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1、ProfessionsforWomenVirginiaWoolf1VirginiaWoolf(1882-1941)AnEnglishnovelist,criticandessayist.Life-longexperiencebeeducatedathomeinherfatherslibraryIn1912marriedLeonardWoolf,acriticandwriteroneconomicsin1917setuptheHogarthPressendedherlifebycommittingsuicideinariverinherhometownRemarksoneofthethreegr
2、eatestwritersofstreamofconsciousnessoneofthepioneersofwomensliberationfrompatriarchy.Inhernovel,emphasisisonthepsychologicalrealmofhercharactersandthemoment-by-momentexperienceofliving,whicharedepictedbythetechniquesofinteriormonologueandstreamofconsciousness.Herbooksarealsonotedfortheirpoeticandsym
3、bolicquality,theirsubtlestyleandtheirrichhistoricalandliteraryreference.2TextAnalysis3Paragraph1AccordingtoWoolf,aretheremanypeculiarexperiencesintheprofessionofliteratureforwomen?Why/whynot?Whatkindofoccupationiswritingaccordingtoher?Whatis“thereasonwhywomenhavesucceededaswritersbeforetheyhavesucce
4、ededintheotherprofessions”?4Whatisthemainideaofparagraphone?Intheprofessionofliterature,theauthorfindsthattherearefewerexperiencespeculiartowomenthaninotherprofessionsbecausemanywomenwritersbeforeherhavemadetheroadsmooth.5thestage:With“the”thewordmeansthetheater,drama,oractingasaprofession.Likeliter
5、ature,thestageinvolvesmorewomenthanotherprofessions.theroadwascut:路已开辟出来了。路已开辟出来了。makingthepathsmooth:pavingtheway(for)regulatingmysteps:guidingmeasImovedforward指导我向前进指导我向前进Inmyway:(inones/theway)inaplaceorpositionthatpreventssomeoneorsomethingelsefrommovingfreely6Thefamilypeacewasnotbrokenbythescra
6、tchingofapen. (1)Herethe“familypeace”hastwomeanings:first:calm,quiet,tranquility;second:harmony,lackofworryandquarrels. (2)scratchingofapen: thesoundmadebyanold-fashionedinkpenwhenitmovesonpaper7familypurse.“purse”standsformoney,financialconditionsfamilypurse:家庭财力/经济Theword“purse”isusedfiguratively.
7、Thiskindofspeechiscalledmetonymy换喻、转喻.Metonymyisanotherformofmetaphor,inwhichthethingchosenforthemetaphoricalimageiscloselyassociatedwith(butnotanactualpartof)thesubjectwithwhichitistobecompared.E.g.“thewhitehouse”for“thePresident”,“thecrown”for“theKing”or“theQueen”.Hesucceededbythesweatofhisbrow.“s
8、weatofonesbrow”standsforoneshardwork8Pianosandmodels,Paris,ViennaandBerlin,mastersandmistresses,arenotneededbyawriter. (1)mastersandmistresses:teachersortutors;professionalpractitionersofmusicorpainting;greatartists.开业者开业者,实践者实践者 (2)Ifyouwanttobeamusicianorapainter,youmustownapianoorhiremodels,andyo
9、uhavetovisitorevenliveinculturalcenterslikeParis,ViennaandBerlin.Andalsoyouhavetobetaughtbymastersandmistresses.However,ifyouwanttobeawriter,youdontneedallthese.9Paragraph2WhatdidWoolfbuywithherfirstrewardfromwriting?10Whatisthemainideaofparagraphtwo?Theauthorsownprofessionalexperiences11Buttoshowyo
10、uhowlittleIdeservetobecalledaprofessionalwoman,howlittleIknowofthestrugglesanddifficultiesofsuchlives,Ihavetoadmitthatinsteadofspendingthatsumuponbreadandbutter,rent,shoesandstockings,orbutchersbills.Iwentoutandboughtacat-abeautifulcat,aPersiancat,whichverysooninvolvedmeinbitterdisputeswithmyneighbo
