英语专业四级词汇语法辅导-虚拟语气、非谓语动词.ppt

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1、虚拟语气条件句条件句为非真实条件句时,所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。与将来事实相反也可以用过去时:were,did虚拟语气的几个句型1、虚拟语气用于、虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句中后的宾语从句中 A用wish表示对现在的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去式过去式(be动词用were)。B用wish表示对将来的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would,could,might+动词原形。Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had+动词过去分词或动词过去分词或could

2、, would + have +动词过去分词动词过去分词。Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.-“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”-“Thatsallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”Iwishthathewerentsolazy.虚拟语气的几个句型主句谓语从句谓语wish对情况的虚拟从句谓语形式现在动词的过去式(be用were)过去had+过去分词could,would+have +过去分词将来would,could,might+动词

3、原形虚拟语气的几个句型2、would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner, just as soon和和would prefer所引导的所引导的从句中要求用从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况过去式表示当时或将来的情况,用,用过去完成时表示过去的情况过去完成时表示过去的情况。但这种虚拟语气表。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设,而是一种尚未实现示的不是与事实相反的假设,而是一种尚未实现的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。的愿望或表示说话人婉转的责备。 例如:例如: Idratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望

4、你把这封信立刻寄出去。Iwouldpreferhedidntstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。虚拟语气的几个句型注意:注意:would ratherthan 和和would rather than 后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法后面的从句用虚拟语气。用法是是than后的从句要用后的从句要用should+动词原形动词原形, 从从句的句的that可省略。可省略。I would rather die than (that) he should know

5、the secret.Hed do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.虚拟语气的几个句型do (than do) 宁愿(而不)sb.+动词过去式(与现在或将来事实相反)had+过去分词(与过去事实相反)would rather+虚拟语气的几个句型3、had hoped/thought引起的宾语从句中引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为谓语动词形式为would+动词原形动词原形,表示一,表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 Hisfatherhadhoped

6、thathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthissonbecameanartistlater.虚拟语气的几个句型4、 虚拟语气用于虚拟语气用于as if/ as though引导的方式状引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中,其语从句和表语从句中,其动词形式与动词形式与wish宾语从宾语从句的形式相同句的形式相同。Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.她常常发出发自内心的微笑,而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一

7、样,常常流露出来。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他们交谈着,就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起来好像要哭了。虚拟语气的几个句型5、用在、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与谓语动词变化与as if和和wish后面的动词变后面的动词变化规律相同化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是过去将来式。意思是“假如假如”,但,但suppose 是动词,不是连词。如:是动词,不是连词。如:Supposethebosswalke

8、din.WhatshouldIdo?SupposeSaddamhadnotbeencaptured.WhatwouldtheU.S.do?虚拟语气的几个句型6. whether it (he) be or意为意为“不管(不论)是不管(不论)是还是还是”,表示让步,为虚拟语气的一种表示方法,其,表示让步,为虚拟语气的一种表示方法,其省略结构为省略结构为be itor, be heor等,必须用倒装。例等,必须用倒装。例如:如:Behewhathemay,heshouldobeytherules.Everydayhetakesawalkintheparkintheevening,whetherit

9、befineorraining.Homeishome,beiteversohomely.(再穷也是家)Allmatter,whetheritbegas,liquidorsolid,ismadeupofatoms.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.虚拟语气的几个句型7、Its (high, about) time that 句型中句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用过去式过去式。 Itstimethatsomethingwasdoneabou

10、tthetrafficproblemdowntown.Itishightimethatweputanendtothisdiscussion.虚拟语气的几个句型8、 if it were not for与现在事实相反与现在事实相反, if it had not been for与与过去事实相反过去事实相反,两个都相当于,两个都相当于but for: Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.9、由连接词、由连接词in case, lest ,for fear that, (in order that, so

11、that)引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即即should (might) +动词原形动词原形,例如:Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.虚拟语气的几个句型Note: fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth.表示害怕(担心)某种可能出现的情况,表示害怕(担心)某种可能出现的情况,从句中的动词应

12、用现在虚拟式。例如:从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如:Shefearslesthearrivetoolate.Wewereafraidlestitbebroken.虚拟语气的几个句型10.was(were)+tohavedone(不定式完成式)表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but(陈述语气语气)Iwastohavearrivedhomeontime,butmycarwasheldupbyabadtrafficjam.虚拟语气常用句型11.Itisthatsb.(should)句型一:句型一:It is 形容词形容词 that 句型二:句型二:It is a 抽象名词抽象名词 that 句型三:

