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1、Chapter TwoCulture and Intercultural CommunicationHuman beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. ConfuciusWarm-up CaseFish Is FishLearning ObjectivesDefine the term of cultureDescribe the characteristics of cultureUnderstand the nature of cultu
2、reBe aware of cultural differencesCulture Some people in many parts of the world put dogs in their ovens, but Some people in many parts of the world put dogs in their ovens, but people in the United States put them on their couches and beds. people in the United States put them on their couches and
3、beds. Why?Why? Some people in Iran pray five times each day while sitting on the Some people in Iran pray five times each day while sitting on the floor, but some people in Las Vegas sit up all night in front of video floor, but some people in Las Vegas sit up all night in front of video poker machi
4、nes. Why?poker machines. Why? Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others Some people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend hundreds of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. spend hundreds of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why?Why?
5、 Some people talk to God, but others have God talk to them, and still Some people talk to God, but others have God talk to them, and still others say there is no God. Why?others say there is no God. Why? Some people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other Some people shake hands when in
6、troduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?people bow at such an encounter. Why?CultureDefinitions of Definitions of cultureculture are numerous. are numerous. We define We define cultureculture as the deposit of knowledge, as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs
7、, values, attitudes, meanings, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, social hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of the universe, spatial relationships, concepts of the universe, and material
8、objects and possessions acquired and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group generations through individual and group striving.striving.The Basic Function of CultureAt the core of c
9、ulture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.As the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, Culture makes all things easy.Characteristics of CultureCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.Culture Is Transmitted fro
10、m Generation to Generation.Culture Is Based on Symbols.Culture Is Subject to Change.Culture Is an Integrated System.Culture Is Ethnocentric.Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.Culture is learned in a variety of ways and from a host of different sources.InformalInformal learning, which is often very
11、 subtle, learning, which is often very subtle, normally takes place through normally takes place through interactioninteraction, , observationobservation and and imitationimitation. . The The formal formal teaching of a culture is far more teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often le
12、ft to the various structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and institutions of the culture, such as schools and churches.churches.Learning Culture through ProverbsOne does not make the wind blow but is blown by it. Order is half of life. The mouth main
13、tains silence in order to hear the heart talk. He who speaks has no knowledge and he who has knowledge does not speak. How blessed is a man who finds wisdom. A zebra does not despise its stripes. Learning Culture through ProverbsLoud thunder brings little rain. A mans tongue is his sword.A single ar
14、row is easily broken, but not in a bunch.He who stirs anothers porridge often burns his own. The duck that quacks is the first to get shot.” How would someone from a culture other than the United States interpret the following sentences?There is just too much There is just too much red tapered tape
15、involved in involved in applying for a fellowship.applying for a fellowship.Passing the history examination was Passing the history examination was a piece of a piece of cakecake. .Try not to deal with him; hes a Try not to deal with him; hes a cutthroatcutthroat. .The deadline has passed; I think I
16、 have The deadline has passed; I think I have missed missed the boatthe boat. .The only way she could do it was to The only way she could do it was to go cold go cold turkeyturkey. .Learning Culture through Folktales, Legends, and MythsAmericans revere the tough, independent, fast-shooting Americans
17、 revere the tough, independent, fast-shooting cowboy of the Old West.cowboy of the Old West.The English admire good manners, courtly behavior, and The English admire good manners, courtly behavior, and dignity, as is reflected in the “Canterbury Tales”.dignity, as is reflected in the “Canterbury Tal
18、es”.The Japanese learn about the importance of duty, The Japanese learn about the importance of duty, obligation, and loyalty from “The Tale of the Forty-Seven obligation, and loyalty from “The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin”.Ronin”.The Chinese teach the folly of impatience by telling the The Chinese
19、 teach the folly of impatience by telling the tale of a farmer who did not like the slow growth of his tale of a farmer who did not like the slow growth of his plants so he tugged on them an inch each day until he plants so he tugged on them an inch each day until he managed to uproot them.managed t
20、o uproot them.Learning Culture through ArtIn Asian cultures, most art depicts objects, animals, and landscapes rather than focusing on people.American and European art, however, often emphasizes people. Whether in portraits of a single person or pictures of an entire family, people are the focus.Lea
21、rning Culture through Mass MediaIn the United States, films, video games, and television glorify violence. The language we use in sports mirrors and sanctions violence. Watching a sporting event on television, youll hear statements like “he has that killer instinct,” “he is a headhunter,” “its war o
22、n that court,” “they are out for blood,” and “they are playing smash-mouth defense.”Characteristics of CultureCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.Culture Is Based on Symbols.Culture Is Subject to Change.Culture Is an Integrated System.Culture Is
23、Ethnocentric.Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to GenerationIf a culture is to endure, it must make certain that its crucial messages and elements are not only shared, but are passed on to future generations. In this way, the past becomes the present and helps prepare for the future.Characteris
24、tics of CultureCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.Culture Is Based on Symbols.Culture Is Subject to Change.Culture Is an Integrated System.Culture Is Ethnocentric.Culture Is Based on SymbolsThe mind, books, pictures, films, religious writings, v
25、ideos, computer accessories, and the like enable a culture to preserve what it deems to be important and worthy of transmission.The most important symbolic aspect of culture is language.Characteristics of CultureCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generatio
26、n.Culture Is Based on Symbols.Culture Is Subject to Change.Culture Is an Integrated System.Culture Is Ethnocentric.Culture Is Subject to ChangeCultures are highly adaptive.Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resists major alterations.Characteristic
27、s of CultureCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.Culture Is Based on Symbols.Culture Is Subject to Change.Culture Is an Integrated System.Culture Is Ethnocentric.Culture Is an Integrated SystemThe civil rights movement in the United States, which
28、began in the 1960s has brought about changes in housing patterns, discrimination practices, educational opportunities, the legal system, career opportunities, and even communication. This one aspect of culture has altered American attitudes, values, and behaviors.Characteristics of CultureCulture Is
29、 Not Innate; It Is Learned.Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.Culture Is Based on Symbols.Culture Is Subject to Change.Culture Is an Integrated System.Culture Is Ethnocentric.Culture Is EthnocentricSumner defined ethnocentrism as the technical name for the view of things in which o
30、nes own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it”.Nature of CultureCulture is like an Culture is like an iceberg.iceberg.Intercultural CommunicationSamovar et al. defines it as “communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol syst
31、ems are distinct enough to alter the communication event”.Communication betweena Chinese and an American,a Chinese and an American,a Canadian and a South African,a Canadian and a South African,a male and a female,a male and a female,a father and a son,a father and a son,a person from Beijing and one
32、 from Tibet,a person from Beijing and one from Tibet,a Chinese of Han nationality and a Chinese Mongolian,a Chinese of Han nationality and a Chinese Mongolian,a first-generation Chinese American and a third-a first-generation Chinese American and a third-generation one,generation one,a student from Hong Kong and a teacher from Xian,a student from Hong Kong and a teacher from Xian,a software technician and a farmer, etc.a software technician and a farmer, etc.