11、rs. Theimpliedmeaningisthatinthelivesofprofessionalwomenthereareusuallystrugglesanddifficulties.Whentheymakesomemoney,theywouldspenditonbreadandbutter,rent,shoesandstockingsorbutchersbills.Allofwhicharebasicdailynecessities.12 (1)breadandbutter:asetphrase,meansfoodandthemostimportantandbasicthings.r
12、hetoricaldevice-synecdoche提喻提喻breadandbutter-foodsynecdoche:apartisusedforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathing,orthereverseofanyofthese.Agoodsynecdocheisbasedonanimportantpartofthewholeandnotaminorpartand,usually,thepartselectedtostandforthewholeisthepartmostdirectlyassociatedwiththesubje
13、ctunderdiscussion.E.g.1.Weneed50handsforthework.(Handsratherthanfeetareusedtostandforpeople)2.Heisafootsoldier.(footforinfantrynfntri步兵)13Moreexamplesforsynecdoche:A.Thepartforthewhole1.head:personHepaidtheworkers$5perhead.2.heart:bravefellowYetthereweresomestoutheartswhoattemptedresistance.B.Thewho
14、leforthepart1.NameofcountryforgroupofpeopleofthatcountryAustraliabeatCanadaatfootball.(=theAustralianteambeattheCanadianteam)2.ThepersonforpartofhisbodyThenhecutmeopenandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain(=cuthisabdomenbdmn腹部腹部open).14 (2)butchersbills:Butchersbillsstandformeatboughtfromabutcher
15、.Thisismetonymy.butchersbills-meat(metonymy)15Para3WasWoolfsfirstarticleeasytowrite?Whatdidshehavetodobattlewithduringthewritingprocess?WhatistheAngelintheHouselike?Whatdidtheauthordowiththeangel?Wastheangelinthehouseeasytokill?DoChinesewomenhavetodothesamebattle?16MainideasofPara3Thespeakerfocuseso
16、nthefirstobstacletobecomingaprofessionalwomenwriter.Sheusesafigureofspeech“killingtheAngelintheHouse”indescribingherdeterminationtogetridoftheconventionalroleofwomeninherwriting.17WhatcouldbeeasierthantowritearticlesButwaitamoment. (1)Thespeakerbeginsthispartwitharhetoricalquestion,whichexpectsnoans
17、wer.ThequestionimpliesthatwritingarticlesandbuyingPersiancatswiththeprofitswereveryeasy. (2)“Waitamoment”callsforasecondthoughtormoreattentionfromtheaudience,signifyingthatthingsmaynotbeaseasyastheyseemtobe,andthatsomethingimportantiscomingup.Thetwosentencesserveasatransitionaldevicelinkinghersimple
18、storywithadiscussionofamoreseriousnature.18AndwhileIwaswritingthisreviewdobattlewithacertainphantom. (1) dobattlewith:toarguewithsomeoneorfightagainstsomeone. (2) phantom:Theword“phantom”iswellchosenforthediscourse.Ithasaliterarymeaningandafigurativemeaning.Literarilyitmeansghostlyimageorfigure;ghos
19、t.Figuratively,itmeansunrealorimaginedthing,asseeninadreamorvision;illusion.Bothmeaningssuitthecontexthere.Inthetext,thephantomappearstothesightintheformofanangel,andalsoitisamentalrepresentationofthestereotypedVictorianwoman.19(1)after:(especiallyinBritishEnglish)giventhesamenameassomeoneelse,espec
20、iallyanoldermemberofyourfamily,e.g.HernameisElizabeth,afterhergrandmother.(2)heroine:thecentralfemalecharacterinanovel,play,etc.,withwhomthereaderoraudienceissupposedtosympathize(3)TheAngelintheHouse:seeNote8inthetextbook.CoventryPatmore,theauthorofthepoem,The Angel in the Hose,seeshiswifeEmilyasape
