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1、TheSocialBackground1.Thenaturalandsocialsciencedevelopmentledtogreatgainsinmaterialwealth.2.Frequenteconomicdepressionsandmassunemploymentsharpenedthecontradictionsbetweentherichandpoor.3.ThecatastrophictwoworldwarstremendouslyweakenedtheBritishEmpireandbroughtaboutgreatsufferingstoitspeopleaswell.第
2、1页/共15页第一页，共16页。TheappallingshockoftheFirstWorldWarseverelydestroyedpeoplesfaithintheVictorianvalues;ThepostwareconomicdisorderandspiritualdisillusionproducedaprofoundimpactupontheBritishpeople,whocametoseetheprevalentwretchednessincapitalism.TheSecondWorldWarmarkedthelaststageofthedisintegrationoft
3、heBritishEmpire.Britainsufferedheavylossesinthewar:thousandsofpeoplewerekilled;theeconomywasruined;almostallitsformercolonieswerelostpeoplewereineconomic,cultural,andbeliefcrisisesTheSocialBackground第2页/共15页第二页，共16页。TheideologicalbackgroundIdeologically,theriseoftheirrationalphilosophyandnewscienceg
4、reatlyincitedmodernwriterstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.1.ThetheoryofscientificsocialismputforwardbyKarlMarxandFriedrichEngelsnotonlyprovidedaguidingprinciplefortheworkingpeople,butalsoinspiredthemtomakecountlessfightsfortheirownliberation.2.Darwinstheoryofevolutionexerted
5、astronginfluenceuponthepeople,causingmanytolosetheirreligiousfaith.TheSocilaDarwinismunderthecoverof“survivalofthefittest”,vehementlyadvocatedcolonialism.3.Freudsanalyticalpsychologydrasticallyalteredourconceptionofhumannature.4.Einsteinstheoryofrelativity第3页/共15页第三页，共16页。Realisminthe20thcenturyEngl
6、ishliteratureRealismwasdeclinedbytherapidriseofmodernisminthe1920s.Inthe1930s,novelistsbegantoturntheirattentiontotheurgentsocialproblems.Theyalsoenrichedthetraditionalwaysofcreationbyadoptingsomeofthemodernisttechniques.However,therealisticnovelsofthisperiodweremoreorlesstouchedbyapessimisticmood,p
7、reoccupiedwiththethemeofmansloneliness.第4页/共15页第四页，共16页。Realisminthe20thCenturyEnglishLiteratureHavingbeenmergedandinterpenetratedwithmodernisminthepastseveraldecades,therealisticnovelofthe1960sand1970sappearedinanewfacewitharicher,morevigorousandorediversifiedstyle.第5页/共15页第五页，共16页。TheliteratureinE
8、nglandinthe20thCentury1.ThePoetryinEnglandinthe20thCenturyInsomesense,thepoetryinthe20thcenturyisarevolutionagainsttheconventionalideasandformsoftheVictorianpoetry.Themodernistpoetsfoughtagainsttheromanticfuzzinessandself-indulgedemotionalism,advocatingnewideasinpoetry-writing.Theyadvocatetousethela
9、nguageofcommonspeech,tocreatednewrhythmsastheexpressionofanewmood,toallowabsolutefreedominchoosingsubjects,andtousehard,clearandpreciseimagesinpoems.第6页/共15页第六页，共16页。TheliteratureinEnglandinthe20thCentury2.TheModernisticNovelinEnglandinthe20thCenturyThemodernistwritersgotgreatinfluencebythetheoryoft
10、heFreudianpsycho-analysisandformedthenewtechnicalinnovationsofnovelcreation.Thebelievedthatmultiplelevelsofconsciousnessexistedsimultaneousinthehumanmind,thatonespresentwasthesumofhispast,presentandfuture,andthatthewholetruthabouthumanbeingsexistedintheunique,isolated,andprivateworldofeachindividual
11、.第7页/共15页第七页，共16页。3.TheModernisticDramainEnglandinthe20thCenturyThemoderndramatistexpressedtheirsatiretowardstheupper-classpeoplebyrevealingtheircorruption,theirsnobbery,andtheirhypocrisy.TheEnglishdramaticrevolutiondevelopedintwodirections:theworking-classdramsandtheTheaterofAbsurdTheliteratureinEn
12、glandinthe20thCentury第8页/共15页第八页，共16页。Modernism1.Areactionagainstrealism.2.Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.3.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandh
13、imself.Themodernistwritersconcentratedmoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingledtogetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.第9页/共15页第九页，共16页。The
14、characteristicsofmodernistwritings1.Complexityandobscurity2.Theuseofsymbols3.Allusion4.IronySeePage232inANewAnthologyofEnglishLiterature:volumeII第10页/共15页第十页，共16页。TheAngryYoungManAgroupofyoungnovelistsandplaywrightswithlower-middle-classorworking-classbackgroundinthemid-1950sandearly1960s.Theydemons
15、tratedaparticulardisillusionoverthedepressingsituationinBritainandlaunchedabitterprotestagainsttheoutmodedsocialandpoliticalvaluesintheirsociety.KingsleyAmiswasthefirsttostarttheattackonmiddle-classprivilegesandpowerinhisnovelLuckyJim(1954).Theterm“TheAngryYoungMan”cametobewidely.SeePage259inANewAnt
16、hologyofEnglishLiterature:volumeII第11页/共15页第十一页，共16页。TheTheatreoftheAbsurdTheTheatreoftheAbsurdisatermappliedtoagroupofdramatistwhowereactiveinthe50s.“Absurd”originallymeans“outofharmony”or“inharmonious”inamusicalcontext.Hereitmeans“outofharmonywithreasonorpropriety”.See Page 270 in A New Anthology
17、of English Literature: volume II第12页/共15页第十二页，共16页。Camusfirstused“absurd”inhisMythofSisphyus.Hetriestodiagnosethehumansituationintheworldshatteredbelief,ashesaid:“Aworldthatcanbeexplainedbyreasoning,howeverfaulty,isafamiliarworld.Butinauniversethatissuddenlydeprivedofillusionsandoflight,manfeelsastr
18、anger.Heisanirremediableexile,becauseheisdeprivedofmemoriesofalosthomelandasmuchashelacksthehopeofpromisedlandtocome.Thisdivorcebetweenmanandlife,theactorandhissetting,trulyconstitutesthefeelingofAbsurdity.”TheTheatreoftheAbsurd第13页/共15页第十三页，共16页。Theabsurdityofhumanconditionsisthemainthemeoftheplays
19、oftheschoolofthetheatreoftheabsurd.Intheplaysthedramatistsexpressthatlifehasnopatternofmeaningorultimatesignicantandthatnoactivityismoreorlessvaluablethananother.TheTheatreoftheAbsurd第14页/共15页第十四页，共16页。感谢您的观赏(gunshng)！第15页/共15页第十五页，共16页。内容(nirng)总结The Social Background。The Social Background。感谢您的观赏(gunshng)第十六页，共16页。
