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1、Module 6 Unit 1 Laughter is good for you（2）1、 make sure 弄明白，设法确保弄明白，设法确保To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance. 为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。Make sure that you put down every word she says. 切实要记下她说的每一个字。Make sure the central heating is off. 集中供暖设备一定要关掉。It may freeze tonight, so make sure t
2、he plants are covered. 今晚大概会有霜冻，一定要把花草都遮盖好。Make sure that the signs the right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 make believe 假装 make it 及时到达；成功 make love (to) 向求爱 make ones way 前去；去 make up 和好；化妆；捏造，虚构(故事、诗等)make up for 补偿make out of 用制造， 理解， 了解 make the bed 铺床make the tea 沏茶make coffee 煮咖啡make a close study 仔细研
3、究make a claim 要求make a plain 订计划make certain 弄清楚，搞确实我想把这个问题弄明白。I tried to the problem.make sure of2、 take on 接纳，雇用；开始从事；呈现新的面貌The factory is taking on more men. 那个工厂将招收更多的工人。He was always ready to take on the hardest job. 他总是愿意干最艰难的工作。The land around the lake took on a different look. 湖四周的土地面貌发生了变化。
4、This old term has taken on a new meaning. 这个旧词有了新的意义。 take a chance 碰运气take a vote 表决take advantage of 利用takeas 把当作take care 当心，注意take charge of 负责，掌管takefor example 以为例take hold of 抓住take in 吸收；领会；订阅be taken in 被欺骗take interest in 对感兴趣take it easy 放松take notice of 注意take off 脱掉；起飞；打折扣take a day off
5、 休假一天take office 就职 take over 接管take part in 参加take place 发生，举行take pride in 以为自豪take the place of 代替take turns 轮流take up 开始(学习、活动等)；讨论；从事；占用 Advice has been given that we should _ the fine weather these days to get in all the crops. A. take charge of B. take advantage of C. take account of D. take
6、notice ofB这里表示“充分利用”好天气把所有的庄稼收回来。 My study of biology has _ much of my spare time, but it has given me a great deal of enjoyment. A. taken in B. taken down C. taken up D. taken awayC生物科的学习占去了我大量的业余时间。 After the students put up a Christmas tree in the centre, the classroom _ a holiday appearance. 同学们
7、在教室中央放了一棵圣诞树，教室里呈现出一派节日景象。took on The story then _ a classic love triangle between Calaf, Turandot and Liu. 故事随后演绎了发生在卡拉夫、图兰朵和柳儿之间的经典三角恋情。takes on3、 hold out 维持；保持；带来维持；保持；带来(希望希望)；使有；使有(可能可能)；拿出；拿出How long can we hold out against these attacks? 我们对这些攻击能抵抗多久？His parents hold out much hope for his ed
8、ucation in university. 他的父母对他的大学学习抱很大的希望。hold back 阻止，阻挡hold on 别挂；等一等；坚持hold on to 坚守；保留(房屋、财产等)；抓住hold water 经得起检验，站得住脚 Is Peter there? _ (稍等) please. Ill see if I can find him for you.Hold on4、 make fun of 取笑取笑People make fun of her because she always speaks foolishly. 人们嘲笑她，因为她常说傻话。 Its cruel to
9、 make fun of people who stammer. 嘲笑口吃的人未免不近人情。 Dont make fun of the poor boy. 不要取笑那个可怜的孩子。 That will teach him a lesson! It doesnt pay to make fun of the law, my man! 那会给他一个教训！与法律开玩笑绝不会有好下场，我的老弟。 Whatever the reason, research shows that in the end, the English saying Laughter is the best medicine, m
10、ay be true after all.无论什么原因，最后研究显示，英语谚语无论什么原因，最后研究显示，英语谚语“笑是最好的笑是最好的良药，良药，”也许是真的。也许是真的。这是一个复合句，其中含有一个whatever 引导的让步状语从句，reason 后面省略了is，另外that引导一个宾语从句。Whatever/No matter what happens, Ill be right there for you.不管发生什么，我都会站在你这边。whateverThe pandas are very dear to human beings. So people have been doin
11、g they take to save them.熊猫是人类亲密的朋友。所以人们竭尽所能去拯救它们。1. A本题考查非谓语动词。keep sb./sth.done，根据句意，sb.与它后面的动词构成被动关系，故选A。1. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues _ with her stories.(2010上海) A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused2. C表示成千上万的外宾被吸引来参加上海的世博会。2. Thousands of foreig
12、ners were _ to the Shanghai World Expo the day it opened.(2010江苏) A. attended B. attained C. attracted D. attached 3. D考查名词性从句。该空引导宾语从句，根据句意“办公室中没人知道她为什么如此生气”可判断选D项。3. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew _ she was so angry.(2010湖南) A. where B. whether C. that
13、D. why段落的基本结构在学会写句的基础上，就可以开始学习如何将句子有序地连贯起来，这就组成了段落。段落是构成语篇的基础1. 段落的基本结构段落(Paragraph)是由阐述同一主题紧密相关的若干句子组成，是一则语意完整、和谐统一的语篇。一般说来，一个段落由3部分组成：主题句、扩展句和结论句。主题句提出论述的主题，扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明，结论句总结全文，在论证的基础上得出结论。三者相辅相成，按逻辑顺序安排句子，并通过一些过渡句，构成一完整短文。On SafetyAccidents are todays most frequent cause of death in Child
14、ren. Accidents occur to children in all sorts of places at home, on the street, at school, on public playgrounds, at places to swim, and on camping trips. There are now many more chances for accidents than there used to be. Automobiles, power tools, electric wiring, and easy ways of starting fire ar
15、e some examples. Most accidents are caused by carelessness. A great deal of effort should be taken to let children know the importance of safety. Safety is everyones business.分析：在这一段落中，句即为主题句，阐述段落的中心思想；句，和为发展句，列举原因、例子等来丰富和阐明中心思想；句为结尾句，与主题句相呼应，概括该段落的真正含义。 2. 段落的主题句主题句(Topic sentence)概括段落的主要内容，交代下文欲加以
