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1、Unit8TeachingVocabularyBy Xu Zhijian龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-AimsofthisunitWhataresomeoftheassumptionsaboutvocabulary?Whatdoesknowingawordinvolve?Howcanwepresentnewvocabularyitems?Whataresomeeffectivewaystoconsolidatevocabulary?Howdowehelpstudentsdevelopvocabularylearning?龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-IUnderstandingvocabulary
2、andvocabularylearning.Althoughgrammarisusuallyintegratedwiththeteachingofvocabulary,westillconsideritnecessarytointroducewaystopresentandconsolidatevocabulary.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-Theteachingofvocabularyhasbeenstudiedformanydecades,therearestillmanyuncertaintiesregarding:Whatconstitutesavocab
3、ularyitem;Whichvocabularyitemsshouldbetaughtandlearned;Howvocabularycanbetaughtandlearnedmosteffectively.(orsimilarquestionsofTask1onP117.)1.Vocabularydoesnotjustmeansinglewords:compounds,phrasesandevenonoccasion,wholesentencescanbeitemsofvocabulary.2.Mostwordsinonelanguagecanbetranslatedintoanother
4、language,butnoteverysinglewordandanequivalent.Thearticle“theinEnglish,forexample,hasnoexactequivalentinChinese.3.Studentscanbeconsciouslytaughtaboutwaysoflearningvocabularysothattheybecomekeenlyawareofeveryopportunityforvocabularyexpansion.Task24.Ifteachersandstudentsknowthedifferencebetweenactivean
5、dpassivevocabulary,theycantreatthemdifferently.5.Translationisnotthebestwaytoexplainnewwords.6.English-Englishexplanationisbetterthantranslation,butagainitisnotthebestforvocabularyteaching.Therearemanyothermoreeffectiveways.7.AnEnglish-Englishdictionarycanbeveryhelpful,thoughbeginnersmayfinditmoreco
6、mfortabletouseabilingualdictionary.8.Itismoreeffectivewhenwordsofrelatedmeaningaretaughtandlearnedtogether.9.Studyingvocabularyinlanguagecontextsaremoreeffective.10.Forgettingisinevitable.Butifwordsarefrequentlyused,theyarelesseasytoforget.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-II.Whatdoesknowingawordinvolve?knowingawordmea
7、nsknowing:itspronunciationandstress;itsspellingandgrammaticalproperties;itsmeaning;howandwhentouseittoexpresstheintendedmeaning.(四会四会)龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-1.Whatdoesitmeantoknowaword?Learningawordinvolveslearningmorethanjusttheworditself.e.g.postoffice,mother-in-lawTherearemulti-wordunits,suchas:phrasalver
8、bs,compoundwordsAccordingtoHedge(2000),vocabularylearninginvolvesatleasttwoaspectsofmeaning:theunderstandingofitsdenotativeandconnotativemeaning;understandingthesenserelationsamongwords龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-Denotativemeaning外延外延/指代意指代意义Denotativemeaningofawordoralexicalitemreferstothosewordsthatweusetolabel
9、thingsasregardsrealobjects,suchasnameorasign,etc.inthephysicalworld.E.g.appleconnotativemeaning内涵内涵/隐涵意涵意义Aconnotativemeaningofawordreferstotheattitudesoremotionsofalanguageuserinchoosingawordandtheinfluenceoftheseonthelistenerorreadersinterpretationoftheword.Thiswordsthatmayexpressapositiveornegati
10、veattitudeorsubtlefeelingstowardssomething.E.g.running-dog,dragon,bigapple.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-collocationsCollocationsreferstowordsthatco-occurwithhighfrequencyandhavebeenacceptedaswaysfortheuseofwords.Itisbelievedthatteachingwordcollocationsisamoreeffectivewaythanjustteachingonesinglewordatatime.synonym
11、s,antonyms,hyponymshaiponimi(词义之之间的的)下下义关系关系Synonymsrefertoitemsthatmeanthesame,ornearlythesame.Antonymsrefertoitemsthatmeantheoppositeofaword.Hyponymsrefertowordswhichcanbegroupedtogetherunderthesamesuperordinate(高一高一层的的)concept.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-ReceptiveandproductivevocabularyReceptive/Passivevocabul
12、ary/:thewordsoneisabletorecognizeandcomprehendinreadingorlisteningbutunabletouseautomaticallyinspeakingorwriting.Productive/Activevocabulary:thewordsoneisnotonlyabletorecognizebutalsoabletouseinspeechandwriting.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-Nativespeaker:Passivevocabulary:upto100,000words,Activevocabulary:between10
13、,000and20,000.LearnersofintermediatetoupperintermediatelevelActivevocabulary:3000to5000wordsPassivevocabulary:5000to10,000wordsFortheteacher:guideandhelpstudentstoaddactivevocabularies.Atthebeginningoflanguagelearning,allthewordswhicharetaughtmustbeacquiredforactiveuse,later,forpassiveuse.Task3Theim
14、plicationsoftheEnglishlexicalsystemBothdenotativeandconnotativemeaningneedtobelearned:Wordsarebetterunderstoodincontext.Agroupofrelatedwordsislikelytobemorememorablethanalistofunrelateditems,i.e.wordslearnedwithsynonyms,antonymsorhyponyms;Knowledgeofwordformationisausefulsourcefordevelopingvocabular