21、rfectVictorianwifeandheadofthehome,thuscomparinghertoanangel.Icalledheraftertheheroineofafamouspoem,TheAngelinthehouse.To be continued20(4)angel:Theoriginalmeaningoftheword“angel”isamessengerofGodandasupernaturalbeingtowhomareattributedgreaterthanhumanpower,intelligence,etc.Theconventionalizedimageo
22、fanangelisoneofawhite-robedfigureinhumanformwithwingsandahalo.Whenusedfiguratively,thewordmeansapersonregardedasbeingasbeautiful,good,andinnocent,etc.asanangel,especiallysaidofwomenandchildren.Sinceanangelissupernaturalandoftenfemale,itisappropriatefortheauthortocallthephantomanangel.21Qualitiesofth
23、eangelinthehouseIntenselysympathetic-strongemotion,firm,seriousImmenselycharming-limitless,vastandhugeUtterlycharming-totally,completely,unconditionally22Shewassoconstitutedthatsheneverhadamindorwishofherown.Paraphrase1:Shewasmadeuporformedinsuchawaythatsheneverhadanopinionorwishofherown.Paraphrase2
24、:thetraditionalvaluesthatweresodeeplyrootedinherminddeprivedherofamindofherown.23usealltheartsandwilesofoursexArtsandwiles:thetwowordsmeansthesamething“theslyandcunningtricks”.Theauthorisurgedtousethetricksofthefemalesexbecauseawomanhastodosoinordertobesuccessfulinamen-dominatedprofessionHeretheword
25、“arts”(inthepluralform)issynonymoftheword“wiles”.wile:wailn.诡计theuseoftrickstodeceivesomeone24Andshemadeasiftoguidemypen:Shemovedinawaythatitseemthatsheisgoingtoguidemywriting.Makeasiftodosomething:moveinawaythatmakesitseemthatyouaregoingtodosomething.e.g.Fred,stillgrinningme,madeasiftohitme.弗莱德，一直抓
26、着我，似乎要打我。弗莱德，一直抓着我，似乎要打我。25Inowrecordtheoneactforwhich下面我要说说多少是我自己决定的一个事情，当然此事的功下面我要说说多少是我自己决定的一个事情，当然此事的功劳主要应归功于我的了不起的祖先，是他们给我留下了一笔劳主要应归功于我的了不起的祖先，是他们给我留下了一笔财产财产比如说每年五百英镑比如说每年五百英镑这样我就不必完全靠女人这样我就不必完全靠女人的魅力去某生了。的魅力去某生了。credit:praise;approvalforanact,abilityoraquality.26Iturneduponherandcaughtherbythe
27、throat.turneuponsb:attacksbviolentlycatchsbbythethroat:扼住某人的喉咙扼住某人的喉咙27ifIweretobehadupinacourtoflaw,Havesb.up:takesbto(inf.):takesbtocourt.Eg.Lastyearhewashadupfordrunkendriving.28HadInotkilledhershewouldhavekilledme.Shewouldhavepluckedtheheartoutofmywriting.Tokilltheangel:togetridofthoseVictoriana
28、ttitudesandvaluescompletely-ifshehadnotdoneso,theseconventionalideaswouldhavedestroyedher.Itisalife-to-deathstruggle.theVictorianconventionsofbeingawomanwilltaketheessenceofherwriting,whichis,asexplainedinthenextsentence,havingamindofyourown,expressingwhatyouthinktobethetruthabouthumanrelations,mora
29、lity,andsex.Thesentencemeansthoseconventionalattitudeswouldhavetakenawaythemostimportantpartofherwriting,thatis,theessenceofherwriting.pluck:v.摘摘,猛拉猛拉,拔拔.pullorpulloutsharplyheart:n.essence29Shediedhard.Shedidntdieeasily.Shehadtobekilled.theimpliedmeaningisthatonehadtofightagainsttheVictoriantraditi
30、onsbravelyandresolutelyinordertogetridofthem.30ThoughIflattermyselfthatkilledherintheend,thestrugglewassevere;.Greekgrammar,roamingtheworldinsearchofadventuresToillustratebycomparison:-AlthoughImademyselfbelievethatIkilledherintheend,thestrugglewassevereandittooksomuchmoretimethanhadbeenexpectedthat
31、onewouldratherspendallthattimeinlearningGreekgrammarortravelingintheworldinsearchofadventures.roam:v.漫游漫游,闲逛闲逛,徜徉徜徉moveaboutaimlesslyorwithoutanydestination,ofteninsearchoffoodoremployment31MainideasofPara4AftertheAngelwasdead,thequestionwhichremainstobeansweredis“Whatisawoman?”Itisatransitionallink
