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1、翻译基础理论与技巧Basic Theories and Techniques in Translation Lectured by Lectured by Prof. 曹立娅曹立娅一、概论Essentials of Translation1、翻译的意义l Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Today, it plays an increasingly important role in our countrys economy reform and opening to the world. T
2、ranslation promotes mutual understanding between Chinese and foreigners, contributes to the speeding up of our countrys modernization, and thus, is absolutely necessary in the development of our market economy.1）开设翻译课的目的l以教育部指定的大学英语教学课程要求中对“翻译能力”的要求为教学目标，培养和提高学生的实际翻译能力。通过课程学习，使学生掌握翻译基础理论与技巧，通过大量的翻译练
3、习获得感性认识，从中悟出一些道理，了解翻译的一般规律，从而使学生能对题材熟悉的文章进行英汉互译，并达到较高的翻译质量。2）学习翻译理论掌握翻译技巧的必要性lThere are many translation theories and techniques. Without knowing the theories and techniques, one will most likely take a roundabout course in the translation work.That is why it is necessary for us to have a good comma
4、nd of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and techniques in translation.3）了解翻译技巧的局限性l必须指出：翻译技巧是人们从事多年翻译工作的经验总结，应该认真学习。然而， 翻译技巧只告诉我们在某些具体情况下翻译应该使用的技巧，因此有其局限性。l如：l用词不同用词不同lblack tea、black coffee、 an off seasonl词的搭配不同词的搭配不同lmake money、wet snow、a heavy snowl语言结构不同语言结构不同
5、lNo comments.lWe need talking heads.l严禁烟火l配合默契2、翻译的定义l What is translation?l Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.l翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动。种语言重新表达出来的活动。3、翻译的功能（过程）lTranslation is for interlingual comm
6、unication, bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers, and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language. Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations. Translation gives information, reveals feelings, and affect
7、s peoples thought or behavior. Without translation, the worldwide civilization would not be possible.1）语内交流甲乙TOTAM (S) (R)To:original thoughtM: messageTa: acquired thoughtS: source R: receptor(L)(L)从上述过程可以看出，从上述过程可以看出， 交流思想是通过交流思想是通过语言进行的，语言进行的， 因而语言是交流思想的媒因而语言是交流思想的媒介。但必须有一个先决条件，即甲乙双介。但必须有一个先决条件，即甲
8、乙双方都懂同一种语言，这个交流才可能实方都懂同一种语言，这个交流才可能实现。这种在同一语言内部进行的交流叫现。这种在同一语言内部进行的交流叫做：语内交流（做：语内交流（intralingual communication)。这是最常见的一种交这是最常见的一种交流形式。流形式。2）语际交流丙M-TO -MRMR: reproduced message(SL) (TL)理解过程理解过程表达过程表达过程SL：source languageTL：target language倘若乙是个英（美）国人，不懂汉语，甲是个中国人又不懂英语，甲乙之间就不能交流思想。这时，就需要丙把甲所说的或所写的信息用英语重新
9、表达一遍，成为再现信息（reproduced message)。这样，乙就明白了甲的意思，交流就完成了。在这个过程中，丙担任了翻译的角色。通过翻译进行的思想交流，叫做：语际交流（interlingual communication）。 M-Mr 这个过程就是翻译。4、翻译的标准（严复的信、达、雅）严复的信、达、雅）lBy the end of 19th century, Yan Fu,the president of Yanjing University, and great translator and professor, introduced a large number of book
10、s to the Chinese people by means of translation. He also put forward the well-known criteria for translation, i.e. faithfulness, comprehensibility and elegance.lMr. Lu Xun also put forward the criteria for translation: faithfulness and expressiveness.根据翻译的定义提出现行的翻译标准：l翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。它的任务是把原文信息的
11、思想内容及表现手法， 用译语原原本本地重新表达出来， 使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。译文读者译文读者和原文读者的感受大致相同或近似，和原文读者的感受大致相同或近似， 就是好的就是好的或比较好的译文或比较好的译文；相去甚远或完全不同，则是质量低甚至是不合格的译文。从翻译效果，也从翻译效果，也就是以译文读者得到的感受如何，就是以译文读者得到的感受如何， 来衡量一篇来衡量一篇译文的好坏，这就是翻译标准。译文的好坏，这就是翻译标准。5、翻译的要求Our requirements are as follows:l1)Faithful to the original-不能任意歪曲、篡改、增删、
12、遗漏、不能加上译者的观点和感情。l 2)With standard language-译文通俗、合乎行文习惯；不能生搬死译。l3)Keeping the style of the original-保持原作的语体风格；民族风格；个人风格。6、翻译的种类lThere are some kinds of translation:l translation from ancient language into modern language;translation from Chinese into foreign language and vice versa, and translation f
