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1、1. when was film born?Dec. 28 th, 1895, Lumiere2. What was the earliest contribution to the films in theory?Mo-tse, 5BC, the theory of “Light and Shadow” What were the major contributions of Lumiere and Melies?Lumiere:(1). Long shot(2). Films showed the dynamic of life, nature and changes within the
2、mre-currencism.(3). Forerunner of documentaries Melies(1) stop motion(2) studio with glass ceiling(3) shot films with gorgeous costume and grand scenes expressionism(4) forerunner of story film4. some more facts(1) the first sci-fi film: A Trip to the Moon(2) what is close-up and montage?(3) Brighto
3、n school the bud of realism(4) Artists Films MovementMaxlinderthe first comedy star楚科尔 Hollywood Chapter 2 Development of Narrative Patterns in Films (America)I. Edwin S. Porter and his film “The Great Train Robbery”II. Griffith and his Concept of Narrative Patterns III. Comedy in Silent Films in Am
4、erica IV. Charles Chaplin and his Comedies I. Edwin S. Porter 埃德温鲍特 and his film “The Great Train Robbery”Born: April 21, 1870) PennsylvaniaDied: April 30, 1941 New York CityHe Combined the outdoor scenes (proposed and practiced by Lumiere) with artificial indoor ones (by Melies ) Representative wor
5、k: The Great Train Robbery: 火车大劫案Porter took the archetypal American Western story, already familiar to audiences from dime novels and stage melodrama情景剧, and made it an entirely new visual experience. The one-reel film, with a running time of twelve minutes, was assembled in twenty separate shots,
6、along with a startling close-up of a bandit firing at the camera. It used as many as ten different indoor and outdoor locations and was groundbreaking in its use of “cross-cutting交叉剪辑” in editing to show simultaneous action in different places. No earlier film had created such swift movement or vari
7、ety of scene. It was enormously popular. For several years it toured throughout the United States, and in 1905 it was the premier attraction at the first nickelodeon五分钱电影院. Its success firmly established motion pictures as commercial entertainment in the United States.Cross-cutting is an editing tec
8、hnique used in films to establish continuity. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action. Because the shots occur one after another, cross-cutting is used to suggest simultaneity of action. However, it can also be used to link significant actions that do not occur sim
9、ultaneously. The rhythm of, or length of time between, cross-cuts can also set the tone of a scene. Increasing the rapidity between two different actions may add tension to a scene, much in the same manner of using short, declarative sentences in a work of literature. It was made famous by Edwin S.
10、Porters 1903 film, The Great Train Robbery.The Nickelodeon (AE: nickel = 5分币, Greek: Odeion = roofed over theatre) was an early 20th century form of small, neighborhood movie theaters. The name Nickelodeon was coined by Harry Davis and John P. Harris, who opened their small, storefront theatre with
11、that name on Smithfield Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in June 1905. Though theirs was not the first theatre in the world to specialize in presenting movies, Davis and Harris found such great success with their operation that their concept of a five cent theatre running movies continuously was s
12、oon imitated by hundreds of ambitious entrepreneurs, as was the name of the theatre itself. Nickelodeons declined as cities grew and industry consolidation led to larger, more comfortable, and better-appointed 设备更加完善的（well-appointed） movie theaters.(1) establish his status in films both in America a
13、nd the whole world; (2) lay foundation for the westerns to be the dominant in America (3) have great influence on GriffithThe film was adopted from a novel with the same title written by Michael Crichton迈克尔克莱顿 whose best-known masterpieces should be Jurassic Park 侏罗纪公园. (Steven Spielberg)The Great T
14、rain RobberyII. D.W. Griffith 格里菲斯and his Concept of Narrative Patterns1. Background and significance two fights 1.1 Fights about patents (1) 1908, America, there was the fierce striving for the patent, which ended up with the establishment of two trusts: Edisons Company and Biograph Studios (比沃格拉夫公
15、司) What is trust托拉斯? an entity with intent to create a monopolyThe Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1928. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific,
16、 releasing over three thousand short films and twelve feature films. 正片，故事片，长片 A new corporation with the same name was incorporated in California in 1991.1.2 Fights between trusts and independent film-making 独立制片-the birth of HollywoodAn independent film, or indie film, is a film that is produced o
17、utside of the Hollywood studio system, a series of monopolistic 垄断的 practices by several major American film studios which controlled the production, distribution, and exhibition of films. Independent films today are generally defined as American films financed and distributed by sources outside tod
18、ays Big Six and its subsidiaries. Todays Big Six Sony Sony Picture (Columbia Pictures ) News Corporation Fox Filmed Entertainment (20 Century Fox ) The Walt Disney Company Walt Disney Motion Picture Group Time Warner Warner Bros Entertainment Group Viacom Paramount Motion Picture Group General Elect
19、ric/Vivendi NBC/Vivendi Universal (Universal )GriffithDavid Llewelyn Wark GriffithBorn: January 22, 1875)Kentucky, United StatesDied: July 23, 1948 Hollywood, California, United StatesIn 1907, Griffith, still having goals for becoming a successful playwright, moved to California and attempted to sel
20、l a script to Edison producer Edwin Porter. Porter rejected Griffiths script, but allowed him to be an extra in his movie. Finding his way into the motion picture business, he soon began to direct a huge body of work. In 1908, Griffith accepted an acting job for the Biograph Company比沃格拉夫公司in New Yor