32、betweentheauthorsfirstandsecondexperiences32Imean,whatisawoman?Imean,whatistheidentityofawoman?Theseeminglysimplequestionofwhatisawomanaddressedtheverybasicquestionabouttheidentityandtheroleofawomaninsociety.Whentraditionalvaluesarecriticized,ittakestimefornewvaluestobeshapedandaccepted.Itisalongpro
33、cess.33Idonotbelievethatanybodycanknowuntilhumanskill-Ibelievethattoknowwhatisawoman,wewomenhavetoparticipateinalltheartsandprofessionsopentohumanknowledgeandunderstandingandtogiveexpressionstoourfeelingsincreativeforms.Translation:我相信，只有妇女在人类知识所涉及的全部文学我相信，只有妇女在人类知识所涉及的全部文学艺术和专业领域用创造形式表达自己的情感后，艺术和专业
34、领域用创造形式表达自己的情感后，她们才知道她们才知道什么是妇女。什么是妇女。Expressherself:tostateonesthoughts;togiveexpressionstoonesfeelings,imagination,etc,increativeorartisticactivityHumanskill:here,“skill”meansknowledge,understanding,judgment.Thedefinitionisnolongerinuse.34Para5WhydidWoolfwanttobecomeanovelist?Whatisanovelistschief
35、desire?Whydoesanovelistwantlifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularity?Whydoeshewanttodothesamethingsdayafterdayandmonthaftermonth?Accordingtowoolf,whatrousesawomanwriterfromhertrance?Domenallowwomenwritertotalkabouttheirbodyandpassion?35mainideaofParagraph5As unconscious as possible the 2nd experi
36、encewoolftalksabouthersecondexperienceinherprofessionofliterature.Asanovelist,shewishedtoremainasunconsciousaspossiblesothatnothingmightdisturbordisquiettheimagination.Butshewasfacedwiththeconflictbetweenherownapproachtoartandtheconventionalapproachexpectedofherbymalecritics.Shebelievedthatsex-consc
37、iousnesswasagreathindrancetowomenswriting.Toillustratethispoint,sheemploysasecondfigureofspeech,theimageofafishermanlyingsunkindreamsonthevergeofadeeplake.36proceeds:收益theincomeorprofitarisingfromsuchtransactionsasthesaleoflandorotherpropertyastillstrangerthing:更奇怪的事情Heretheword“still”isanadverb,whi
38、chissimilarinmeaningto“even”.giveaway:Togiveawayiscolloquial,meaningtoexpose,reveal,orbetray.37Whyasunconsciousaspossible?Unconscious?Firstlevelofinterpretation:Freudianconcept,whichreflectstheancientangersandanxietiesSecondlevel:dissatisfiedwithHenryJamesrealisticideasonfictionin“theArtofFiction”,s
39、heexploredthepsychologicalnatureofconsciousness.Asforwoolf,sheexploredthepsychologicalnatureofconsciousness.Thedescriptionoftheimmediateflowofhercharactersthoughtsandtheirfeelingsofthemomentwasmoreimportantthantherealisticdepictionoftheirphysicalbehavior.38Hehastoinduceinhimselfastateofperpetualleth
40、argy.Induce:v.引诱,招致,感应(formal)tocauseaparticularphysicalcondition.Lethargy:n.昏睡,瞌睡,无力气aconditionofabnormaldrowsiness;agreatlackofenergy;sluggishness,dullnessParaphrase:hehastocauseinhimselfaparticularconditioninwhichhewillremainabnormallybn:mlidrowsyandsluggishforalongtime.39Hewantslifetoproceedwith
41、theutmostquietandregularitytheimaginationdisquiet:disturbnosingabout:Thephraseissimilarinmeaningto“feeinground”,whichreallymeans“tosearchfor”.dart:adartisasudden,quickmovementinaparticulardirectiondashes:adashisasudden,swiftmovement,similartoadart.40Paraphrasing:Hewantslifetoproceedwiththeutmostquie
