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1、College English Grammar:College English Grammar: Grammar and WritingBy Zhu XiangjunUnit 10Phrases: Gerund Phrases and Absolute PhrasesPhrases: Gerund Phrases and Absolute PhrasesGrammar:Grammar: 1. 1. Gerund Phrases Gerund Phrases 2. Absolute Phrases 2. Absolute PhrasesWriting:Writing: Correcting: C
2、orrecting: Missing Commas with Nonessential Elements Rewriting:Rewriting: Intra-sentence coherenceI. Gerund Phrases Both a gerund and a present participle end in ing but they function as different parts of speech. A gerund is used as a noun, whereas a present participle is used as an adjective or an
3、 adverb.I.1. Form and functionA gerund phrase includes the gerund and the object of the gerund or any modifiers related to the gerund. Like a gerund, it is used as a nounas subject, predictive, object, object of a preposition, or appositive. 1) as a noun to be subjectYou must know your enemy.That is
4、 the best defense. Knowing your enemy is the best defense.2) as a noun to be predictive He finishes his supper.He takes a short walk.That is his habit.In this habit, he keeps healthy. His habit to keep healthy is taking a short walk after supper.3) as a noun to be appositiveHis dream is finding lost
5、 treasure.His dream almost came true recently. His dream, finding lost treasure, almost came true recently.4) as a noun to be object I travel in the country.I love that.I lose my way.I dont like that. I love traveling in the country, but I dont like losing my way.5) as a noun to be object of a prepo
6、sitionThey wanted to travel to foreign country.They have made preparation for it. They have made preparation for traveling to a foreign country.I.2. Position and punctuationI.2. Position and punctuation Gerund phrases can either hold the subject position or the direct Gerund phrases can either hold
7、the subject position or the direct object position. A gerund nearly never requires any punctuation object position. A gerund nearly never requires any punctuation with it except its function as appositive. When a gerund phrase with it except its function as appositive. When a gerund phrase is used a
8、s an appositive, we use a comma to set it off from the is used as an appositive, we use a comma to set it off from the word it modifies.word it modifies. Beggars sell themselves as human beings.Beggars sell themselves as human beings. Such behavior arouses the pity of passers-by.Such behavior arouse
9、s the pity of passers-by. Beggars behavior Beggars behavior, selling themselves as human beings, selling themselves as human beings, arouses the pity of passers-by.arouses the pity of passers-by. She made a request.She made a request. She wanted to send for a doctor at once.She wanted to send for a
10、doctor at once. She made a request She made a request, sending for a doctor at once., sending for a doctor at once. Notes:1) The difference is that a gerund phrase will always function as a noun while a present participle phrase functions as an adjective or an adverb to modifies another word in the
11、sentence.Eating quietly, they seemly enjoyed what they are served. (A participial phrase as an adjective modifies “they”)Eating quietly can be difficult for children.(A gerund phrase as a noun functions as a subject.)2) Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or 2) Both gerunds and i
12、nfinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, gerunds sound the complement of a sentence. However, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday more natural and would be more common in everyday English. If you are not sure whether you should use g
13、erund English. If you are not sure whether you should use gerund or infinitive, just remember that 90% of the time, you will or infinitive, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence. Li
14、ving a happy lifeLiving a happy life is everyones deepest desire. is everyones deepest desire. ( (normal subject, more naturalnormal subject, more natural) ) To live a happy lifeTo live a happy life is everyones deepest desire. is everyones deepest desire. ( (abstract subject, less commonabstract su
15、bject, less common) )3) When the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually 3) When the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually used. used. She has had quick thinking.She has had quick thinking. That saved us all a lot of trouble.That saved us all a lot of trouble. Her quick thinkingH
16、er quick thinking saved us all a lot of trouble. saved us all a lot of trouble.4) The following is a list of verbs that can have gerund 4) The following is a list of verbs that can have gerund objects, but not infinitivesobjects, but not infinitives admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, co
17、nsider,admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, defend, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike,defend, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, get through, give up, go on, cant help,get through, give up, go on, cant help, i
18、magine, involve, keep (on), would like (him),imagine, involve, keep (on), would like (him), mention, (not) mind, miss, mention, (not) mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, quit,postpone, practice, put off, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, report, resent, resist, resume, recall, recollect, reco
19、mmend, report, resent, resist, resume, risk,risk, (cant) see, stop, suggest, take up, tolerate, understand(cant) see, stop, suggest, take up, tolerate, understandExercises: Exercises: Combine the sentences in each set into a single Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence conta
20、ining at least one gerund phrase.clear sentence containing at least one gerund phrase. 1. In a short time I was busy.1. In a short time I was busy.I mixed butter and flour.I mixed butter and flour. In a short time I was busy mixing butter and flour. In a short time I was busy mixing butter and flour
21、. 2. I pretended. 2. I pretended. I had not seen himI had not seen himIt was no use.It was no use. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him.3. They dont catch fish.3. They dont catch fish.They catch old boots. They catch old boots. They catch
22、 rubbish.They catch rubbish. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish.4. The woman simply took the parcel. 4. The woman simply took the parcel. She walked out of the shop.She walked out of the shop.She didnt pay.She didnt
23、pay. The woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop The woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying.without paying.5. He wanted to follow me around all morning.5. He wanted to follow me around all morning.I had to think of a way. I had to think of a way. By th
24、e way I can prevent him from that.By the way I can prevent him from that. I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.around all morning.6. I tried to wake up my wife. 6. I tried to wake up my wife. I rang
25、 the doorbell.I rang the doorbell.She was fast asleep.She was fast asleep. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep.fast asleep.II. Absolute PhrasesII.1. FormII.1. Form An absolute phraseAn absolute ph
26、rase consists of a noun or a pronoun consists of a noun or a pronoun as a subject that is modified by a participle or as a subject that is modified by a participle or participial phrase. It looks like a complete sentence participial phrase. It looks like a complete sentence but acts as an adverbial.