13、句型三:It is 过去分词过去分词 that 虚拟语气常用句型A、用于、用于It is+形容词或过去分词形容词或过去分词+主语从句中,这类形容词或分词有:主语从句中,这类形容词或分词有: advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的,基本的complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的desirable合意的better较好的,更好insistent坚持的desired想要asked请求keen渴望的inc

14、redible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural自然的insisted坚持necessary必要的suggested建议urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的possible可能的strange奇怪的preferable(好一点)proposed提议requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的probable(可能的)pity可惜,憾事shame遗憾注意:这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以fortodo来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。Itisessentialthathes

15、houldbepreparedforthis.Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.虚拟语气常用句型B.常这样用的抽象名词有:pity,shame,nowonderC.Itssuggestedthattheschool(should)organizeanoutingwhenspringcomes.Itisrequiredthatmiddle-schoolsstudents(should)takeatleastone-hourexerciseeveryday.虚拟语气常用句型12.建议、命令、和要求等,谓语形式是“(should)+动词原形”。 A、 用于

16、表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中,这宾语从句中,这类动词有:类动词有: ask要求advise建议arrange安排beg请求command命令decide决定demand要求desire渴望determine决定insist坚持intend打算maintain坚持主张move建议,动员propose提议object反对order命令prefer建议require需要request要求resolve下决心recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定,规定urge强调,促进vote公认,提议decree颁

17、布(法令)pray请求注意:这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以接doing或者todo来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.(书面体)Sheadvisedustokeepthegatelocked.(口语)Sheadvisedkeepingthegatelocked.(较随便)虚拟语气常用句型NOTE:当suggest意为“暗示”,insist意为“坚持认为(一个事实)”时,其后的宾语从句中不用虚拟语气。例如:1)Herfacesuggested(暗示)thatshewasill.SoIsuggeste

18、d(建议)thatshe(should) be senttothehospitalimmediately.2)Heinsistedthathewasright.她坚持认为自己是对的。虚拟语气常用句型B用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有:导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有: advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、愿望insistence坚持motion提议necessity必要性order命令preference偏爱proposal提议pray恳求rec

19、ommendation推荐request要求requirement要求resolution决心suggestion劝告、忠告例如:Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.虚拟语气常用句型13、if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构,引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构,现在已成为惯用法,表达愿望。形式为:现在已成为惯用法,表达愿望。形式为:用过去时或用过去时或“would/ could +动词原形动词原形”表示与现在或未表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望。来事实相反

20、的愿望。过去完成时过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。这类句型表示表示与过去事实相反的愿望。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件,常译成一种不真实的条件,常译成要是要是.就好了!就好了!1)IfonlyIhadtakenmothersadvice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。2)IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages我要是能讲几种外语就好了。3)Ifonlyyouwouldlistentoouradvice.要是你听我们的建议就好了。虚拟语气常用句型14、在以、在以in order that,so that,引导的目的状,引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词可用虚拟语

21、气。从句中的谓语从句中,谓语动词可用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用语动词用may(might)动词原形)动词原形或或should 动词原形动词原形。1)Shestayedathomeforafewdayssothatshemighttakecareofhersickmother她在家里呆了好几天,以便能照顾生病的母亲。2)Theteacherexplainedthesentencesagainandagaininorderthatthestudentscouldunderstandthemclearly老师一再解释这些句子以便学生能够清楚地理解。虚拟语气常用句型15.Imagine后的虚拟语气I

22、magine表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想(用(用were型结构);也可表示对过去非实型结构);也可表示对过去非实际情况的意想(用际情况的意想(用had+过去分词结构)过去分词结构)Imaginethatwewereonandesolateislandnow.Imaginethatyouwerelaughedbythoseshadowpeople.Imaginethathehadnothadtakenthosemeasures,whatwouldhavehappened?非谓语动词不定式不定式的时态主主动形式形式被被动形式形式一般式一般式todotobedone完

23、成式完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式行式tobedoing完成完成进行式行式tohavebeendoing不定式时态1)不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的或是在其后发生的。例如:Thousandsofyoungpeoplearelearningtoski数以千计的年轻人在学习滑雪。(同时)Wherecanwegetsomesicklestocutthericewith?我们到哪儿去弄些镰刀割稻呢?真题TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved_ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue

