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1、第四学时第四学时Grammar复习动词的时态和语态一、一般现在时的用法1表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语有： always，often，never，sometimes，on Sunday等。I leave home for school at 7 every morning.She always watches TV on Sunday evenings.2表示客观真理，客观存在、科学的事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China. 注意：注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，
2、即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。如：Columbus proved that the earth is round.3表示格言或警句。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。4现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much. Mr. Wang writes good English but does not speak well.二、一般过去时的用法 一般过去时表示1在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday，last week，an hour ag
3、o，the other day，in 1982 等。Where did you go just now?2表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child，I often played football in the street.3wish，wonder，think，hope 等用过去时，表试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你可能有一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid(虚弱) all her life. (她已不在人间。)
4、Christine has been an invalid all her life.(她现在还活着)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)三、一般将来时的用法1shall用于第一人称， will 在陈述句中用于各人称。Which paragraph shall I read first?Will you be at home at seven this evening?2“b
5、e going不定式”，表示将来。(1)主语的意图，即将做某事What are you going to do tomorrow?(2)计划，安排要发生的事The play is going to be produced next month.。(3)有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds，there is going to be a storm.3.“be不定式”表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4“be about 不定式”，意为“马上做某事”He is about to le
6、ave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能与表示明确将来的时间状语连用。 be going to/will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来， will表意愿。If you are going to make a journey，youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅游的话，最好尽快作准备。Now if you will take off your clothes，we will fit the new clothes on you.如果你愿意脱下衣服的话，我们将给你试穿新衣服。 be t
7、o/be going to：be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排) 注意：(1)一般现在时表将来的用法 下列动词：come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return 的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. Whe
8、n does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.在时间或条件从句中When Bill comes，ask him to wait for me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.在hope，take care that，make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.(2)用现在进行时表示将来，意为：“意图”
9、、“打算”、“安排”，常用于人。常用动词为come，go，start，arrive，leave，stay，die等。 Im leaving tomorrow. Were flying to New York next month.I hear old Brown is dying soon.四、过去将来时的用法过去将来时用来表示间接引用某人过去的话和想法，也表示过去某个习惯性的动作；在虚拟条件句中，表示非真实的动作或状态。有时还表示客气的请求或者说话者的某种愿望。He warned us that the trip would be adventurous.(间接引语)At dusk，thes
10、e old men would sit in rocking chairs and chat freely and happily.(过去的习惯动作)If I were you，I would not lose this good chance.(虚拟语气)Would you mind helping me to fetch some chalk from the office?I would like a cup of coffee，please.(客气的请求)五、现在完成时的用法1现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还
11、存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。My father has worked in this university for twenty years.(My father began to work in this university twenty years ago，and he is still working here.)2用于现在完成时的句型 (1)It is the first/second time.that.，结构中的从句部分的谓语用完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third
12、time that the boy had been late.(2)This is the.that.结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.3比较since和for : since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间的长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brothe
13、r has been in the Youth League for two years.4since 的四种用法 (1)since过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980，last month，half past six)。I have been here since 1989.(2)since一段时间 agoI have been here since five months ago.(3)since从句Great changes have taken place since you left.(4)It is一段时间 since从句It is two years since