27、 It contains a subject, but but acts as an adverbial. It contains a subject, but not a predicate verb. Although it states a complete not a predicate verb. Although it states a complete thought, it can not stand by itself as its predicate thought, it can not stand by itself as its predicate verb is r
28、eplaced by a participle or participial verb is replaced by a participle or participial phrases.phrases. Noun + participle phrase = an absolute phraseNoun + participle phrase = an absolute phrase a sentencea sentence an absolute phrasean absolute phrase We are waiting in line. We are waiting in line.
29、 The students held a The students held a meeting. meeting. The ruler was broken. The ruler was broken. The train was crowded. The train was crowded. The climate is mild.The climate is mild. The soil is rich in The soil is rich in nutrients. nutrients. we we waitingwaiting in line in line the student
30、s the students holdingholding a a meeting meeting the ruler the ruler broken broken the train the train crowdedcrowded the climate the climate (being)(being) mild mild the soil the soil (being)(being) rich in rich in nutrientsnutrients The poor man lay there.The poor man lay there. His hands were tr
31、embling. His hands were trembling. The poor man lay there, The poor man lay there, his hands tremblinghis hands trembling. . The job has not finished.The job has not finished. We couldnt see the film.We couldnt see the film. The job not finished,The job not finished, we couldnt see the film. we coul
32、dnt see the film. Nobody was at home.Nobody was at home. The thief took a lot of things away.The thief took a lot of things away. Nobody (being) at homeNobody (being) at home, the thief took a lot of things , the thief took a lot of things awayaway. . II.2. FunctionII.2. Function An absolute phrase
33、functions as an adverb, indicating An absolute phrase functions as an adverb, indicating manner, manner, time, place, cause, condition, or degree . time, place, cause, condition, or degree . It modifies the whole It modifies the whole sentence rather than a particular word. All absolute phrases can
34、sentence rather than a particular word. All absolute phrases can be turned into correspondent adverbial clauses.be turned into correspondent adverbial clauses. The wings were damaged by the storm.The wings were damaged by the storm. The aircraft crashed.The aircraft crashed. Its wings damaged by the
35、 stormIts wings damaged by the storm, the aircraft crashed., the aircraft crashed. ( (OrOr: : Because its wings were damaged by the storm,Because its wings were damaged by the storm, the aircraft the aircraft crashed.)crashed.) The weather permits.The weather permits. We will have the picnic tomorro
36、w.We will have the picnic tomorrow. Weather permitting,Weather permitting, we will have the picnic tomorrow. we will have the picnic tomorrow. ( (OrOr: : If the weather permits,If the weather permits, we will have the picnic tomorrow.) we will have the picnic tomorrow.)II.3. Position and punctuation
37、II.3. Position and punctuation As an absolute phrase acts as an adverb, its position in a As an absolute phrase acts as an adverb, its position in a sentence is very flexible. As sentence opener or subject-verb sentence is very flexible. As sentence opener or subject-verb split, an absolute phrase u
38、sually expresses cause, time, split, an absolute phrase usually expresses cause, time, condition, or purpose. As sentence closer, it shows effect or condition, or purpose. As sentence closer, it shows effect or adds more detail or focus to the idea of the main clause, adds more detail or focus to th
39、e idea of the main clause, particularly when the absolute refers to an event that occurs particularly when the absolute refers to an event that occurs later than the event in the main clause. later than the event in the main clause. An absolute is always treated as parenthetical element and An absol
40、ute is always treated as parenthetical element and is set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or a pair is set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or a pair of commas (sometimes by a dash or pair of dashes).of commas (sometimes by a dash or pair of dashes). The dark clouds have
41、 dispersed.The dark clouds have dispersed. The sun shone again.The sun shone again. The dark clouds having dispersed,The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. the sun shone again. The peoples livelihood is secure.The peoples livelihood is secure. The people now have the leisure.The peop
42、le now have the leisure. They can take up sports.They can take up sports. The people The people, their livelihood secure, , their livelihood secure, now have the leisure now have the leisure to take up sports.to take up sports. Two hundred people died in the accident.Two hundred people died in the a
43、ccident. Many of them were children.Many of them were children. Two hundred people died in the accident Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them , many of them childrenchildren. .Exercises: Exercises: Combine the sentences in each set into a single Combine the sentences in each set into
44、 a single clear sentence containing at least one absolute phrase.clear sentence containing at least one absolute phrase. 1. 1. The soil is rich in nutrients.Everything grows quickly.(As the soil is rich in nutrients, everything grows quickly.) The soil (being) rich in nutrient, everything grows quic