16、说明、解释、论证的观点，限制着主题在段落中讨论的范围、文章发展的模式，是整个段落的纲领。3. 段落的扩展句扩展句(Supporting sentence)的作用是丰富、支持、扩展主题句的内涵。扩展部分的阐述要透彻，证明要充分，举例有条理，符合思想逻辑。扩展句的表达形式多种多样，可以按时间或空间顺序，从整体到局部或从局部到整体的方法进行叙述、描写、说明或议论，也可用比较、对比、比喻、推导、归纳、演绎等手段来展现。扩展句须服从主题表达的需要，不应该涉及与主题无关或关系较远的内容。4. 段落的结论句结论句(Concluding sentence)也称总结句，它标志着段落的结束，自然应位于一段的结尾。
17、结论句可用来重述主题、提供问题的解决方式，对未来进行预测，提出问题让读者思考，或对全段内容加以概述。结论之前常会出现 in short, in a word, therefore等词语。但并非所有的段落都需要结论句，有的也可采用自然结束的方式。 结论句在注意总结与呼应主题句的基础上，用一个短短的感叹句、问句、一句话概括、一个比喻、一句挑战性的话或一句名言将全段“拔高”一下，效果会更好。参阅下面主题句与结论句呼应的例子： 主题句： Only a mothers love is selfless love! 结尾句： What great love this is! 主题句： Life is li
18、mited, but knowledge is boundless. 结尾句： How important it is to read good books!从以上的例子，我们可以清楚地看出主题句和结论句的关系，结论句在意思上和主题句保持一致，与主题句紧密呼应，但又不是简单的重复。例运用感叹句，例运用一句总结，它们都起到强化主题思想的作用，给读者留下了较深的印象。结论句并非必不可少，但它能起到以下的作用：(1)表示段落的结束；(2)总结要点，与主题句相呼应；(3)使读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有一个深刻的印象或进行思考。.阅读下面一个段落，指出段落的三个主要结构Life in the 21st
19、 CenturyLife in the 21st century will be very interesting. Perhaps we can go on a holiday to the moon, and some scientists may live under the sea. Maybe we will have video telephones in every home. When we talk on the phone, well be able to see the person at the other end of the line. Perhaps we wil
20、l have a computer in every classroom. It would be able to help us do a lot of things such as solving difficult problems, reviewing our lessons, and doing our homework. Perhaps some children wont need to go to school every day because there will be more educational programs on radio and television. M
21、aybe at that time every family will have a robot and it can do many kinds of housework for us. Then what will we do with our extra time? I think we may have more time to study and learn how to use and control these machines. Well, lets look at what wonderful life we will enjoy in the 21st century.在这
22、一段中，为主题句，阐述段落的中心思想；， 为扩展句，列举事例来丰富和阐明中心思想；为结论句，与主题相呼应，概括该段落的真正含义；为过渡句。.从下面方框内选择适当的过渡词填入空白处In the past twenty years or so, great advances have taken place in the world. _， we have seen one of the most important advances in agriculture the Green Revolution. _ this advance we can now produce more food w
23、ith less land. _， industry has been made more and more automatic. _，few and few people are needed to operate factories and officesbecause of, first, second, as a result, therefore, finally, in addition. _， to explore the unknown world, more and more satellites have been launched and more and more as
24、tronauts have been sent into outer space. _， new products of all kinds have been produced. _， our life has become much better and much comfortable.First; Because of; Second; Therefore; In addition; Finally; As a result.用所给主题句运用因果关系手法，将下列词或短语组成一个连贯的段落主题句：As a student, I completely agree with the sugg
25、estion that students should have a television lounge(休息室)(1)necessary keep pace current affairs(2)solve the problem noise in the classroom because no other place relax(3)a good way have some fun As a student, I completely agree with the suggestion that students should have a television lounge. First
26、, a TV lounge is necessary to those who want to keep pace with current affairs. Second, it can help solve the problem of the noise in the classrooms caused by the students who are chatting and laughing loudly because they have no place to go to relax. Indeed, many students want to have a place to re
27、lax after a day of hard work. Watching TV is a good way for the students to enrich their sparetime activities and have some fun. As a result, the opening of a TV lounge would be important both to the students who want to have a quiet place to study and to those who want to relax.名名词词性从句性从句(1)在主从复合句中
28、，从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。由于在多数情况下，主语、表语、宾语或同位语这4种句子成分由名词性词类充当，所以，我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句，把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句。名词性从句由连接词(或关联词)引导。常用的连接词有：连接词作用whether 是否that (本身无词义)只起连接词作用，引导从句，在从句中不作任何成分who, whom, whosewhich 哪一个what 什么，所的在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语when什么时候，where
29、什么地方how怎样、怎么，why为什么除了起连接词作用外，还在从句中作状语疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how)可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。它们的特点是：疑问词有本身的词义；疑问词在从句中担当句子成分，如主语、宾语或状语；这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。She asked me where I had been.(宾语从句)What you have done might do harm to other people. (主语从句)What I want to know is where he