14、I became a student here.It is five weeks since he was married to her.六、过去完成时的用法1概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是 “had过去分词”。2用法(1)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句中。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.(2)在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先的动作用过去完成时；发生在后的，用一般过去时。When the police arrived，the thieves had run away.(3)表示意向的动
15、词，如：hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能”We had hoped that you would come，but you didnt.3过去完成时的时间状语：before，by，until ，when，after，once，as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve，Edison had begun to make a living by himself.Tom was disappo
16、inted that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.注意：用一般过去时代替完成时的用法： (1)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.(2)句中有 before，after时用一般过去时代替过
17、去完成时。He (had) studied maths from his brother before he went to school.After he (had) finished his work，old Tom went to sleep.七、将来完成时的用法1构成 will have done sth.2概念(1)状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某时为止一直具有的状态。(2)动作完成：表示将来某时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。They will have been married for 20 years by 2013.You will have reached
18、 Shanghai by this time tomorrow.八、现在进行时的用法1概念(1)表示现在正在进行的动作。The police are searching the forest for the murderer.(2)表示渐变，动词有：get，grow，become，turn，run，go，begin等。The leaves are turning red.Its getting warmer and warmer.(3)与always，constantly，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always ch
19、anging your mind.2注意以下动词不用进行时： (1)事实状态的动词have，belong，possess，cost，owe，exist，include，contain，matter，weigh，measure，continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.(2)心理状态的动词 know，realize，think，see，believe，suppose，imagine，agree，recognize，remember，want，need，forget，prefer，mean，understand，love
20、，hateI need your help.He loves her very much.(3)瞬间动词 accept，receive，complete，finish，give，allow，decide，refuse.I accept your advice.(4)系动词 seem，remain，lie，see，hear，smell，feel，taste，get，become，turnYou seem a little tired.九、过去进行时的用法1概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个动作发生的时候，另一个动作正在发生。3常用的时间状语
21、this morning，the whole morning，all day yesterday，from nine to ten yesterday evening，when，while。It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top of the mountain，the sun was shining.十、时态注意事项1一般现在时代替将来时(见一般现在时的用法)。2一般现在时代替过去时。 (1)“书上说”，“报纸上说”等。The newspaper says that its going to be cold
22、 tomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的。(2)叙述往事，使其生动。Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.3. 现在进行时代替将来时(见现在进行时的用法)。十一、动词的语态1主动语态与被动语态(1)当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语用被动语态。被动语态由助动词“be过去分词”构成，时态通过be表现出来。Everyone is required to be quiet in the readingroom.After the storm，all the crops wer
23、e destroyed in my home country.The problem will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.A new highway is being built in Guangzhou.The new tool was being made in the town at that time.The floor has been washed.They told me that the project had been completed.The boss said that more good products would b
24、e produced in his factory.(2)情态动词的被动结构：情态动词be过去分词Such accidents must be prevented from happening again.Measures should be taken to stop people smoking in public places.(3)带不定式的被动结构：to be doneBabies need to be taken good care of.The exam paper is going to be corrected.(4)短语动词的被动结构A new law has been c
25、arried out to protect the wild animals and plants here.The sports meeting was put off until next week.注意：用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作一个及物动词。这类动词常用的有：agree to，ask for，call for，laugh at，listen to，look after，operate on，send for，talk about，think ofbring about，carry out，find out，give up，hand in，make o
26、ut，pass on，point out，put away，put off，take up，think over，turn down，turn on，wipe out，work outdo away with，face up to，give in to，look down upon，make up for，put up withcatch sight of，keep an eye on，make use of，make a fool of，pay attention to，put an end to，set fire to，take care of，take hold of，take noti
27、ce of.如：However，she was turned down by them.Patients will be looked after well here.Attention should be paid to your pronunciation.Time should be made good use of by each student.2主动形式表被动意义(1)在主语是物的句子里，有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意思。常用的动词有sell，read，feel，write，wear，wash，open，clean，cook，keep，cut，fill，blow，measure，