45、kly.2. The students had done well on the examination.The teacher gave them less homework.(As the students did well, the teacher gave them less homework.)The students having done well on the examination, the teacher gave them less homework.3. The hour was very late.We went home.(For the hour was very
46、 late, we went home.) The hour having been very late, we went home.4. The boy led the way.We had no trouble.We found the cave.The cave was strange. The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.5. He died in 1892.People considered his death as a calamity.The calamity was nation
47、al. He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity.6. My shoes were removed.I entered a room.The ceiling of the room was low. My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room.7. He lay at full length.He was upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm He lay at full len
48、gth upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm. upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm.Missing Commas with Nonessential ElementsMissing Commas with Nonessential Elements Nonessential elements are words or phrases or clauses that may be removed from a sentence without
49、changing the meaning of that sentence. A nonessential element should be set off with commas from the rest part of the sentence.1. With nonessential participles, infinitives, and their phrases When the participle, infinitive, or their phrases is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, we separa
50、te it from the rest of the sentence with commas. To tell the truth we never doubt that he is honest. To tell the truth, we never doubt that he is honest. Simon absorbed in his book neglected food and sleep. Simon, absorbed in his book, neglected food and sleep.2. With nonessential adjective clauses2
51、. With nonessential adjective clauses If an adjective clause is not essential to the meaning of If an adjective clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, we set it off from the main clause with the sentence, we set it off from the main clause with mas. The president who spoke first sat
52、 just in front of me. The president who spoke first sat just in front of me. The president The president, who spoke first, who spoke first, sat just in front of me. sat just in front of me. The train I usually catch is a slow train. The train I usually catch is a slow train. The train The train, I u
53、sually catch, I usually catch, is a slow train. is a slow train.3. With nonessential appositives3. With nonessential appositives An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames another noun An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun. It is placed directly after the noun
54、or pronoun it or pronoun. It is placed directly after the noun or pronoun it identifies. If the appositive is not essential to the meaning of the identifies. If the appositive is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, we set it apart from the rest of the sentence with sentence, we set it apar
55、t from the rest of the sentence with commas. Compare:commas. Compare: George Eliot, our neighbor, is a captain of an aircraft carrier. (nonessential) Our captain George Eliot is a captain of an aircraft carrier (essential) HamletHamlet a great play in English was written by Shakespeare. a great play
56、 in English was written by Shakespeare. HamletHamlet, , a great play in English, a great play in English, was written by Shakespeare. was written by Shakespeare. Thomas Jefferson the third president of the United States may be Thomas Jefferson the third president of the United States may be less fam
57、ous than George Washington.less famous than George Washington. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, , the third president of the United States, may may be less famous than George Washington.be less famous than George Washington.4. With interjections4. With int
58、erjections Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim or Interjections are words or phrases used to exclaim or protest or command. They are added to a sentence to protest or command. They are added to a sentence to convey emotion, grammatically unrelated to any other part convey emotion, gra
59、mmatically unrelated to any other part of the sentence. They are rarely used in formal or academic of the sentence. They are rarely used in formal or academic writing. An interjection should be set off from the rest of the writing. An interjection should be set off from the rest of the sentence by c
60、ommas.sentence by commas. Oh no I forgot that the exam was tomorrow. Oh no I forgot that the exam was tomorrow. Oh no, Oh no, I forgot that the exam was tomorrow.I forgot that the exam was tomorrow. I dont care about it but good lord I think taxes are too high! I dont care about it but good lord I t
61、hink taxes are too high! I dont care about it but I dont care about it but, good lord, , good lord, I think taxes are too high!I think taxes are too high!5. With parenthetical expressions A parenthetical expression is an expression inserted into the flow of thought. It may be placed in the middle of