42、tandregularitysuddendiscoveriesofthatveryshyandillusivespirit,theimagination.-Meetingpeople,readingbooksanddoingthingsaresomeoftheexternalfactorsoftheauthorslife,theroutine,andthepredictablesocialevents.Wantingtoseethesamepeople,toreadthesamebooksanddothesamethingsfurtherexplainsherideaaboutlifewith
43、theutmostquietandregularity.Reducingeverydaylifetounchangingroutinesavoidshavingtopaymuchattentiontothepeopleandtheevents.Thisorientationhasledtotheestablishmentofsomewriterscoloniesorretreatcenterswhereforatimewritersdonothavetoworryaboutmeals,childrenorhousecleaningbutonlywrite.41Chinesetranslatio
44、n:他希望在写作时，他每天见到的人，读的书，做的事都是相同的，这他希望在写作时，他每天见到的人，读的书，做的事都是相同的，这样任何事物都不会打破他生活的幻想，也不会搅乱他的四处探求以及样任何事物都不会打破他生活的幻想，也不会搅乱他的四处探求以及对那令人难以琢磨的东西对那令人难以琢磨的东西想象力的突然发现。想象力的突然发现。42Whydoeshewantlifetoproceedwiththeutmostquietandregularity?Whydoeshewanttodothesamethingsdayafterdayandmonthaftermonth?Torespondtothisque
45、stion,wehavetousesomeFreudian(佛洛伊德学说的)terms:43theegoandtheid.Freudpostulated(假定假定)theexistenceofthreeinternalforcesthatgovernapersonspsychic(sakk心灵的心灵的)life(1)id(Identity本我本我）theinstinctualforcesoflife，unconscious,uncontrollable,andisolated;(2)theego(自我）自我）theexternalforcethathascontactwiththerealwo
46、rld;（3）thesuper-ego(超我）超我）thegoverningforce,ormoralconscience,thatseekstocontrolandirecttheegointosociallyacceptablepatternsofbehavior.4445IntheFreudiansense,woolfisaskingthattheegomanagetheexternalfactorsofherlife-theroutine,thepredictablesocialevents,etc.-sothattheid(orunconscious)wouldbeunrestrai
47、ned.Inotherwords,sheseekstranquilitytrkwlt平静;安静;安宁inhersurroundingsinordernottodistractherimagination/unconsciousaway.Therefore,inordernotbedistractedfromhercreativeworkofwriting,awritershouldreducehiseverydaylifetounchangingroutinetoavoidpayingmuchattentiontothepeopleortheevents.46Iwantyoutoimagine
48、mewritinganovelinastateoftrance.Iwantyoutofiguretoyourselvesagirlsittingwithapeninherinherhand,whichforminutes,andindeedforhouses,sheneverdipsintotheinkpot.Bothsentencesechotheideaexpressedearlierthatanovelistschiefdesireistobeasunconsciousaspossible.trance:tr:nsn.梦幻之境,恍惚,apsychologicalstateinducedb
49、y(orasifinducedby)amagicalincantation我请你想象我在迷睡的状态中写小说。47TheimagethatcomestomymindwhenIthinkofthisgirlistheimageofafishermanlyingsunkindreamsonthevergeofadeeplakewitharodheldoutoverthewater.Dreamsisfunctionallyequalto“trance”-asunconsciousaspossibleTranslation:当我想到这女孩时，当我想到这女孩时，脑海中浮现出一个形象：一脑海中浮现出一个形象
50、：一个深深的湖边有一位钓鱼者，他手握鱼竿，沉浸在梦境中。个深深的湖边有一位钓鱼者，他手握鱼竿，沉浸在梦境中。48Shewaslettingherimaginationsweepuncheckedourunconsciousbeingcranny:n.裂缝,裂隙asmallopeningorcrevice(especiallyinarockfaceorwall)Thedepthsofourunconsciousbeing:无意识的最深层being:生存；存在stateorfactofexistingorliving,existence,life;fundamentaloressentialnat
51、ureThesentencemeans:Shewaslettingherimaginationexplorefreelyeverycornerofherinnerworldthatlieshiddeninthedeepestpartsofourunconsciousexistence.Translation:她正让她的想象自由地掠过淹没在我们无意识她正让她的想象自由地掠过淹没在我们无意识的最深层的世界里每一个岩石和裂缝。的最深层的世界里每一个岩石和裂缝。49TospeakwithoutfigureshehadthoughtofsomethingwouldbeshockedTospeakwith