24、.(2004-48)A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothinkB不定式时态不定式的进行式1.不定式的进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在进行。e.g.Hepretendedtobelisteningtotheteachercarefully.Heissaidtowriteaprefacetothebook.(Hewillwrite)Heissaidtobewritingaprefacetothebook.(Heiswriting)Comparethetwosentences:不定式时态2.不定式的

25、完成进行式强调其所表示的动作在主要谓语动词所表示的动作发生之前发生,而且一直进行。e.g.Sheisknowntohavebeenworkingontheproblemformanyyears.e.g.Helookedtoyoungtohavebeenpublishingbooksforsixyears.他看上去很年轻,不像是已经出版了六年书的人。不定式的完成式1.用在intended,expected,meant,hoped,wanted,promised,planned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等后,表示过去没有实现的愿望,计划或期待等。也可用来表示先

26、于谓语动词发生动作或状态,tohave+过去分词表示动作,tohavebeen表示状态。ExamplesIintendedtohavecometoseeyou.(我本打算来看你的)Hewastohavefetchedyouhere他本该去把你带来的。TheyweretohavebeenmarriedinMaybuthadtopostponetheweddinguntilJune.ShehastohavepassedAdvancedLevelintwosubjectsbeforeshegoestouniversity.(必先通过,才能)Youareluckytohavewonthegirlshe

27、art(Youhavewon)Thegirlwasreportedtohavebeenmissingforamonth(Shehasbeen)Iamsorrytohavelostyourkey把你的钥匙弄丢了,我很抱歉。Shewasreportedtohavedied据报道她已经死了。Hewasimpatienttohavefinishedthejob他渴望已经完成了工作。不定式的完成式2.用在seem,appear,think,consider,believe等后,不定式的完成式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动词或特定的某时间之前,它一般强调事情的完成或结果。e.g.Judgingfro

28、mhismannersattheparty,hedoesntseemtohavereceivedmucheducation.Hewasbelievedtohavebeenareporter.不定式的完成式3.在should/wouldlike或should/wouldhaveliked后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。Ishouldliketohavegonewithher.(但没有去)Ishouldhavelikedtohaveseenherfacewhenshereadtheletter.(我真想见到她读信时的表情。)真题1.AIDSissaid_thenumber-onekillero

29、fbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.(2002-46)A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen2.ProfessorJohnsonsaid_somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.(1999-43)A.havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake3.Atthreeoclockthismorning,Iseemed_someonescreaminthestreet.(1990-39)A.hearingB.havin

30、gheardC.tohaveheardD.tohearC练习1.TheVikingsarebelieved_America.A.tohavediscoveredB.indiscoveringC.todiscoverD.tohavebeendiscovered2.Thestudentswereto_attheauditoriumbefore1:30p.m.,butthelecturewascancelledatthelastminute.A.assembledB.haveassembledC.assemblingD.beassembled3.Hewasto_thenewambassador,bu

31、thefellill.A.havingtelephonedB.havetelephonedC.hastelephonedD.telephoningABBbe+动词不定式1.表示最近,未来的计划或安排(相当于begoingto)Youaretoseehimtodayatsixoclock.2.表示该做或不该做的事(相当于should/must/oughtto/haveto等)。e.g.Youaretoexplainthis.3.表示能不能发生的事(相当于can/may等)e.g.SimilarconditionsaretobefoundinallotherLatinAmericancountri

32、es.4.表示不可避免将要发生的事。e.g.Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.5.用于条件从句,表示如果想,设想(相当于ifshould,或ifwant)。e.g.Ifwearetobethereintime,wellhavetohurryup.真题I_writingthepaperasscheduled,butmymothersillnessinterfered.Ihopeyouwillexcuseme.(1993-54)A.amtohavefinishedB.wastohavefinishedC.wastof

33、inishD.oughttofinishB动词疑问句+带to的不定式用于此结构的常见动词:adviseconsiderdecidediscussexplainfindoutforgethearinquireknowlearnregardrememberseesettleshowteachtellthinkunderstandwondere.g.Pleaseshowmehowtodothat.(做宾语)e.g.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotyetbeendecided.(做主语)e.g.Theproblemishowtogetthereintime.(做表语)e.g.Iha

