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1、微生物学第微生物学第2 2章细菌的生理章细菌的生理Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉第一节 细菌的理化性状n细菌的化学组成u成分水、无机盐、蛋白质、糖类、脂质、核酸u元素有机物：碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、硫无机离子：钾、钠、铁、镁、钙、氯等u特有化学组成肽聚糖、胞壁酸、磷壁酸、D型氨基酸、二氨基庚二酸、吡啶二羧酸等Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical Univer
2、sityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉Department
3、 of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Har
4、bin Medical University 张文莉张文莉Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉按细菌对氧的需要分类n专性需氧菌 u有完善的呼吸酶系统n微需氧菌u低氧压时生长最好，高时抑制n兼性厌氧菌u大多数病原菌 n专性厌氧菌 u缺乏完善的呼吸酶系统Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology,
5、 Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉生长与繁殖细菌个体细菌个体n无性繁殖n二分裂方式 n代时n分裂过程GG- -菌分裂菌分裂中介体介导中介体介导GG+ +菌分裂菌分裂Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉生长与繁殖细菌群体细菌群体 大肠埃希菌的生长曲线大肠埃希菌的生长曲线Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDe
6、partment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉第四节 细菌的新陈代谢n分解代谢n合成代谢复杂分子（有机物）（有机物）简单分子+ ATP+ H分解代谢酶系分解代谢酶系合成代谢酶系合成代谢酶系Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉细菌的能量代谢n生物氧化n方式：u加氧、脱氢和脱电子n有氧和无氧环境，生物氧化过程、代谢产物和产生能量的多少均不同n
7、发酵u有机物为受氢体n呼吸u无机物为受氢体u需氧呼吸u厌氧呼吸合成合成能量能量废弃物废弃物营养物质营养物质能能 源源分解分解能量与代谢关系能量与代谢关系Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉分解代谢产物和细菌的生化反应n糖发酵试验 nVP 试验n甲基红试验n枸橼酸盐利用试验n吲哚试验n硫化氢试验n尿素酶试验n IMViC IMViC 试验：试验：n n吲哚（吲哚（I I）、）、甲基红（甲基红（MM）、）、VP
8、VP（V V）、）、枸橼枸橼酸盐利用（酸盐利用（C C）四种试验常用于鉴定肠道杆菌四种试验常用于鉴定肠道杆菌 n n大肠埃希菌大肠埃希菌 “ “+-”+-”，产气肠杆菌，产气肠杆菌“ “-+”-+”Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉大肠埃希菌产气肠杆菌Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiolog
9、y, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉合成代谢产物及其医学意义n热原质 pyrogenn毒素与侵袭性酶 n色素 pigment n抗生素 antibioticn细菌素 bacteriocin n维生素 vitamin丹毒丹毒Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉第五节 细菌的人工培养n培养基 culture mediumu基础培养基 u增菌培养基 u选择培养基 u鉴别培养基u厌
10、氧培养基Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉按物理状态分类n液体培养基n固体培养基n半固体培养基 液体培养基液体培养基 固体斜面培养基固体斜面培养基 半固体培养基半固体培养基Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉在培养基中
11、的生长n在液体培养基中u 混浊、沉淀、菌膜n半固体培养基u动力n在固体培养基中u纯培养u分离培养 菌落colonyDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉人工培养细菌的用途n医学u感染性疾
12、病的病原学诊断 u细菌学研究 u生物制品的制备n工农业生产n基因工程中应用Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉小结n细菌的理化性状n细菌的营养n细菌的生长与繁殖n细菌的新陈代谢n细菌的人工培养Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉教学大纲n掌握内容u细菌生长繁殖的条件u按细菌对氧需要的分类u与医学有关的合成代谢产物 n熟悉内容u细菌生长的营养物质u营养物质的吸收及营养类型u细菌的生物氧化u细菌分解代谢产物和生化反应n了解内容u细菌人工培养方法Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical UniversityDepartment of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University 张文莉张文莉问题n影响细菌生长的环境因素有哪些？n细菌的繁殖方式如何？n细菌合成代谢产物包括什么？结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！25
