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1、Thefunctionofthedigestivesystemistopreparefoodforintakebybodycells.Nutrientsmustbebrokendownbymechanicalandchemicalmeansintomoleculesthataresmallenoughtobeabsorbedintothecirculation.Withincells,thenutrientsareusedforenergyandforrebuildingvitalcellcomponents.Digestiontakesplaceinthedigestivetract.第1页
2、/共16页第一页，共17页。DigestivetractThehumandigestivesystemincludesmouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,smallintestine(duodenum,jejunumandileum),largeintestine（cecum，appendix，colonandrectum）andanus.第2页/共16页第二页，共17页。Mouth,oralcavityOr/o:oralcavity,oraladministrationorallanguagestomat/o:stomatitis,stomatoscopysali
3、va:isthewaterysubstanceproducedinthemouths.Itisproducedinandsecretedfromthesalivaryglands.Humansalivaiscomposedmostlyofwater(99.5%),butalsoincludeselectrolytes,mucus,antibacterialcompounds,andvariousenzymes.Theenzymesinthesalivabreakdownsomeofthestarchandfatinthefoodatthemolecularlevelsalivaryamylas
4、e第3页/共16页第三页，共17页。ToothDent/i:Dentist:amedicalprofessionalwhospecializesinthecareofteethDentalgia:toothacheodont/o:Oligodontia:theconditionofnaturallyhavingfewerthantheregularnumberofteeth,itisalsocalledhypodontiaPeriodontitis:referstoanumberofinflammatorydiseasesaffectingthetissuesthatsurroundandsu
5、pporttheteeth第4页/共16页第四页，共17页。tongueLingu/oLinguisticSublingualtablet:Usuallyasmall,flattabletintendedtobeinsertedbeneaththetongue,wheretheactiveingredientisabsorbeddirectlythroughtheoralmucosaandintoblood;suchatabletdissolvesverypromptly.Nitroglyerinsublingualtablet:atypeofvasodilator.Itrelaxesbloo
6、dvessels,increasingthebloodandoxygensupplytoyourheart.Thismedicineisusedtorelievechestpaincausedbyangina.第5页/共16页第五页，共17页。esophagusesophagusisamusculartubewhosecontractionscanpropelfoodtothestomach.eso-=inside,inwardphag/o=swallowesogastritis:Inflammationofthemucousmembraneofthestomachphagocyte:cell
7、sthatprotectthebodybyingestingharmfulforeignparticles,bacteriaanddeadordyingcells第6页/共16页第六页，共17页。StomachThethreebasic/mainfunctionsofthestomach are to kill any bacteria ingested, breakdown the food into smaller pieces to create alarger surface area for easier digestion, and tohold food and release
8、it at a constant rate. Thestomach is a highlyacidicenvironment duetohydrochloric acid production and secretionwhichproducesapHrangeusuallybetween1 and 2. Combined withdigestive enzymes,such an environment is able to break downlarge molecules to smaller ones so that theycan eventually be absorbed fro
9、m the smallintestine. Azymogen called pepsinogen issecretedandturnsintopepsinunderlowpHconditions and is a necessity in proteindigestion第7页/共16页第七页，共17页。gastr/o:stomachgastritisgastroscopygastralgiagastrectomygastrelcosisPept/i,peps/i:digestionpepsin:anenzymeinthestomachandwhichdegradesfoodproteinsi
10、ntopeptidespepticulcer:dyspepsia:hardordifficultdigestion第8页/共16页第八页，共17页。SmallandlargeintestineThesmallintestineisthemajorsitefordigestionandabsorptionofnutrients.Theupperpart,theduodenum,isthemostactiveindigestion.Secretionsfromtheliverandpancreasareusedfordigestionintheduodenum.Thepancreassecrete
11、sdigestiveenzymesandstomachacidneutralizingbicarbonate.Protease(enzymessecretedfromthepancreas)continuethebreakdownofproteinintosmall peptidefragmentsandsomeaminoacids.第9页/共16页第九页，共17页。Theliverproducesbile,whichisstoredinthegallbladderbeforeenteringthebileductintotheduodenum.Bileemulsifiesfats,makin
12、gthemsusceptibletoenzymaticbreakdown.Bilecontainscholesterol,phospholipids,bilirubin,andamixofsalts.Thelargeintestineismadeupbythecolon,cecum,appendix,andrectum.Materialinthelargeintestineismostlyindigestibleresidueandliquid.第10页/共16页第十页，共17页。第11页/共16页第十一页，共17页。enter/o:dysenteryentericcoatedtablet:A
13、noraldosageforminwhichatabletiscoatedwithamaterialtopreventorminimizedissolutioninthestomachbutallowdissolutioninthesmallintestine.Thistypeofformulationeitherprotectsthestomachfromapotentiallyirritatingdrug(e.g.,aspirin)orprotectsthedrug(e.g.,erythromycin)frompartialdegradationintheacidicenvironment
14、ofthestomach.第12页/共16页第十二页，共17页。rect/o:rectumrectaladministration:suchasbysuppository,itisinsertedintotherectumwhereitdissolvesandisabsorbedintobloodcirculation.hepat/o:liverhepatatrophia:Atrophyoftheliverhepatoma:livercancer第13页/共16页第十三页，共17页。bile:bil/i:bilirubin:theyellowbreakdownproductofnormalhe
15、mecatabolism.Hemeisformedfromhemoglobin,aprincipalcomponentofredbloodcells.Bilirubinisexcretedinbile,anditslevelsareelevatedincertaindiseases.injaundice,whichiscausedbyhyperbilirubinemia,theskin,mucusmembraneandwhitesoftheeyesarestainedandturnyellowchol/e:cholecalciferol:VitaminD3,whichcanpromotethe
16、absorptionofcalcium.第14页/共16页第十四页，共17页。melancholy:Temperamenttheory:Thetheorythatholdsthattherearefourbasictemperaments,i.e.melancholic(gloomy),choleric(irritable),sanguine(cheerful),andphlegmatic(apathetic)thataredeterminedbythepredominanceofoneofthefourhumors,i.e.blackbile,yellowbile,phlegm,andblood,respectively,tocharacterizeapersonspsychologicalstate.第15页/共16页第十五页，共17页。感谢您的欣赏(xnshng)！第16页/共16页第十六页，共17页。内容(nirng)总结感谢您的欣赏(xnshng)第十七页，共17页。
