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1、 Absolute Construction 独立主格结构独立主格结构一、一、 独立主格结构的构成:独立主格结构的构成:英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看,它是一个独立的成分,而不是句子(因为句中没有谓语),在句中主要用作状语,通常可转换成状语从句。英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式:n n1.1.名词或代词名词或代词名词或代词名词或代词+现在分词现在分词现在分词现在分词n n名词或代词通常是动作的执行者,与现在分词构名词或代词通常是动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动的或正在进行的成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如:动作。如:n nWeatherpermittin
2、g,Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityouwearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.tomorrow.n nSheranuptome,Sheranuptome,herhairflyinginthewindherhairflyinginthewind. .她向我跑来,秀发在风中飘扬着。她向我跑来,秀发在风中飘扬着。nAllthistime,theywerefastasleep,allofthemknowingnothingaboutwhathadhappened.n那段时间,他们都很快就入睡了,没有人知道发生了什么事。n n2.名词或代词名词
3、或代词+过去分词过去分词n n名词或代词是动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构,表示被动或已完成的动作。如:n nThisdone,wewenthome.做完此事,我们就回家了。n nShegazed,herhandsclaspedtoherbreast.她凝视着,双手叉在胸前。n nArthurgone,hewouldonlybeallowedtomakevisitslikeotheracquaintances.n n阿瑟走后,他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许阿瑟走后,他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了来拜访了。n nAsyetfewhavedonetheirfull
4、duty,presentcompanyexcepted.n n迄今全部完成任务的人很少,在座的人除外。迄今全部完成任务的人很少,在座的人除外。n nHiscupbroken,heusedhisbowlinstead.n n茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。茶杯破了,他就用碗来代替。n n3.3.名词或代词名词或代词名词或代词名词或代词+不定式不定式不定式不定式n n名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者,与不定式名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示将要发生的动作,构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示将要发生的动作,常位于句首或句末。如:常位于句首或句末。如:n n Ahousetobe
5、built,Ahousetobebuilt,wemustsaveeverycent.wemustsaveeverycent.n n由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。由于要建一座房子,我们必须节省每一分钱。n nNowhereisLiLei,NowhereisLiLei,WeiWeiFangtocomeFangtocometomorrowtomorrow. .n n现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。现在李蕾来了,魏方明天到。n nWedividedthework,hetocleanthewindowandItosweepthefloor.n n我们分了工,他擦窗户,我扫地。我们分了工,他擦窗户,我
6、扫地。n nHeisleavingfortheconferencenextweek,allexpensestobepaidbyhiscompany.n n他下周去参加一个会议,所有费用由他的公司支他下周去参加一个会议,所有费用由他的公司支付。付。n n4.名词或代词名词或代词+形容词或副词形容词或副词n n形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如:n nHesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.他坐在前排,嘴半开着。n nThegroundmuddy,weshouldbecareful.地面泞泥,我们应该小心。n nHecameintothero
7、om,hisearsredwithcold.n nThepeople,theirlivelihoodsecure,nowhavetheleisuretotakeupsports.n n现在人民生活有了保障,就有时间参加体育活动现在人民生活有了保障,就有时间参加体育活动了了n nShesatatthetable,collaroff,headdown,andpeninposition,readytobeginthelongletter.n n她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。笔,准备开始写一封长信。n n5.名词或代词名词或
8、代词+介词短语介词短语n n介词短语也是用来说明代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如:n nThesoldiersdashedin,rifleinhand.n n士兵们端着枪冲了进来。n nHewaswaiting,hiseyesonherback.n n他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。n nTheoldwomansatdown,tracesoftearsstillonhercheeks.n n老太太坐了下来,面颊上还带有泪痕。n nGlassesinhand,heaskedwherehisglasseswere.n n手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。手里拿着眼镜,他问他的眼镜哪去了。n n 二、二、
9、 独立主格结构的特点:独立主格结构的特点:1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。主语不同,它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。式,介词等是主谓关系。3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。三、独立主格结构的句法功能l独立主格结构在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。1.作时间状语n nSchoolover,thestudentswenthome.放学后,学生们都回家了。n nTheceremonyended,th
10、egamesbegan.仪式结束后,比赛开始了。2.作条件状语n nItbeingfinetomorrow,wellgoboating.如果明天天气好的话,我们就去划船。n nLiLeicoming,itisnotnecessarytoaskWuDong.n n如果李蕾来的话,就没有必要叫吴东了。3.作原因状语n nThemeetingbeingputoff,weneednthurry.由于会议推迟了,我们就没有必要匆忙了。n nMr.Libeingill,MissYangwillgiveusthislessoninstead.李老师病了,杨老师将代他来给我们上这堂课。4.作伴随状语n nMr
11、.Licomeshere,abookinhishand.n n李先生手里拿着书过来了。n nAsmileonherface,sheaskedwhatshecoulddoforus.n n她面带微笑问我们要什么。表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用也可用with复合结构。复合结构。 with +名词名词(代词代词)+现在分词现在分词/过去分词过去分词/形容词形容词/副词副词/不定式不定式/介词短语介词短语 The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A.being tied B. h
12、aving tied B.C. to be tied D. tied.He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.1. 当介词是当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。的复合结构不受此限制。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加前不能加his)n nMissSmithenteredt