34、dnoideawhichtoreadfirst.(做名词同位语)真题TheClarkshaventdecidedyetwhichhotel_.(1998-49)A.tostayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstayingC不定式的特殊句型1.suchasto,suchasto,soasto表程度e.g.Hisstorywassuchastodeceiveeveryone.e.g.Itwassuchanaccidentastoclaim20lives.e.g.Whocouldbesomeanastodoathinglikethat?2.soas(not)to,onlyto

35、,inorderto,so(such)asto(如此以便)表目的Wehavegotsoplentyoffoodastotreatourguests.e.g.Hekeptquietabouttheaccidentsoasnottolosehisjob.e.g.Icomehereonlytosaygoodbyetoyou.真题Hisremarkswere_annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.(2005-53)A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchastoHisstrongsenseofhumourwas_makeeveryoneintheroombu

36、rstoutlaughing.(1998-50)A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthatBB不定式的特殊句型3.tooto结构:1)太以至于2)当too前面有only,all,but时,意思是“非常”,too等于very。e.g.Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.3)当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时,too等于very。e.g.Heistoowisenottoseethat.4)当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,ea

37、st,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时,too等于very。e.g.Theyaretooreadytohelpothers.5)too与cannot连用,表示无止境。e.g.Youcannotbetoocareful.越仔细越好。无论怎么仔细也不过分6)当不定式在句中做定语或真正的主语时,表示so(many/much)。e.g.Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.不定式的特殊句型4)onlyto+动词原形(不料竟会,没想到会)表示不好的结果。e.g.Theyhurriedtothest

38、ation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.真题Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighboringcountry,_bythepoliceeachtime.(1999-42)A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycapturedc动词不定式的复合结构1.强调不定式的行为属性,可用“Itis+形容词forsomebody+不定式”句型。静态形容词多用于此句型。Easydifficulthardi

39、mportantpossibleimpossiblebetternecessarycomfortablenotenoughessentialthefirstthenextthelastthebesttoomuchtoolittlee.g.ItwasverydifficultformetolearnSpanish.间或也可用“for+theretobe”表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是tobe)e.g.Itsagreatpityfortheretobemuchtroubleinthecompany.e.g.Wouldyouliketheretobeameetingtodiscussthep

40、roblem?动词不定式的复合结构2.强调任务的性格和特征,则用“Itis+形容词ofsomebody+不定式”句型。动态形容词多用于此句型。Kindnicestupidrudecleverthoughtfulbraveconsideratesillyselfishcarelessimpolitegoodnaughtyboldhonestsensiblewrongrightbad真题Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_forthat.(2003-47)A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.o

41、fustobepreparedD.ourbeingpreparedA省略to的动词不定式e.g.Idrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Idsoonerstayathome.Iwouldassoondoitbymyself.Sinceitsafinedaywemightaswellwalk.Hewouldratherlistentoothersthantalkhimself.Iwouldjustassoonstayasgo.A在情态成语之后在wouldrather,wouldsooner,would(just)assoon(宁愿),may/might(j

42、ust)aswell(不妨,可以),cannotbut/cannothelpbut(不能不,不由得不)之后,接不带to不定式。Note:在否定句中,not放在wouldrather,hadbetter后,但在否定疑问句中,not放在had,would后。Iwouldrathernotdrinkanything.Hadntyoubettermakehaste?HadInotbetterdoittomorrow?真题Thatmanhasabadreputation.You_anythingtodowithhim.(1991-10)A.hadbetternothaveB.havebetterhave

43、C.havebetternothaveD.hadbetternottohaveATheydidnothingexceptwork.Theresnochoicebuttowait.Whathewilldoistospoilthewholething.Allyoudonowistocompletetheform.TheonlythingIcandonowistogoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowistoclearupthismess.B.在介词except/but之后如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式,其后通常用不带to的不定式,否则带to。如果主语是由all,

44、what等词引导的从句,或者是主语受only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰,主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式,则作主语补语的不定式也是既可带to,也可不带to。Whyarguewithhim?WhynotgiveMarysomeflowers?C.在“why./whynot.?”之后Why表示不满,或者是委婉的批评;whynot表示建议,二者都不带to_ him tomorrow? (2001-43)A. Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call onD必须带to

45、的特殊情况1.knowbetterthan后的不定式必须加toe.g.Heknowsbetterthantolendherthemoney.他很明智,不会把钱借给她。Heknewbetterthantoarguewithsucharascal.必须带to的特殊情况2.“比较级+名词+than”后的不定式要加toe.g.Shehadmoresensethantobedeceivedbyhim.她有理智,不会上当。Hehasabetterheartthantobetrayhiscountry.他有良心,不会叛国。动名词动名词时态和语态意义主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式ha