21、k City. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the film industry would also change forever. 1. Representative works “The Birth of a Nation”,一个国家的诞生Feb. 8th, 1915, the film was shown, which symbolized Hollywood began to govern the world in the field of filmsIt is considered important by film historians as
22、one of the first feature length American films (most previous films had been less than one hour long).Subsequent: 1916, Intolerance党同伐异This film was the self-defense of Griffith in face of all the protest caused by the film “The Birth of a Nation” because of racial discrimination. 2. typically theme
23、s in his filmsGood and evil in the real lifeFamily comediesConflicts between the rich and the poor3. Comparison between Griffith and Porter Cross-cutting交叉剪辑Scenes are not only for connecting the film but also can affect the visionPay attention to the emotional part of the scene which makes the film
24、 more complicated (that is the reason why Griffith is called an artist while his works are called work of art. )Cutting between scenes场面间剪辑Scenes are for developing the film Pay attention to the development of the plot4. Griffiths Narration(1) narrative pattern: emphasized that plot and structure we
25、re the base of narration, while, by using montage to distinguish films from traditional arts. So, film became a new narrative art. (2) narrative time: combined material pictures and abstract thoughts together, thus expanding the psychological time (too much, too lengthy) (3) narrative space: put the
26、 studio outdoors (4) narrative discourse叙事语言: scene was the base of montageclose-ups + long shots; paid attention to the changing rhythm of film; emphasized the function of actors; and used objects to express emotional feelings, especially nice ones. -symbolic meaning III. Comedies in Silent films i
27、n America1. the very first comedy star：MaxLinder 麦克斯林戴 (French)Max Linder created what was probably the first identifiable motion-picture character who appeared in successive situation comedies. Linder made more than one hundred short films短片 portraying “Max,” a wealthy and dapper短小精悍的 man-about-tow
28、n frequently in hot water because of his penchant兴趣爱好 for beautiful women and the good life. 2. It is American artists that make comedy dominant in silent era. 3. Silent Era is the time of comedies and also the golden time of comedy. 4. The first comedy (traditional one): Arroseur arros/ The Sprinkl
29、er Sprinkled, 水浇园丁Director: Lumire 在一个花园里，树木和草丛都十分葱郁，一位园丁拿起一根长长的水管，开始给花草树木浇水。这时一个小男孩走过来了，他出现在园丁的身后，乘园丁不注意，用脚踩住水管。水断流了，园丁奇怪地低下头检查水管，他把水管口对准自己的眼睛看了又看也没看出什么究竟来，这时，男孩把脚缩了回去，水猛地喷射出来，全部冲到园丁的脸上，园丁回头看到了搞恶作剧的男孩，生气地扔下水管跑去追打他5. Mack Sennett, 麦克辛纳 (January 17, 1880 November 5, 1960) an Academy Award-winning dir
30、ector and was known as the innovator of slapstick comedy 低俗闹剧in film. During his lifetime he was known at times as the King of Comedy. He discovered ChaplinKeystone Cops,基斯东警察 the term “Keystone Cops” has become part of the language, describing incompetent buffoons 丑角 with supposed authority. Some h
31、istorians even credit Sennetts films with having been responsible for municipal police forces across North America altering their uniforms to include military style officers caps since by the 1920s tall, English-style hats had become so indelibly 不能磨灭的associated with slapstick comedy. 6. 1920, Harol
32、d Lloyd and Snub Pollard, 哈罗德劳埃德，斯诺波拉德High and Dizzy 高危之处“The Freshmen” 大学新生-Harolds best film 7. 1927， Buster Keaton，巴斯特基顿an Academy Award-winning American comic actor and filmmaker. Best known for his silent films, his trademark was physical comedy with a stoic,恬淡寡欢的 deadpan 面无表情的 expression on hi
33、s face, earning him the nickname “The Great Stone Face”. He has also been called “The Michelangelo of Silent Comedy”. 默片喜剧的米开朗基罗5. Fatty Arbuckle 胖子阿伯奇Real name: Roscoe Conkling ArbuckleAfter British actor Charlie Chaplin joined Keystone Studios in 1914, Arbuckle mentored him. Chaplins most famous c
34、haracter, the Tramp, was created after Chaplin borrowed Arbuckles trademark balloon pants, boots & tiny hat. Four Comedy stars:Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd, Harry Langdon Four best-sellers: “The Freshman”， Harold Lloyd大学新生“The Birth of a Nation”, Griffith 一个国家的诞生“The Gold Rush”, Char
35、les Chaplin淘金记“The Big Parade”, Robert Youngson (罗伯特杨森)大阅兵a tramp with the refined manners and dignity of a gentleman. The character wears a tight coat, oversized trousers and shoes, and a derby圆顶窄边礼帽 worn by MaxLindar; carries a bamboo cane竹杖; and has a signature toothbrush moustache唇上修剪得整整齐齐的胡子. H
36、e borrowed Arbuckles trademark balloon pants, boots & tiny hat.IV. Charles Chaplin and his Comedies1. 1914，the first film “Making a Living”谋生2. 1917, “Easy Street” 安乐街, a breakthrough and transition of his works 3. contributed a lot to the films (compared with Griffith)Charles Chaplin Griffith Image
37、-building Created the very first vivid image on the screen Created epics of human activities in the form of filmsStructure of the film Scene was only the framework. The vision elements, such as performance, rhythm, sentiment and etc were emphasized in order to be in ally with the structure. He follo
38、wed the tradition in the novels of 19 centuries which regarded plot as the most important thing. Space of the filmGood at using full shot (全景镜头) to tell audience the relationship between people and the environment and using long shot to show the consistency of the scenes. (conflict finish in one shot)Dissembled the space and by using the consistency of the scenes to create an abstract concept. cross-cuttingTime of the film Focused on the instant effect combined material pictures and abstract thoughts together, thus expanding psychological timeFilm Weekly Hitch 恋爱专家/全民情敌Will Smith
