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1、Defining and Non-defining ClausesobjectiveTo use the Defining and Non-defining Clauses correctlyRead these sentences and discuss which words in the sentences the clauses (in italics) refer to.1. There were inventions and developments in China which were not available in Europe at that time.2. Marco
2、was lucky enough to meet another prisoner who enjoyed listening to his stories about China.3. The prisoner then wrote the stories in a book called The Description of the World, which became one of the best-selling books in Europe.Which of the clauses above gives1) information to identify the person(
3、s) / object(s) ? (defining clause)2) extra information about a person or a thing, which can be left out? (non-defining clause)限制性定语从句限制性定语从句:所谓限制性定语从句就是先行词在意义所谓限制性定语从句就是先行词在意义上不可缺少定语上不可缺少定语, 如果去掉如果去掉, 主句就失主句就失去意义或意义不完整。这种从句和先行去意义或意义不完整。这种从句和先行词的关系十分密切词的关系十分密切, 写时不用逗号和主写时不用逗号和主句分开。句分开。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从
4、句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:Do you remember the girl who taught us English？你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？ (如果把从句部分去掉如果把从句部分去掉, 整个句子的含整个句子的含义就变了。义就变了。)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句和主句的关系并不十非限制性定语从句和主句的关系并不十分密切分密切, 只是对先行词做些附加说明只是对先行词做些附加说明, 如如果去掉果去掉, 主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。在讲话句和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。在讲话时须停
5、顿，一般不用时须停顿，一般不用that引导。引导。1.Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。 (去掉从句去掉从句, 主句的意义仍然完整主句的意义仍然完整: 张先生是张先生是我的一位朋友。我的一位朋友。) 2. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day. 1. 我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里
6、赶集。正在那里赶集。 (去掉从句去掉从句, 主句的意义仍然完整主句的意义仍然完整:我们沿着我们沿着村里的大街向前走去。村里的大街向前走去。)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别引导非限制性定语从句的引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。子。That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
7、皮特要娶爱丽丝这件事，还没宣布，却皮特要娶爱丽丝这件事，还没宣布，却已穿得沸沸扬扬已穿得沸沸扬扬。句中的。句中的which指代指代“皮特要娶爱丽丝皮特要娶爱丽丝”这件事。这件事。除除which 外，还可用外，还可用when, where, who, whom等关系副词或代词引导非限制性定等关系副词或代词引导非限制性定语从句。语从句。After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.Albert Einstein left Germ
8、any for the United States during the World War II, when Jews were badly treated in Germany.在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限制语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词代词whom不能用不能用who替换。替换。The American journalist (whom/who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is
9、said to have been killed by the gangsters.播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother.他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。All the magazines here which have be
10、autiful pictures in them were written by him.里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。All the magazines here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.所有的杂志都是他写的所有的杂志都是他写的, 里面都有漂亮的图里面都有漂亮的图画。画。有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思。会改变全句的意思。（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）（杂志有带图画和不带图画两类）（杂志只有一种）（杂志只
11、有一种）Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan. 当先行词是地名人名、世界上独一无二的当先行词是地名人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句。性定语从句。Three of the biggest man-made projects in the world are the Great Wall of China，the Pyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam， which is also in Egypt世界上最大的三项人造世界上最
12、大的三项人造工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝，它也在埃及。坝，它也在埃及。 在在of which/whom之前可以使用表达数量之前可以使用表达数量或定位的数词或代词。或定位的数词或代词。1. I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.2. Many people, some of whomare not overweight, are going on diets.3. There are 54 students in
13、 my class, three of whom come from the US.非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。引导。1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。 2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书。我喜欢昨天买的那本书。 二、非限制性定语从句不能用二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导引
14、导要用要用for which代替代替why。1. I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没 有去开会。有去开会。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。 (限制性定语从句限制性定语从句“the reason why .”是是 常见搭配。常见搭配。) 三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不三、非限制性定
15、语从句置于句首时，不能用能用which引导。关系代词引导。关系代词as引导非限制引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。前，也可以放主句后。1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所预料的，他不相信我。正如我所预料的，他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心 都提到嗓子眼了。都提到嗓子眼了。 四、非限制性定语从句由四
16、、非限制性定语从句由“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲 对此很生气。对此很生气。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看 了会儿报纸。了会儿报纸。