46、vingdonehavingbeendone动名词的时态动名词和不定式一样,没有独立的绝对的时态意义,其时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。一般式:表明动名词动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般情况。使用doing.Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。完成式:表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生,使用havingdone.Hewaspraisedforhavingmadeagreatcontributiontohiscountry.Hishavingbeenelectedchairmanoftheclubsurprisedusgreatly.真题Ineverregretted_of

47、fer,foritwasnotwheremyinterestlay.(1993-53)A.nottoacceptB.nothavingacceptedC.havingnotacceptedD.notacceptingB动名词的语态被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者Hediditwithoutbeingasked.Theyinsistedonbeinggiventhetask.Beingtakenadvantageofisnotagoodthing.但要注意但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require,repay,bear,take需要,brook忍受,stand等表

48、示“需要、值得、忍受”等动词及形容词worth后,尽管表示的是被动的意思,却用动名词的主动形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.Hermethodisworthtrying.在need,want后用主动态动名词表示被动意义,与用被动态的不定式意义并无差别,但以用动名词较为普遍。Thedooriscracking.Itneedsoiling/tobeoiled.Theroomwantscleaning/tobecleaned.require,deserve也

49、能这样用,但不及need,want普通。动名词的复合结构如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语,则需有自己的逻辑主语。两种形式:1)人称代词所有格+动名词Heinsistedonmygoingwithhimtotheparty.Compare:Tominsistedongoingwiththem.Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem.2)名词所有格+动名词Shedislikesherhusbandscomingbackhomelate.Compare:Hehatesworkinglate.Hehateshiswifesworkinglate.若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同

50、,则不应再有主语。练习Thoughherfatherneverapprovedof_todramaschool,shebecameawell-knownactress.(1991-16)A.goingB.hertogoC.hergoingD.hergoSheregrets_idlewhenyoung.a.tohavebeenb.herbeingc.herhavingd.havingbeenKey:CD动名词和不定式的比较1)动名词通常是泛指;不定式通常是特指。2)动名词通常指持续、反复的动作;不定式通常指一时、一次的动作。3)动名词通常用于书面语;不定式则倾向口语。作主语的动名词与不定式在意义

51、上的区别动名词通常表示抽象动作,而不定式通常表示具体动作,特别是将来的未完成动作。,特别是将来的未完成动作。Itsnousecrying over spilt milk.(抽象动作)Hismotherhadadvisedhim,however,thatitwasnouseto argue with Selma.(具体动作)(指抽象动作(指抽象动作, 泛指)泛指)(指具体的一次动作)(指具体的一次动作)Spitting everywhere is not polite.To spit here will be punished随地吐痰是不礼貌的在这里吐痰要受惩罚。动名词和不定式的比较动名词和不定

52、式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说,一般来说,在表示抽象的、一般的行为时,多用动名词在表示抽象的、一般的行为时,多用动名词;在表在表示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定示具体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。式。但在Itsnouse(good),itsuseless后面常用动名词作主语。Herpresentjobisteachingmusic.=Teachingmusicisher(泛指)ToteachmusictoGradeOneisherpresentjob.=Herpresentjobistoteach(特指)Itsdifficultforhimtofinishthejobi

53、naweek.Itsnousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水难收分词分词的形式态态主动态主动态被动态被动态式式一般式一般式1.being2.doing being done完成式完成式having donehaving been done 现在分词表示主动的意义;表示一般性的或正在进行的动作;在表面形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分。 过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,只有一种形式。去分词与现在分词被动式的区别去分词与现在分词被动式的区别现在分词的被动形式是beingdone,表示某一动作在讲话时下在发生,或与谓语动作同时发生。Whoisthepatie

54、ntbeingoperatedon?正在被做手术的病人是谁?Youwillfindthematterbeingtalkedaboutalloverthetown.你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事。而过去分词表示的意义除了被动以外,还表示这个动作已经完成。如Thepatientoperatedonyesterdayisafamousscientist.昨天被做手术的病人是一个著名科学家。真题1.Henoticedthehelicopterhoveringoverthefield.Thentohisastonishment,hesawaropeladder_outandthreemenclimbin