13、rom one local language into another local language within a country.lAs far as the translation form is concerned, we have oral and written translation;as far as different articles, we have translation of essays, editorials, literature and that of science and technology. As far as method is concerned
14、, there are literal translation（直译直译) and free translation.(意译意译）7、翻译的最高标准和最低标准l最高标准是翻译的理想境界，是翻译工作的努力方向。最低标准是指译文起码应该达到的水平， 低于这个水平就是不合格的翻译， 失败的翻译。l不合格的翻译不合格的翻译l译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于不合格的翻译。不合格的翻译。（1）、错译lThe clerk had to break off the conversation in order
15、 to wait on a customer.l原译原译：为了给顾客服务， 职员门得擅长交谈。l改译改译：l那位职员只得中断谈话， 以便去接待一位顾客。lRegardless of appearance, Jack is innocent.l原译原译：l不管迈克的相貌如何， 他都是无辜的。l改译改译：l不管迈克的外表如何， 实际上他是一个头脑简单的人。（2）、漏译l学生是复杂的， 工作又很多。l原译原译：lThe students are complex. Especially in the present there are complex elements.l改译改译：lThe situa
16、tions are very complicated with the students. And we have a lot of work to do.（3）、马虎翻译lTry to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency.l原译原译：l要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁。l改译改译：l要谦虚谨慎， 防止自满情绪。l可是，凭我的感觉，这个家庭好像还有什么问题。l原译原译：lBut in my opinion there was a problem in this family.l改译改译：lBut as I saw it, there seeme
17、d to be a problem with this family.（4）、表达失误lHe is physically weak but mentally sound.l原译原译：l他身体虽弱，但思想健康。l改译改译：l他身体虽弱， 但精神尚佳。（5）、词不搭配lAnd the body lay white and still beneath the pinesl原译原译：l这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在松树下l改译改译：l这具苍白的尸体静静地躺在松树下（6）、译文费解lThe alternatives are now clear to see.l原译原译：l代替的办法， 现在已经清楚在望。l改译
18、改译：l现在有两条路已经清楚地摆在我们面前。（7）、“洋”化现象lIt is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the work they are able to do.l原译原译：l现在人们认为， 我们让脑子工作得越多， 它就能干更多的工作。l改译改译：l现在人们认为，脑子越用越好使。（8）、白水翻译lShe looked up at him in question.l原译原译：l她询问似地抬起头来望着他。l改译改译：l安娜疑惑不解地看着他。l motherland, blackboard, handwritingl8、翻译应
19、具备的能力、翻译应具备的能力英汉对译是英汉两种语言的转换活动。因此， 要求译者应有较高的外语和汉语水平。 同时， 还要有较宽的知识面。否则，翻译时在理解和表达两方面都会出现这样或那样的问题。也就不能圆满地完成翻译任务。 通过翻译训练，学生的英语水平和汉语水平 都会有一定的提高。9、英汉特点对比、英汉特点对比lAs you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two langua
20、ges. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning English-Chinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important to master the languag
21、es peculiarities. (1). Vocabularyl It is said that English has more than 500,000 words, the biggest amount of the various languages in the world.l （1）英汉两种语言中的词义宽窄常常不同，如：l 英语英语：sister（姐、妹）marry（娶、嫁）director（主任、理事、局长）l 汉语汉语：阳台 (balcony,veranda)商品(goods,commodity,merchandise)事情(thing, matter, affair, b
22、usiness)1）Word-buildingla. composition:l 语言，街道，改革l b. conversion:l paper the window, empty the basketl 一棵大树树（名），十年树树（动）人l 今天真热热。（形） 热热（动）饭。1）Word-buildingl c. derivation:l ableunable; takemistake; hopehopelesshopelessness; act-inactionl 无限(infinite)， 无效(invalid)， 无意(unconscious)，无比(unmatched)， 无畏(fe
23、arless)l 非正式(informal); 非法 (illegal)l “无无”与与“非非” 相当英语中的前缀相当英语中的前缀un-,in-,il-,和后缀和后缀“less” 2)Collocationl 英语与汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异：英语与汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异：l take off glasses take off overcoatl 摘下眼镜摘下眼镜 脱掉外衣脱掉外衣l have a cup of tea, have a cigarette, have dinnerl 喝茶喝茶 吸烟吸烟 吃饭吃饭l do ones hair, do the dishes, do