13、heclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。n n比较with的复合结构:MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.n nn n2.当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,不及当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分词,及物动词用过去分词。物动词用现在分词,及物动词用过去分词。n nHelaythere,histeethset,hishandclenched,hiseyeslookingstraightup.n n3.独立主格结构没有所有格形式独立主格结构没有所有格形式n nThechief-edito
14、rarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了,我们开始开会。n n比较动名词复合结构:n nThechief-editorsarrivingmadeusverysurprised.n nn n4.4.独立主格与状语从句的转换独立主格与状语从句的转换独立主格与状语从句的转换独立主格与状语从句的转换n n当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用象时,可用独立主格结构独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:保留连词。如:1.Afterclasswasover1.Afterclasswasoverthe
15、studentssoonleftthestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.theclassroom.n nClassbeingover/ClassoverClassbeingover/Classover,thestudents,thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.soonlefttheclassroom.n n下课后,学生很快离开了教室。下课后,学生很快离开了教室。n n 2.2.Thetestfinished,Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.webeganourholiday.=Whenthetestwas
16、finished,=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganwebeganourholiday.ourholiday.3.Thepresidentassassinated,3.Thepresidentassassinated,thewholethewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.countrywasindeepsorrow.=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.thewholecountryw
17、asindeepsorrow.n n5.5.独立主格的时态问题独立主格的时态问题独立主格的时态问题独立主格的时态问题n n独立主格结构独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时,作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时,表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如:表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如:n nThelistenershavingtakentheirseatsThelistenershavingtakentheirseats,the,theconcertbegan.concertbegan.听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。n nTomhavingbeenlateoverandoverTomha
18、vingbeenlateoverandover,his,hisbosswasverydisappointed.bosswasverydisappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到,由于汤姆一再迟到,他的老板非常失望。他的老板非常失望。n n 1.Weather _, well go out for a walk.A. permitted B. permitting C. permits D. For 本句改为本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 2._, we went home.A. Our homework finishedB. Our
19、 homework having been finished C. Our homework finishing D. Our homework been finished3.The meeting _, he went back to his company.A. overB. been over C. was over D. have been over4.Time _,we shall visit the zoo.A. been permittingB. permitting C. permitted D. having been permitted5. _, he put on his
20、 coat.A. It being cold B.B. It coldC. Being cold D. It having been cold6. He left the room _.A. with the door closingB. with the door closed C. with the door being closedn nPracticeTimen n1.Ihavealotofbooks,halfof_novels.n nA.whichB.thatC.whomD.themn n2._moreandmoreforestsdestroyed,manyanimalsarefac
21、ingthedangerofdyingout.n nA.becauseB.asC.WithD.Sincen n3.Thebuswascrowdedwithpassengersgoinghomefrommarket,mostof_carryingheavybagsandbasketsfulloffruitandvegetablestheyhadboughtthere.n nA.themB.whon nC.whomD.whichn n4.ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies,allof_ove
22、r600yearsold.n nA.whichB.thatC.them D.itn n5.Thecave_verydark,helitsomecandles_light.n nA.was;givenn nB.was;togiven nC.being;givenn nD.being;togiven n6.Thesoldierrushedintothecave,hisrighthand_agunandhisface_withsweat.n nAheld;coveredn nB.holding;coveringn nC.holding;coveredn nD.held;coveringn n7.Th
23、egirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,herlonghair_.n nA.flowedinthebreezen nB.wasflowinginthebreezen nC.wereflowinginthebreezen nD.flowinginthebreezen n8.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_fortheday.n nA.finishingn nB.finishedn nC.hadfinishedD.hadbeenfinishedn n9.OnSundaystherewereal
24、otofchildrenplayinginthepark,_parentsseatedtogetherjoking.n nA.their B.whosen nC.whichD.thatn n10.TheSmithsarerichandtheyhavethreecars,oneaToyota,_LandRoverofthelatest.n nA.anotherB.othern nC.theother D.theothersn n11.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_attheendoflastMarc
25、hn nA.hasbeenlaunchedn nB.havingbeenlaunchedn nC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunchedn n12._foralongtime,thefieldsarealldriedup.n nA.Therehasbeennorainn nB.Havingnorainn nC.Therehavingbeennorainn nD.Therebeingnorainn n13.Moreandmoreadvancedfarmmachines_,theagriculturalproductionincreasedtremendously.n nA.usi
26、ngn nB.havingusedn nC.havingbeenusedn nD.tohavebeenusedn n14._afineday,wedecidedtogoforapicnic.n nA.Havingbeenn nB.Beingn nC.Whatn nD.Itbeingn n15.Allflights_becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.n nA.hadbeencancelledn nB.werecancelledn nC.havebeencancelledn nD.havingbeencancelled15 DCACD 610 CDBAD1115 BCCDD