作不定式的被动态表示将来的动作不定式的被动态表示将来的动作不定式的被动态表示将来的动作 being done being done 用来表示动作的正在用来表示

177、动作的正在用来表示动作的正在用来表示动作的正在( (被被被被) )进行或者进行或者进行或者进行或者表示原因、条件等表示原因、条件等表示原因、条件等表示原因、条件等 done (having been done) done (having been done) 表示动作的被动关系或表示动作的被动关系或表示动作的被动关系或表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态。过去完成状态。过去完成状态。过去完成状态。 Are you going to attend the meeting to be held Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest me

178、etingnest meeting？ The question being discussed is very important. The question being discussed is very important. Did you attend the press conference held in Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week? Beijing last week? All flights having been cancelled, they had to All flights

179、having been cancelled, they had to take the train. take the train. 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主语一致的限制。如：语一致的限制。如：语一致的限制。如：语一致的限制。如：according to (according to (根据根据根据根据), judging from(), judging from(从从从从判断判断判断判断), talking of (), talking of

180、(谈到谈到谈到谈到), ), owing to (owing to (由于由于由于由于), taking everything into ), taking everything into consideration (consideration (全盘考虑全盘考虑全盘考虑全盘考虑), ), allowing for(allowing for(考虑到考虑到考虑到考虑到), leaving on one ), leaving on one side (side (抛开抛开抛开抛开不谈不谈不谈不谈) )， generally speaking (generally speaking (总的说来总的

181、说来总的说来总的说来) )， frankly frankly speaking ( speaking ( 坦率地说坦率地说坦率地说坦率地说 ), roughly speaking ( ), roughly speaking ( 粗略地说粗略地说粗略地说粗略地说 ), honestly speaking ( ), honestly speaking ( 老实说老实说老实说老实说 ), strictly speaking ( ), strictly speaking ( 严格地说严格地说严格地说严格地说 ), theoretically speaking ( ), theoretically sp

182、eaking ( 从理论上说从理论上说从理论上说从理论上说) )第六部分：名词性从句第六部分：名词性从句第六部分：名词性从句第六部分：名词性从句即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从

183、句。句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 考点一：考点一：考点一：考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody. known to everybody. ( =

184、 It is well-known to everybody that the earth ( = It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun. ) goes around the sun. ) 2. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to 2. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (his boss. (此时不能用此时不能用此时不能用此时不能用if ) if ) 3. Who will

185、 come to the dinner remains a 3. Who will come to the dinner remains a question. question. 4. What you have said is convincing. 4. What you have said is convincing. 5. How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids 5. How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries. puzzled p

186、eople for centuries. 6. Why the murderer came back to the scene of 6. Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem. crime is a psychological problem. 同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如： It is reported that It is reported

187、 that It must be pointed out that It must be pointed out that It is likely that It is likely that It is a good thing that It is a good thing that It happens that It happens that 考点二：考点二：考点二：考点二：宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如：引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如：引导

188、词的省略以及从句的语序。如：引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如： 1 He believed that walking under a ladder 1 He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck. brings bad luck. 2. We can learn what we do not know from TV 2. We can learn what we do not know from TV programs. programs. 3. Tell me which of the books is the right

189、one. 3. Tell me which of the books is the right one. 4. Your success will depend on how you present 4. Your success will depend on how you present yourself. yourself. 5. I wonder if/whether you can help me. 5. I wonder if/whether you can help me. 考点三：考点三：考点三：考点三：表语从句：表语从句：表语从句：表语从句：bebe动词或者系动词后面跟主语动

190、词或者系动词后面跟主语动词或者系动词后面跟主语动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。补足语。补足语。补足语。 1.The assumption is that things will improve. 1.The assumption is that things will improve. 2. China is not what it used to be. 2. China is not what it used to be. 3. The doctors dilemma is whether he should 3. The doctors dilemma is whether he sho

191、uld tell a lie to the patient. tell a lie to the patient. 考点四：考点四：考点四：考点四：同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点。同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点。同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点。同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点。 同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that+that从句从句从句从句构成，引导词一般是构成，引导词一般是构成，引导词一般是构成，引导词一般是that, that, 而且而且而且而且thatthat在从句中不充当在从句中

192、不充当在从句中不充当在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：任何成分。这些抽象名词有：任何成分。这些抽象名词有：任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, messagemessage等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。等，同位语从句是对抽象名词

193、进行说明解释。 1. The news that our football team at last 1. The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy. defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy. The news that made the fans wild with joy was The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio.(from the r

194、adio.(比较定语从句比较定语从句比较定语从句比较定语从句) ) 2. There is much evidence that the crime rate in 2. There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise. this city is on the rise. 3. Einstein came to the conclusion that the 3. Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。