24、ones nailsl 做头发做头发 洗碗碟洗碗碟 剪指甲剪指甲 2）Collocationl参加俱乐部l参加会议l参加建议l 看黑板l看地图l 看报纸l 碰到困难l 碰到老同学l 碰到机会lJoin the clubl attend the meetingl give ones viewl look at the blackboardl study the mapl read the newspaperl meet with difficultiesl run into a former classmatel take ones chanceCollocation with mind-l公众
25、意见l爱国心l崇高的志向l失去理智l下决心l解放思想l心不在焉l 改变主意l 记住l the public mindl patriotic mindl high-aspiring mindl lose ones mindl make up ones mindl emancipate the mindl absent-mindedl change ones mindl bear(keep) in mind3) study of the meaning of wordsl goodsl colorsl icesl irons l greensl spiritsl lettersl oilsl qu
26、arters l商品商品l 旗帜旗帜l 冰激凌冰激凌l 镣铐镣铐l 蔬菜蔬菜l 酒精酒精l 文学文学l 油画油画l 住处住处4)order of some phrases contrary to that of Chinese phrasesl flesh and bloodl rain and shinel rich and poorl old and newl heavy and lightl track and fieldl land and waterl right and leftl血肉血肉l晴雨晴雨l 贫富贫富l 新旧新旧l 轻重轻重l 田径田径l 水陆水陆l 左右左右 5) Cu
27、ltural and Lexical meaning l Lexical meaning of a word is the basic meaning of the word, especially when it comes into the language originally.l Cultural meaning of a word is the meaning of the word connected with a specific civilization of the state of cultural development of a particular people. 5
28、) Example: meaning of RED:l lexical meaning:l red colorl the color of fresh blood or its likel cultural meaning:l high political consciousnessl revolutionl power 6)different meanings in Br.English and Am. Englishl You are very homely.l Br. English: 朴素的l Am.English: 丑陋的l You are looking very fresh!l
29、Br. English: 朝气蓬勃l Am.English: 卤莽厚颜Leisure timel An Englishman-an aristocratwas on a tour in America, once invited to a dinner. He met a lovely girl and wanted to flatter her by saying the above sentence. But the girl, after hearing what he said, got angry at once and said” Dont get fresh with me, o
30、r Ill slap your face.” The man was embarrassed. (2). Structurel 1) There can be no subject in Chinese sentences, whereas there can not in English.l 学校里正在上课。l Classes are going on in the school.l 从那边走过来两个人。l Two people walked along.l An English sentence can be compared to a huge tree with branches, s
31、ub-branches and mini-branches. A sentence has many elements, each of which may have its own modifiers and each modifier may also have its own modifiers. Thus a sentence may be made very complicated in structure and very long. 2) Feature of sentencesl The order of sentences of both language are basic
32、ally the same. But English sentences are fairly free in structure. Chinese sentences are usually short, but English long with complex sentences in structure. contrastl 这是我昨天买的书。（单句）l This is the book I bought yesterday.( 主主从复合句）从复合句）l 虚心使人进步， 骄傲使人落后。（并列复句）l Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas c
33、onceit makes one lag behind.（并列句）并列句） 3)contrast between parts of speechl example of “down”l 他还没下楼呢。他还没下楼呢。l He is not down yet. （形容词作表语）形容词作表语）l 他会下楼来见你。他会下楼来见你。l Hell come down and see you. （副词作状语）副词作状语）l 他沿街走去。他沿街走去。l He walked down the street. （介词）介词）l他们击落了两架敌机。他们击落了两架敌机。l They downed two enemys
34、 planes.（动词动词作谓语）作谓语）l我们和你同甘共苦，我们和你同甘共苦， 风雨同舟。风雨同舟。l Well share ups and downs with you. （名词作宾语）名词作宾语） 4) Contrast of the verb tensesl There is a complete series of tenses employed in English language. But there isnt any in Chinese.l Old Li used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now.l 老李以前是个
35、军官， 现在是犯人啦。l 我已经有很多年没有溜冰了， 现在溜得不如以前快。l Its been years since I skated last. Now I cant skate as fast as I could. 5) Contrast of passive voicel Passive voice is widely used in English language. Almost all the transitive verbs and part of intransitive verbal phrases can be used in passive voice. l Pass