62、 a sentence or between sentences, providing relevant yet nonessential information. It is set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. Phrases commonly used as parenthetic expressions include the following:As you know, as a matter of fact, as far as I know, as a result,After all, by the way, for
63、example/instance, I guess, well, etc. This principle is in fact extremely important. This principle is, in fact, extremely important. It is time for us to take an action I guess. It is time for us to take an action, I guess.Exercises: Exercises: Correct the following sentences by adding Correct the
64、following sentences by adding missing commas.missing commas.1.The castle burnt down a few years ago was never rebuilt.2.Many villagers knowing all this still insisted on my paying for the damage.3.Many students who followed the instructions mechanically failed to obtain satisfactory results.4.Columb
65、ia University the second-largest landowner in New York City is part of the Ivy League.5.The tortoise as far as I know has been on earth for thousands of years.6.You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all he is over seventy.7.The child needed sturdy shoes which were expensive.8.The old l
66、ady has just retired from India where she had lived for ten years.Correcting:1.1.The castle, burnt down a few years ago, was never rebuilt.The castle, burnt down a few years ago, was never rebuilt.2.2.Many villagers, knowing all this, still insisted on my paying Many villagers, knowing all this, sti
67、ll insisted on my paying for the damage.for the damage.3.3.Many students, who followed the instructions mechanically, Many students, who followed the instructions mechanically, failed to obtain satisfactory results.failed to obtain satisfactory results.4.4.Columbia University, the second-largest lan
68、downer in New Columbia University, the second-largest landowner in New York City, is part of the Ivy League.York City, is part of the Ivy League.5.5.The tortoise, as far as I know, has been on earth for The tortoise, as far as I know, has been on earth for thousands of years.thousands of years.6.6.Y
69、ou should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all, he is You should forgive him for his forgetfulness; after all, he is over seventy.over seventy.7.7.The child needed sturdy shoes, which were expensive.The child needed sturdy shoes, which were expensive.8.8.The old lady has just retired from In
70、dia, where she had The old lady has just retired from India, where she had lived for ten years.lived for ten years.The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think i
71、s related into longer, more complex the short sentences which you think is related into longer, more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, correct them.ones. If there are some mistakes, correct them.Passage 1Passage 1(Adapted from Lesson 8, (Adapted from Lesson 8, New Concept English III New Con
72、cept English III byby L.GL.G. .AlexanderAlexander) ) The Great St. Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. It is 2,473 meters high. it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The monastery of St. Bernard is famous. People set it up in eleventh century. It lies about a mile away. For hundreds of
73、years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travelers. These travelers were crossing the Pass. The Pass was dangerous. These dogs were friendly. People first brought them from Asia. People used them as watchdogs. They did so even in Roman times. They built a tunnel. It was through the mountains.
74、 The Pass is less dangerous. Each year, people still sent the dogs out into the snow. At any time a traveller is in difficulty. There is the new tunnel. There are still a few people. They attempt to cross the Pass. They rashly did so. They are on foot. The monastery is very busy during the summer mo
75、nths. The monastery is very busy during the summer months. Thousands of people visit it. They cross the Pass in cars. There Thousands of people visit it. They cross the Pass in cars. There are so many people about. They have to keep the dogs in a are so many people about. They have to keep the dogs
76、in a enclosure. the enclosure is special. In winter, life is quite different. enclosure. the enclosure is special. In winter, life is quite different. The life is at the monastery. The temperature drops to 30o . The life is at the monastery. The temperature drops to 30o . There are very few people.
77、They attempt to cross the Pass. The There are very few people. They attempt to cross the Pass. The monks like summer. The monks are more like winter. They have monks like summer. The monks are more like winter. They have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom. People allowed more privacy. The d
78、ogs have greater freedom. People allowed them to wander outside their enclosure. Parties of skiers are the them to wander outside their enclosure. Parties of skiers are the only visitors. They visit the monastery regularly. They do so in only visitors. They visit the monastery regularly. They do so
79、in winter. They go there at Christmas. They go there at Easter. They winter. They go there at Christmas. They go there at Easter. They are young people. They love the peace of mountains. The monks are young people. They love the peace of mountains. The monks always give them a warm welcome at St. Bernards monastery.always give them a warm welcome at St. Bernards monastery.