55、gdownit.(1995-52)A.throwingB.beingthrownC.havingthrownD.havingbeenthrown2.Mr.Brownhadthereport_assoonashefinished_it.(1990-33)A.tobetyped,towriteB.typed,towriteC.beingtyped,writingD.typed,writingB D在lookat,listento,feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch等动词后可以用不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语,意义差别不大。现在分词强调动作正在发生、还未结束;不定式说

56、明动作的全过程。Didyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?你刚才听到有人敲门吗?YesIdid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.是的,我听到他敲了三下.Isawyourfatherworkinginyourgardenyesterday.昨天我看见你父亲正在花园里干活。Isawyourfatherworkinyourgardenyesterday.昨天我见你父亲在园里干活。注意:注意:find后面用分词后面用分词(现在分词和过去分词现在分词和过去分词)作宾补,不用不定式。作宾补,不用不定式。如:正:Ifoundhimlyingontheground

57、.误:Ifoundhimlieontheground.分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别分词和不定式作宾语补足语时的区别分词作状语分词作状语1.表时间e.g.Hearingthenews,weimmediatelysetoffforLondon.e.g.Shesatdown,listeningtotheirtalk.注意:on/in+doing也是常用的时间表示法,有些细微差别。On+doing相当于assoonas,强调瞬间动作。In+doing相当于when或while,强调的是连续的缓慢的动作。Onenteringtheroom,hefoundthewomanlyingdeadonthef

58、loor.Indoingtheworkshemetalotofdifficulties.分词作状语表时间时的位置分词作状语表时间时的位置A.相当于when引导的从句这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分。Hearingthenews,weimmediatelysetoffforBeijing(Whenweheardthenews,we)Whenleavingtheairport,wewavedagainandagaintohim.B.也可放在主语后或句尾,放在句尾时表示强调。Ilistenedtothemusicforawhile,havingwrittenanimportantletterHe,ha

59、vingfinishedhishomework,goestobedC.如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生,分词应放在句尾。Sheopenedthedoor,greetingherguestsHesatdown,listeningtotheirtalkD.如果分词表示的动作先发生,谓语动词动作紧接着发生,分词短语应放在句首,不能放在句尾。Theystoppedtalking,hearingastrangesound(错)Hearingastrangesound,theystoppedtalking(对)分词作状语分词作状语2.表原因,相当于as,since,because引导的从句Notk

60、nowinganythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkaswell.3.表方式或伴随e.g.Shewassittinginanarmchairreadingabook.e.g.Theyallreturnedtothevillageconvincedthatthedangerwasover.分词作状语分词作状语4.表条件,相当于if,unless等引导的从句e.g.Givenanotherchance,hewilldoitmuchbetter.5.表结果,相当于sothat引导的从句e.g.Theoldscientistdiedallofasudden,leavi

61、ngtheprojectunfinished.6.表让步,相当于though,evenif引导的从句e.g.Grantinghishonesty,westillcantemployhim.真题1._atinthisway,thepresenteconomicsituationdoesntseemsogloomy.(2000-51)A.LookingB.LookedC.HavinglookedD.Tolook2._enoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreinthisfield.(1998-51)A.Givin

62、gB.TogiveC.GivenD.BeinggivenB C真题3._time,hellmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(1996-42)A.HavingB.GivenC.GivingD.Had4._,hewaschosenandtrainedasaprofessionalswimmer.(1991-20)A.HewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageB.BornandraisedinafishingvillageC.ThathewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageD.Inadditiontohewasbor

63、nandraisedinafishingvillageB B作状语的分词短语前的连词分词短语作状语时,有时前面可以加一个连词,表示强调或出于表达的需要。常用的连词有:when,while,after,before,if,though,whetheror,unless,asif等e.g.Aftertakingthemedicine,hefeltbetter.e.g.Thesoldierwalkedveryslowlyasifhavingbeenwounded.如果这些连词后的分词是being或含有being,则being可以省略。e.g.While(being)atschool,shebegan

64、towritethenovel.If(being)wellread,thebookwillgiveyoumuchtothink.e.g.Jack,(being)inabadmood,didnothingyesterday.和句子主语和句子主语不保持一致不保持一致的分词短语形式。的分词短语形式。1._thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.A.GivenB.TogiveB.C.GivingD.HavinggivenAGiven作作“鉴于,考虑到鉴于,考虑到”解,为介词。解,为介词。与此类似的有:

65、与此类似的有:Considering(考虑到)考虑到) judging from, seeing that ( 鉴于、由于)鉴于、由于)generally speaking/frankly/strictly speakingfollowing this .( 在在之后之后)taking all into consideration(从各方面(从各方面考虑)考虑)talking of( 谈到)谈到) taken as a whole(从整体(从整体 上看)上看)Talkingofcleaning,itsabouttimeyoudidthewindows,isntit?Consideringhis

66、age,thelittleboyreadsverywell.Followingthis,60,000Indians,includingGandhi,wereputinprison.Takenasawhole,thereisnothingwrong.练习1._theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge.(CET-41996,6)A)HavingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved2.Nomatterhowfrequently_,theworksofBeethovenalw

67、aysattractlargeaudiences.(CET-41995,6)A)performingB)performedC)tobeperformedD)beingperformed3._asitwasatsuchatime,hisworkattractedmuchattention.(CET-41996,1)A)BeingpublishedB)PublishedC)PublishingD)TobepublishedBBB独立主格独立主格结构,又叫独立结构(absolute construction)。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外,跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共

68、同构成一个完整的语义环境。 独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,只有逻辑上的主语,因此,它在句法上不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾,用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语v-ing2、逻辑主语v-ed3、逻辑主语形容词(副词)4、逻辑主语不定式5、逻辑主语介词短语6、With 的复合结构分词的独立主格分词的独立主格在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立结

69、构(或称为带逻辑主语的词或代词),构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。1.“逻辑主语v-ing”表主动意义1表条件e.g.Advicefailing(=Ifadvicefails),wehavetouseforce.2表原因e.g.Nobodyhavinganymoretosay(=sincenobodyhadanymoretosay),themeetingwasclosedquickly.3表伴随状况e.g.Shewal

70、kedalongthepath,hersonfollowingclosebehind(=andhersonfollowedclosebehind.)2.“逻辑主语v-ed”表被动意义1表时间e.g.Thetestfinished(Whenthetestwasfinished),webeganourholiday.2表条件e.g.Alltakenintoconsideration(Ifallisconsidered),hisplanseemstobemoreworkable.3表原因e.g.Allmysavingsgone(=sinceallmysavingsweregone),Istarted

71、lookingforjobs.4表伴随状况e.g.Hereturnedfourdayslater,hisfacecoveredwithmud.(=andhisfacewascoveredwithmud).真题Time_,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.(2003-48)A.permitB.permittingC.permittedD.permitsB3.“逻辑主语分词的完成式或完成被动式”表示先完成的主动意义或先完成的被动意义e.g.Themoonhavingrisen,theytookawalkinthegarden.e.g.Somuchmoney(h

72、avingbeen)wasted,Tedwillbepunished.4.“there+being+其他成分”的独立主格结构作状语(therebe的非谓语详解见后)该结构多放于句首,也可放于句尾,其中的being不可省略。e.g.Therebeingnothingtodo,weplayedgames.e.g.Shestolethevase,therebeingnobodyaround.真题1.There_nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.(2000-45)A.tobeB.tohavebeenC.bei

73、ngD.be2._nocauseforalarm,theoldmanwentbacktohisbedroom.(1996-51A.TherewasB.SinceC.BeingD.TherebeingC D逻辑主语形容词(副词)1.Iheardthatshegotinjuredintheaccident,myheartfullofworry我听说她在这场事故中受了伤,内心充满担忧。2.Hestoodsilentinthemoon-light,hisdooropen月光下,门开着,他默默地站立在那。3.Lunchover,heleftthehouseButhewasthinking午饭结束,他离开

74、屋。但他还在考虑。练习Somanydirectors_,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.(CET42000,6)A)wereabsentB)beingabsentC)beenabsentD)hadbeenabsentB逻辑主语+不定式Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。Wearegoingtohaveapicnic,Helen(being)tolendhercartous.逻辑主语+介词短语Hestoodondeck,pipe(being)inmouth.Theh

75、untsmanenteredtheforest,guninhand那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。注意:这里,guninhand还可以说成withaguninhishand,但不可以说aguninhand或guninhishand。真题1.Thetaperecorder_outoforder,thestudentsdidnotknowwhattodo.(1990-40)A.wasB.beingC.hasbeenD.wasbeing2.Thecountryschiefexportsarecoal,carsandcottongoods,cars_themostimportantofthese.A.h