36、ive voice can be used in the following cases:1 1、不必说明行为者、不必说明行为者、不必说明行为者、不必说明行为者l 这本书已经译成了好几种语言。l The book has already been translated into many languages.2、不愿说出行为者不愿说出行为者 大家认为这样做是不妥当的。大家认为这样做是不妥当的。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.3. 便于连贯上下文便于连贯上下文便于连贯上下文便于连贯上下文l 他们明年要在这里建一座
37、住宅楼， 就建在办公楼旁边。l They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built beside the office building.l 以上几种情况，汉语均不可使用被动语态。Exercisesl 1、问题解决了。、问题解决了。l The problem has been solved.l 2、 明天下午两点开教学研究会，明天下午两点开教学研究会， 全体教师务全体教师务必参加。必参加。l There will be a teaching symposium at 2:00p.m
38、. tomorrow. All the teachers are expected to attend.l 3、 书到后应立即付款。书到后应立即付款。l You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered.6) Contrast in repetitionl 为了避免文章单调乏味，英语写作时要尽量避为了避免文章单调乏味，英语写作时要尽量避免重复。汉语则不怕重复，重复并不会给人单免重复。汉语则不怕重复，重复并不会给人单调乏味的感觉。如：调乏味的感觉。如：l 时间就是生命，时间就是生命， 时间就是速度，时间就是速度， 时间就是力时
39、间就是力量。量。l 所以，英译汉时要特别注意英语的这个表达所以，英译汉时要特别注意英语的这个表达习惯。习惯。Example:l is the most popular magazine in the United States. Its weekly sale reaches 18870730 copies. is second with a circulation of 18193255. , a popular travel and nature magazine, distributes 10560885 copies each month. has a circulation of 8
40、057386 copies. is a popular womens magazine selling 7574478 copies each month. has a monthly sale of 7366482 copies.Chinese version:l 电视周刊是美国最受欢迎的杂志，电视周刊是美国最受欢迎的杂志， 每期每期销售量达销售量达18870730册。读者文摘居第二位，册。读者文摘居第二位， 销售量达销售量达18193255册。国家地理是人们喜册。国家地理是人们喜爱的有关旅游和自然的杂志，爱的有关旅游和自然的杂志， 销售量为销售量为10560885册。美丽家园的销售量为册。
41、美丽家园的销售量为8057386册。妇女节日是个受欢迎的妇女册。妇女节日是个受欢迎的妇女杂志，杂志， 其销售量为其销售量为7574478册。家庭天地册。家庭天地的销售量为的销售量为7466482册。册。l 与此相反， 汉译英时对于用同一说法的汉语原文， 英译时不妨采用不同的表达方式。 这样既避免了重复， 使译文优美， 同时也更符合英语表达习惯。Exercise:l 不同的文体所用的语言也不一样。政论性文章与科技文章不同， 新闻报道和文学作品不同， 书面材料和口头报告不同。l The language varies with different styles of writing: a poli
42、tical essay differs from technical writing, a news report is not the same as a literary work, a written article is quite different from oral speech.(3) Complex sentencesl 1）英语简单句）英语简单句-汉语复合句汉语复合句l e.g. l His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the City
43、 of New York.l 由于在中学的成绩优异，由于在中学的成绩优异， 他进入了免费的纽他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。约市立大学。2）英语复合句）英语复合句-汉语简单句汉语简单句l 如：如：l He does not know what life means to him.l 他不知道人生的意义他不知道人生的意义。l The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.l 问题在于我们能否在明晚以前完成这项问题在于我们能否在明晚以前完成这项工作。工作。3）英语主从复合句）英语主从复合句-汉语联合复合句汉语联合复
44、合句l The boy sat down on a stone to take a pebble out of his shoe when he saw a stranger approaching him.l 小孩坐在石头上小孩坐在石头上正正打算从鞋里取石子，打算从鞋里取石子， 这时这时他看见一个陌生人朝他走来。他看见一个陌生人朝他走来。l Hardly had I got aboard when the train started.l 我我刚刚一上火车，一上火车， 车就开了。车就开了。 4）英语倒装句）英语倒装句-汉语正装句汉语正装句l Here ends the diary of Dr.
45、 Watson.l 华森医生的日记到这里就结束了。华森医生的日记到这里就结束了。l Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.l 当时我确实不懂得战争的意义以及战争当时我确实不懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。实际上是怎么回事。5）英语被动结构）英语被动结构-汉语主动结构汉语主动结构l The sports meet will be held rain or shine.l 运动会按时举行， 风雨无阻。l Every one of us, young and old, are supposed
46、 to obey traffic regulations.l 我们每个人， 不论老幼， 都应该遵守交通规则。Exercise:l 1. He sat there and watched them, so changeless and changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.l 2. It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of New York were brilliant with moving men.Chinese version:l 1、他坐在那儿注视着， 觉得眼前的景象， 既是始终如一始终如一， 又是变化多端变化多端， 既是光彩夺目光彩夺目， 又是朦胧黑暗朦胧黑暗， 既是庄严庄严肃穆，肃穆，又是轻松愉快。轻松愉快。l 2、这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，纽约的大街上人来人往，五光十色。上人来人往，五光十色。