52、outfigure:不用修辞手段，直接了当的说Theword“passion”impliesastrongemotionsuchaslove,sexualdriveordesireandlust.Thesentencemeansherimaginationwasexploringfreelyuntilshethoughtofsomething,somethingaboutthebody,aboutthepassions.Butsherealizedthatitwasunfittingforherasawomantotellthetruthaboutthebodyandaboutpassions
53、becausemenwouldbeshocked.50Theconsciousnessofwhatmenwillsayofawomanherartistsstateofunconsciousness.-sherealizedthatmendidnotapproveofawomandaringtotellthetruthaboutthebodyandherpassions.Theywouldsurelysaybadthingsaboutsuchawoman.Thisrealizationinterruptedherimaginationandrousedherfromthestateofunco
54、nsciousness,inwhichanartistdesiredtobe.Translation:她意识到男人们会如何议论一个敢讲有关激她意识到男人们会如何议论一个敢讲有关激情真话的女人，这使她从艺术家的无意识状态中惊醒了。情真话的女人，这使她从艺术家的无意识状态中惊醒了。51Theywereimpededbytheextremeconventionalityoftheothersex:impede:v.妨碍,阻碍,阻止beahindranceorobstacletoconventionality:n.陈规陋习,因袭传统theextremeconventionalityoftheother
55、sex：男性极端的因循守旧Idoubt.:Idontthinkseverity:n.严格,严重,严厉.-Theprogressofwomenwriterswashinderedbymensextremelyconventionalthoughtsandbehaviors.52Para6Whyisthesecondobstaclemoredifficulttosolve?53WhatisthemainideaofPara6Thisparagraphsumsuptheauthorstwoexperiences,pointingoutthatthesecondobstacleismorediffic
56、ulttoovercomethanthefirst.Womenhavemanyprejudicestoovercomeintheprofessionofliteratureandespeciallyinnewprofessionsthatwomenareentering.54OutwardlyVsinwardlyTheauthorismakingcontrastbetweentheoutwardandtheinward.Outward:apparent,observable,andvisible,inward:ontheinsideof,orbelongingtotheinnernatureo
57、faperson,mentalandspiritual.55Inwardly,Ithink,thecaseisverydifferent;shestillhasmanyghoststofight,manyprejudicestoovercome.Theword“ghost”issimilarinmeaningto“phantom”usedinParagraph3.从内心世界讲，情况颇为不同。妇女还要与许多鬼怪做斗从内心世界讲，情况颇为不同。妇女还要与许多鬼怪做斗争，还有许多偏见需要克服。争，还有许多偏见需要克服。56WhatisthemainideaofPara7Inthelastparagr
58、aph,Woolfconcludesherspeechbyraisingsomeimportantquestionsconcerningthenewroleofwomenandthenewrelationshipbetweenmenandwomen.57Evenwhenthepathisnominallyopenloominginherway:-evenwhenthepathisopentowomeninnameonly,whenoutwardlythereisnothingtopreventawomanfrombeingadoctor,alawyer,acivilservant,inward
59、lytherearestillfalseideasandobstaclesimpedingawomansprogress.nominally:ad.有名无实地,名义上地,名称上innameonlyloom:n.织布机v.朦胧地出现,隐约可见,atextilemachineforweavingyarnintoatextile;comeintoviewindistinctly,oftenthreateningly58TodiscussanddefinethemisIthinkofgreatvalueandimportance;forthusonlycanthelabourbeshared,thed
60、ifficultiesbesolved:ends:Thewordinthepluralformmeansanoutcome,resultorconsequence.formidable:a.强大的,可怕的1.extremelyimpressiveinstrengthorexcellence2.inspiringfear讨论和界定这些障碍是十分必要的，因为只有如此我们才能共讨论和界定这些障碍是十分必要的，因为只有如此我们才能共同努力克服困难。同努力克服困难。59aroomofonesownAroomofonesowninthehouse:the3rdmetaphorWoolfusesinthis
61、speech.aroom:notonlyspaceforliving,butalsospaceforcreativeactivity.Here,itiscomparedtofreedom.Thehouse:thepatriarchalsocietythroughfightingagainsttheangelinthehouse,throughgreatlaborandeffort,somewomenhavegainedapositionorcertainfreedominasocietywhichhasbeenuptonowdominatedbymen.60“notwithout”isdoublenegative.Thesentencecanbeunderstoodinthisway:Youareabletopaytherent,thoughyouhavetodothisthroughgreatlabourandeffort.uponwhatterms：onwhatconditions,agreementdoyoushareyourlifewithamen61