76、avebeenB.areC.beingD.arebeingBCWith的复合结构形式为:with名词(代词名词(代词)现在分词现在分词/过去分词过去分词/形容词形容词/副词副词/不定式不定式/介词介词短语短语(1)Shecameintotheroom,withhernoseredbecauseofcold.(with名词形容词,作伴随状语)(2)Withthemealover,weallwenthome.(with名词副词,作时间状语)(3)Themasterwaswalkingupanddownwiththerulerunderhisarm。(with名词介词短语,作伴随状语。)Thetea

77、cherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand.(4)Helayinthedarkemptyhouse,withnotaman,womanorchildtosayhewaskindtome.(with名词不定式,作伴随状语)Hecouldnotfinishitwithoutmetohelphim.(without代词不定式,作条件状语)(5)Shefellasleepwiththelightburning.(with名词现在分词,作伴随状语)With(without)+逻辑主语现在分词表示主动意义(正在进行或发生)with(without)+逻辑主语过去分词

78、表示被动意义(已经完成)e.g.Hewalkedacrossthemeetingroomwitheveryonelookingather.e.g.Withoutawordmorespoken,shelefttheroom.The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后。凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后。(表方式)(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气。(表条件)加热,我们就会

79、看到水蒸气。(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得事情得到解决,我们都回家了。(表原因)到解决,我们都回家了。(表原因)练习Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_onbenches,chairsorboxes.(CET42000,1)A)havingseatedB)seatingC)seatedD)havingbeenseatedCtherebe的非谓语形式therebe非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语

80、和定语1)作动词宾语时,通常用作动词宾语时,通常用theretobe结构,而不用结构,而不用therebeing。能这样用的及物动词为:。能这样用的及物动词为:expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等,如:等,如:Idontwanttheretobeanymisunderstanding.我可不希望我可不希望有任何误解。有任何误解。Studentshatetheretobetoomuchhomework.学生讨厌做学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。太多的家庭作业。Weexpecttheretobemorediscussionaboutthis.我们期望我们期望

81、能对此展开更多的讨论。能对此展开更多的讨论。【注注】在在lettherebe句式中,动词句式中,动词be不带不带to:Dontlettherebeanynoise.不允许有任何吵闹。不允许有任何吵闹。Lettherebenomistakeaboutit.这事不要出错。这事不要出错。therebe的非谓语形式用作介词宾语一般用therebeing,但用作介词for的宾语时,只能用theretobe。Sheneverdreamsoftherebeingachanceforhertobesentabroadverysoon.Theyaskedfortheretobeanothermeeting.【注

82、】比较:Theyplannedontherebeinganothermeeting.他们打算再开一次会议。Theyplannedtheretobeanothermeeting.他们打算再开一次会议。therebe的非谓语形式2)作状语多用作状语多用therebeing结构,但若置于介词之后,结构,但若置于介词之后,for用用theretobe整个介词短语作程度状语,其它多半用整个介词短语作程度状语,其它多半用therebeing。Therebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself由于由于附近没有人,我只得独自干了。附近没有人,我只得独自干了。(原因状语原因状

83、语)Itstooearlyfortheretobeanybodyup太早了,还不会有太早了,还不会有人起床。人起床。(作程度状语作程度状语)Therehavingbeennorainforalongtime,thegroundwasverydry因为好长时间没下雨了,地面非常干燥。因为好长时间没下雨了,地面非常干燥。(原因状语原因状语)therebe的非谓语形式3)作主语时两种结构都可以,但用for引导则要用theretobeItisnotuncommonfortheretobeproblemsofcommunicationbetweenoldandyoung老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很

84、常见的。Therebeingakindergartenoncampusisagreatconveniencetofemaleteachers幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。Note:Theretobe“往往表示目前”没有存在“的事物;而”Therebeing“则通常表示”已经存在“的事情TheChineseareproudoftherebeingtheGreatWallinNorthChina.中国人以在中国北部有个长城而自豪Wouldyouliketheretobeahospitalnearyourhome.你想在你家附近有家医院吗真题1.Whatsthechanceof_ageneralelectionthisyear?(2005-61)A.therebeingB.theretobeC.therebeD.theregoingtobe2.Consideringthedangeroussituation,theyaskedfor_anothermeeting.A.therebe B.theretobe C.therebeing D.therewasA B

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