30、has gone for his weekend.(表语从句)一、主语从句1that 引导主语从句时，that没有意义，但不能省略。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的头发正在变白，这使她很不安。That she is a rich woman is known to us all.众所周知，她是个富有的女人。2从句作主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下。It wasnt very clear what she meant.不清楚她是什么意思。It is im
31、portant that he should come on time.他按时来是很重要的。3whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if。Whether I knew John doesnt matter. It doesnt matter whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。Whether or not shell come isnt clear. Whether shell come or not isnt clear. It i
32、snt clear whether她是否来还不清楚。It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。She asked me whether/if you were married.她向我打听你是否结婚。二、宾语从句在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语从句。某些形容词如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以带有宾语从句。1that 引导的宾语从句： that 没有意义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。I really feel
33、shes making a mistake.我的确感到她正犯错误。Hearing that her son was badly wounded, she hurried to the hospital to see him.听说儿子受了重伤，她急忙赶到医院去看望他。2whether/if (是否)引导的宾语从句：如果要突出“究竟是还是不”，常在whether 后面加or not; if 一般不与or not连用。He asked me if/whether I knew John.他问我是否认识约翰。Let me know whether you can come or not.你能来还是不能
34、来，告诉我一声。3在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词的宾语从句中，否定不用在从句中，而是将think 等词变为否定形式。I dont think the film is interesting.我觉得这部电影没什么意思。I dont suppose we are going outing tomorrow.我认为我们明天不会出去郊游。4如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard
35、, takefor granted等。George made it clear that he opposed this project.乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。I took it for granted that youd stay with us.我想当然认为你会和我们待在一起。三、同位语从句同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that，有时也用when, w
36、here 等疑问词。The idea that you can do this task well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.困难在于我们缺乏资金这个事实。注意：同位语从句的that 只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定语从句中的that 除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。The idea
37、that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。(定语从句)No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。(同位语从句)四、表语从句表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。Thats why I have come.那就是我为什么来了。What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will j
38、oin us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。此外，表语从句还可由as if (好像)引导。It looked as if it was/were going to rain.好像要下雨了。五、形容词后的that从句that引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware
39、, doubtful, confident等。I am sure/certain that hes at home now.我肯定他现在在家。I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it.我有点担心她做不成这件事情。六、what 从句的小结1意思是“所的事/物”， 相当于the thing(s) that， that which， 或those which 可以用于以下情况：(1)引导主语从句What is gone is gone.过去的事就过去了。(2)引导表语从句Hes not what he was a few year
40、s ago.他不是几年前的他了。(3)引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语He could not express what he felt.他不能表达他的感受。As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear.作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。I dont care about money or what people call position.我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。 2用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。It is a useful book, and, what is m
41、ore, not an expensive one.这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。3引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么”。注意状语从句的语序。Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going.(No matter what may come，)不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。Come what may, youll always keep it secret.(No matter what she would do，)无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。1. She promised _ he had enough mone
42、y she would marry him. A. that B. if C. that if D. if that C其余几项均有可能误选。句子的正常词序为 She promised that she would marry him if he had enough money. 由于将条件状语从句 if he had enough money 插入动词 promised 与其宾语从句之间，从而导致许多同学误选。另外，本来动词 promise 后接宾语从句时，引导宾语从句的 that 是可以省略的，但是按英语习惯，当动词与其宾语从句之间插有其他成分时，引导宾语从句的 that 通常不宜省略，
43、所以此题不宜选B。2. He told me the news, believe it or not, _ he had earned $1 000 in a single day. A. that B. which C. as D. becauseA此题容易误选B，误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选 A，that 引导的是一个用以修饰名词 the news 的同位语从句。3. Dont you know, my dear friend, _ it is you that she loves? A. who B. which C. that D. whatC此题容易误选 A或B，选 A 者认为这是指人的，故用 who；选B者认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)，其实此题应选C，它引导的是一个宾语从句，只是被其中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成 My dear friend, dont you know that it is you that she loves?