28、lock, run，record，begin，shut等。All the machines run well.Class begins at eight in the morning.Your composition reads well.This pen writes smoothly.This coat wears well.As we all know，her books doesnt sell well at present.(2)表示状态特征的连系动词， 如：look，smell，taste，sound，feel，prove，appear，seem等的主动形式表被动意思。What h
29、e said proved to be correct.Cotton feels soft.The roses smell sweet.Good medicine tastes bitter.His sentence doesnt sound right.The lecture seemed endless.(3)某些动词以物作主语时，其进行时也可表示被动意义。The dinner is cooking.The book is printing.The house is still building.Preparations are making.(4)不定式的主动意思表被动的含义。不定式做定
30、语用时I cant go to the theatre with you，for I have too much homework to do.I will give her something to read.在形容词后作状语的不定式说明句中在哪个方面存在形容词所表示的情况，且与句中主语构成动宾关系时，可用主动形式表被动意义。常见的形容词：easy，difficult，comfortable，dangerous，hard，heavy，impossibleThe question he asked is hard to answer.The chair is comfortable to si
31、t on.It is dangerous to go out alone at night.His telephone number is easy to remember.The man was once very difficult to deal with.在There be句型中，两种形式都可以用。There are many questions to discuss/to be discussed.There is nothing to do/to be done.(5)need，want，require，deserve，be worthdoing用主动形式表示被动意义。The wa
32、tch needs repairing. (to be repaired)The floor wants washing.The book is worth reading a second time.(6)“be to blame”表示主动。No one is to blame for the accident.1. The inventor of dishwasher. American Josephine Cochrance, loved to give dinner parties, which was to contribute to his success.2.The proble
33、m （explain） several times, but unfortunately, the boy still couldnt smooth away the problem on his own.3.He was （accuse） of looking down upon the disabled person in public, but he turned a deaf to it. 4. Who else expect a millionaire could （afford） to travel in a spaceship to the outer world?一、在空格处填
34、入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。5. It is difficult to judge whether what he did is worthy of being_（praise）.6. An awful accident _（do），however，occur the other day.7. Hundreds of jobs_（lose） if the factory closes.8. I ve won a holiday for two to Florida.I _（take） my mum.9. A new cinema _（build） here.They hope
35、 to finish it next month. 10. He is the only one of the students who_（be） a winner of scholarship for three years.答案：1.the,/ 2.had been explained 3.accused4.afford 5.praised 6.did 7.will be lost8.am taking 9.is being built 10.has been二、翻译下列句子1在这里，夏天气候温和，冬天天气凉快。_2上个星期天，我们班全体同学参观了北京故宫。_3当我们到达机场时，格林夫人已
36、经在那里等候了。_4科学家们一直在研究治疗这种疾病的方法。_5学生会将组织一次英语演讲比赛，欢迎全体同学参加。_1It is warm here in summer and cool in winter.2Last Sunday，our class went to visit the Palace Museum in Beijing.3When we arrived at the airport，Mrs.Green had already been waiting for us there.4Scientists have been studying ways to cure this kin
37、d of disease.5An English speaking contest will be organized by the Students Union.All the students are welcome.( The Student Union is going to organize an English speaking contest.All.)6他加入游泳俱乐部已经半年了。_7暴风雨后，大部分的房屋遭到破坏，庄稼全部被毁了。_8我们应该采取有效措施防止污染。_9李明，山东人，从小就喜欢滑冰。_10我很忙，我有很多事情需要处理。_6It is six months sin
38、ce he joined the Swimming Club.( He joined the Swimming Club six months ago.)7After the storm，the majority of the houses were damaged and all the crops were destroyed.8We should take effective measures to stop the pollution.( Effective measures should be taken to stop the pollution.)9Li Ming，who was
39、 born in Shandong，liked skating when he was still a boy.10I am very busy，for I have a lot of things to deal with.三、语法填空Last Saturday，my uncle_1_(invite) to an inn. He enjoyed himself very much，_2_(drink) a lot of beer with his friends.He_3_(drink) as a result. Although his friends tried_4_(persuade)
40、 him not to drive home，he_5_(insist) on doing so. After a few minutes，he slowly got on his car and_6_(wind) his way in the street. It seemed that his car_7_out of control and it suddenly_8_(run) into a tall tree.He_9_(injure) but remained alive，fortunately. The police soon came to the scene and my uncle_10_(take)to hospital. How regretted he was!1was invited2.drinking3.got/was drunken 4.to persuade 5insisted6.was winding7.was8.ran9.was injured 10was taken