15、y.Exploringsenserelationsamong/betweenwordskelplearningandrememberingwords.TeachersandlearnersneedtobeawareofthedifferencebetweenreceptiveandproductivevocabularyIII.Waysofpresentingnewwords1.SomesuggestionsfortheteachersDifferentteachershavedifferentwaystopresentnewwords.Whatevermethodsareused,thefo
16、llowingsuggestionsmayhelpteachers:1)Trytoprovideavisualorphysicaldemonstrationwheneverpossible.2)Provideaverbalcontexttodemonstratemeaning.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-3)usesynonymsorantonymstoexplainmeanings.4)Uselexicalsetsprhyponymstoshowrelationsofwordsandtheirmeaning.5)Translateandexemplify,especiallywithtech
17、nicalwordsorwordswithabstractmeaning.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-6)Usewordformationrulesandcommonaffixestobuildnewlexicalknowledgeonwhatisalreadyknow.7)Teachvocabularyinchunks.8)Thinkaboutthecontextinreallifetherethewordmightbesued.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-9)Thinkaboutprovidingdifferentcontextforintroducingnewwords.10)Prepa
18、reforpossiblemisunderstandingorconfusionthatstudentsmayhave.(LookatTask5onP125)Task6:Choosefouritemsandgiveaminidemonstration.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-2.Wordsarebesttaughtingroups.Languageisasystemandeachwordhasitsmeaningdefinedinrelationtootherwords.Thisinsightleadstoaneasier,moreeffectiveandsou
19、nderwayofexplaining.Itishelpfultoexplaindifferenceofmeaningratherthanmeaningitself.Anindividualwordinalanguageacquiresameaningbecauseoftherelationshipbetweenitandotherwords.Awarenessofcertainkindsofrelationshipmakesexplainingvocabularyeasierfortheteachers,andlearningitsimplerforthestudents.Hereareso
20、merelationships.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-(1)synonyms.Big-large(2)Antonyms.Hotwarmcoolcold(3)Complements.single/married.(4)Converse.parent/child,employer/employee.(5)Hyponyms.Car,van,bus,lorryarehyponymsofvehicle.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-IV.Waysofconsolidatingvocabulary1.Libeling.Studentsaregivenapicture.Theyaretowritethe
21、namesoftheobjectsindicatedinthepicture.2.Spottingthedifferences.Studentsareputintopairs.Eachmemberofthepairreceivesapicturewhichisslightlydifferentfromhispartners.3.Describinganddrawing.Thestudenthavingthepicturemusttellhispartnerwhattodrawsothatthedrawingendsupthesameastheoriginalpicture.龙岩学院外国语学院精
22、品课程-4.Playingagame.Studentsareshownapictureoratraywithmanyobjectsonit,oraseriesofdifferentflashcardsormagazinepictures.Theyhavetotellwhattheysaw,orwriteeverythingtheycanrememberseeing.5.Usingwordthermometers.Theseareusefulforindicatingdifferentdegreesinsize,speed,age,distance,emotionetc.Studentsareg
23、ivenalistofwordsinjumblesorder.Theyhavetoplacethesewordsinthecorrectplaceonthethermometer.6.Usingwordseries.Studentsconstructtheseriesfollowingtheexample.Cutlery:knife,fork,spoon7.Wordbingo.Studentsdrawninesquaresonapieceofpaperandputninewordsconnectedwithshoppinginthesquares.Thefirststudentwhocross
24、outalineofthreewordseitherhorizontally,verticallyordiagonallyshouldshoutout“Bingoandheorshewillbethewinner.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-8.Wordassociation.Theteachersaysakeyword,e.g.traveling.Thestudentshavetowritedownallthewordstheycanthinkofconnectedwiththetraveling.9.Oddmanout.Theteacherwritesasetofwordsonthebla
25、ckboardandaskstudentstofindthe“oddmanout.Forexample,intheset:cheeseeggsoranges,breadsoapandmeat,theword“soapisthe“oddmanout.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-10.Synonymsandantonyms.Thestudentsaregivenalistofwordsandaskstudentstofindpairsofwords,eithersynonymsorantonyms.11.Usingwordcategories.Studentsputthejumbledwordsi
26、nthemiddleintotheboxmarkedwithdifferentcategories.12.Usingwordnet-work.Studentsfillintheblanksinanetworkwithwordsthatareunderthesamecategoryorsub-category.IV.DevelopingvocabularybuildingstrategiesDuetothelimitationsoftime,studentscannotlearnallthenecessaryvocabularyintheclass.Weneedtohelpstudentsdev
27、eloptheirownvocabularybuildingstrategiessothattheycaneffectivelyacquiremorevocabularyontheirown.1.Reviewregularly.Evidenceshowsthatregularreviewhelpsstudentstomaintainlargestamountofrecall.Lookatthefollowingfigure.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-2.Guessmeaningfromthecontext,especiallyusingsentencehintsf
28、orwordmeanings.3.Organizevocabularyeffectively:4.Uselearnedvocabulary:龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-Homework:Mini-teaching:1.Presentpronouns.2.Present3nouns.3.Present3verbs.龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-The End of Unit 8The End of Unit 8Goodbye!龙岩学院外国语学院精品课程-Terminalexaminationformethodology1.Decidewhichofthefollowingstatementsaretrueandwhicharefalseaccordingtothetheoryofmethodology(35%2.Completethefollowingstatementswiththemissingwordsaccordingtothetheoryofmethodology(15%)3.Statethefollowingquestions(30%)4.Mini-teachingplanning.(20%)
